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Chemistry Paper 2 SL

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
434 views16 pages

Chemistry Paper 2 SL

Uploaded by

Sonia Ineza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

M16/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

Chemistry
Standard level
Paper 2

Thursday 12 May 2016 (morning)


Candidate session number

1 hour 15 minutes

Instructions to candidates
 Write your session number in the boxes above.
 Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.
 Answer all questions.
 Write your answers in the boxes provided.
 A calculator is required for this paper.
 A clean copy of the Chemistry data dooklet is required for this paper.
 The maximum mark for this examination paper is [50 marks].

2216 – 6105
14 pages © International Baccalaureate Organization 2016

16EP01
–2– M16/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

Answer all questions. Write your answers in the boxes provided.

1. Phosphine (IUPAC name phosphane) is a hydride of phosphorus, with the formula PH3.

(a) (i) Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of phosphine. [1]

(ii) Outline whether you expect the bonds in phosphine to be polar or non-polar,
giving a brief reason. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(iii) Explain why the phosphine molecule is not planar. [2]

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(iv) Phosphine has a much greater molar mass than ammonia. Explain why
phosphine has a significantly lower boiling point than ammonia. [2]

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(This question continues on the following page)

16EP02
–3– M16/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

(Question 1 continued)

(b) Phosphine is usually prepared by heating white phosphorus, one of the allotropes
of phosphorus, with concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide. The equation for the
reaction is:

P4 (s) + 3OH− (aq) + 3H2O (l) → PH3 (g) + 3H2PO2− (aq)

(i) Identify one other element that has allotropes and list two of its allotropes. [2]

Element:

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Allotrope 1:

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Allotrope 2:

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(ii) The first reagent is written as P4, not 4P. Describe the difference between P4
and 4P. [1]

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(iii) The ion H2PO2− is amphiprotic. Outline what is meant by amphiprotic, giving the
formulas of both species it is converted to when it behaves in this manner. [2]

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(This question continues on the following page)

Turn over

16EP03
–4– M16/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

(Question 1 continued)

(iv) State the oxidation state of phosphorus in P4 and H2PO2−. [2]

P4:

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H2PO2−:

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(v) Oxidation is now defined in terms of change of oxidation number. Explore how
earlier definitions of oxidation and reduction may have led to conflicting answers
for the conversion of P4 to H2PO2− and the way in which the use of oxidation
numbers has resolved this. [3]

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(c) 2.478 g of white phosphorus was used to make phosphine according to the equation:

P4 (s) + 3OH− (aq) + 3H2O (l) → PH3 (g) + 3H2PO2− (aq)

(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of white phosphorus used. [1]

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(This question continues on the following page)

16EP04
–5– M16/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

(Question 1 continued)

(ii) This phosphorus was reacted with 100.0 cm3 of 5.00 mol dm−3 aqueous sodium
hydroxide. Deduce, showing your working, which was the limiting reagent. [1]

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(iii) Determine the excess amount, in mol, of the other reagent. [1]

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(iv) Determine the volume of phosphine, measured in cm3 at standard temperature


and pressure, that was produced. [1]

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Turn over

16EP05
–6– M16/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

2. Impurities cause phosphine to ignite spontaneously in air to form an oxide of phosphorus


and water.

(a) (i) 200.0 g of air was heated by the energy from the complete combustion of
1.00 mol phosphine. Calculate the temperature rise using section 1 of the data
booklet and the data below. [1]

Standard enthalpy of combustion of phosphine, ∆H Öc  = −750 kJ mol−1


Specific heat capacity of air = 1.00 J g−1 K−1 = 1.00 kJ kg−1 K−1

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(ii) The oxide formed in the reaction with air contains 43.6 % phosphorus by mass.
Determine the empirical formula of the oxide, showing your method. [3]

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(iii) The molar mass of the oxide is approximately 285 g mol−1.


Determine the molecular formula of the oxide. [1]

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(This question continues on the following page)

16EP06
–7– M16/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

(Question 2 continued)

(b) (i) State the equation for the reaction of this oxide of phosphorus with water. [1]

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(ii) Predict how dissolving an oxide of phosphorus would affect the pH and electrical
conductivity of water. [1]

pH:

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Electrical conductivity:

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(iii) Suggest why oxides of phosphorus are not major contributors to acid deposition. [1]

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(This question continues on the following page)

Turn over

16EP07
–8– M16/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

(Question 2 continued)

(iv) The levels of sulfur dioxide, a major contributor to acid deposition, can be
minimized by either pre-combustion and post-combustion methods. Outline one
technique of each method. [2]

Pre-combustion:

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Post-combustion:

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16EP08
–9– M16/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

3. Phosgene, COCl2, is usually produced by the reaction between carbon monoxide and
chlorine according to the equation:

CO (g) + Cl2 (g)  COCl2 (g) ∆H = −108 kJ

(a) (i) Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, for this reaction. [1]

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(ii) State the effect of an increase in the total pressure on the equilibrium
constant, Kc. [1]

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(b) (i) Sketch the potential energy profile for the synthesis of phosgene, using the axes
given, indicating both the enthalpy of reaction and activation energy. [2]
Energy

Progress of reaction

(ii) This reaction is normally carried out using a catalyst. Draw a dotted line labelled
“Catalysed” on the diagram above to indicate the effect of the catalyst. [1]

(This question continues on the following page)

Turn over

16EP09
– 10 – M16/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

(Question 3 continued)

(iii) Sketch and label a second Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curve


representing the same system but at a higher temperature, Thigher. [1]
Probability of this energy

Ea Energy

(iv) Explain why an increase in temperature increases the rate of this reaction. [2]

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16EP10
– 11 – M16/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

4. Alkenes are widely used in the production of polymers. The compound A, shown below, is
used in the manufacture of synthetic rubber.

H
H
H
C
H
C
C
H

C H
H
H
A

(a) (i) State the name, applying IUPAC rules, of compound A. [1]

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(ii) Draw a section, showing three repeating units, of the polymer that can be formed
from compound A. [1]

Compound A is flammable. Formulate the equation for its complete combustion.


(iii) [1]

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(This question continues on the following page)

Turn over

16EP11
– 12 – M16/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

(Question 4 continued)

(b) Compound B is related to compound A.

H H

H H
C C

C C
H H

H H

(i) State the term that is used to describe molecules that are related to each other in
the same way as compound A and compound B. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Suggest a chemical test to distinguish between compound A and compound B,


giving the observation you would expect for each. [2]

Test:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Observation with A:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Observation with B:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(This question continues on the following page)

16EP12
– 13 – M16/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

(Question 4 continued)

(iii) Spectroscopic methods could also be used to distinguish between compounds A


and B.

Predict one difference in the IR spectra and one difference in the 1H NMR spectra
of these compounds, using sections 26 and 27 of the data booklet. [2]

IR spectra:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1
H NMR spectra:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) A sample of compound A was prepared in which the 12C in the CH2 group was replaced
by 13C.

(i) State the main difference between the mass spectrum of this sample and that of
normal compound A. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) State the structure of the nucleus and the orbital diagram of 13C in its ground
state. [2]

No. protons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. neutrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Orbital diagram

1s 2s 2p

(This question continues on the following page)

Turn over

16EP13
– 14 – M16/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

(Question 4 continued)

(d) Draw a 1s atomic orbital and a 2p atomic orbital. [1]

1s: 2p:

16EP14
Please do not write on this page.

Answers written on this page


will not be marked.

16EP15
Please do not write on this page.

Answers written on this page


will not be marked.

16EP16

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