EXPONENTS AND POWERS

EXERCISE-13.1 [PAGE NO. 252-253] (ii) 53 = 5 × 5 × 5 =125

P1. Find the value of: 35 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 243
(i) 26 (ii) 93 Therefore, 35 > 53
(iii) 112 (iv)54 (iii) 28 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 256
Sol. (i) 26 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 64 82 = 8 × 8 = 64
(ii) 93 = 9 × 9 × 9 = 729 Therefore, 28 > 82
(iii) 112 = 11 × 11 = 121 (iv) 1002 or 2100
(iv)54 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 625 210 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 ×
P2. Express the following in exponential 2 = 1024
form: 2100 = 1024 × 1024 × 1024 × 1024 ×
(i) 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 (ii) t × t 1024 × 1024 × 1024 × 1024 ×1024 ×
(iii) b × b × b × b (iv) 5 × 5 × 7 ×7 × 7 1024
(v) 2 × 2 × a × a 1002 = 100 × 100 = 10000
(vi) a × a × a × c × c × c × c × d Therefore, 2100 > 1002
Sol. (i) 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 = 64 (v) 210 and 102
(ii) t × t= t2 210 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 ×
(iii) b × b × b × b = b4 2 = 1024
(iv) 5 × 5 × 7 × 7 × 7 = 52 × 73 102 = 10 × 10 = 100
(v) 2 × 2 × a × a = 22 × a2 Therefore, 210 > 102
(vi) a × a × a × c × c × c × c × d P5. Express each of the following as
= a3 c4 d product of powers of their prime
P3. Express the following numbers using factors:
exponential notation: (i) 648 (ii) 405 (iii) 540 (iv) 3,600
(i) 512 (ii) 343 Sol.
(iii) 729 (iv) 3125 (i) 648 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 23. 34
Sol. (i) 512 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × (ii) 405 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 = 34 . 5
2 = 29 (iii) 540 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 = 22. 33. 5
(ii) 343 = 7 × 7 × 7 = 73 (iv) 3600 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5
(iii) 729 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 36 = 24. 32. 52
(iv) 3125 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 55 P6. Simplify:
P4. Identify the greater number, wherever (i) 2 × 103 (ii) 72 × 22
possible, in each of the following? (iii) 23 × 5 (iv) 3 × 44
(i) 43 or 34 (ii) 53 or 35 (v) 0 × 102 (vi) 52 × 33
(iii) 28 or 82 (iv) 1002 or 2100 (vii) 24 × 32 (viii) 32 × 104
(v) 210 or 102 Sol.
Sol. (i) 43 = 4 × 4 × 4 = 64 (i) 2 × 103 = 2 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 2 × 1000
34 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 81 = 2000
Therefore, 34 > 43 (ii) 72 × 22 = 7 × 7 × 2 × 2 = 49 × 4 = 196
[105]
[106] Mathematics [VII]

(iii) 23 × 5 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 = 8 × 5 = 40 (iv) 7x + 72 = 7x + 2 (am × an = am+n)

(iv) 3 × 44 = 3 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 = 3 × 256 (v) (52)3 ÷ 53
= 768 = 52 × 3 ÷ 53 (am)n = amn
(v) 0 × 102 = 0 × 10 × 10 = 0 = 5 6 ÷ 53
(vi) 52 × 33 = 5 × 5 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 25 × 27 = 5(6 − 3) (am ÷ an = am−n)
= 675 = 53
(vii) 24 × 32 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 16 × 9 (vi) 25 × 55
= 144 = (2 × 5)5 [am × bm = (a × b)m]
(viii) 32 × 104 = 3 × 3 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 105
= 9 × 10000 = 90000 (vii) a4 × b4
P7. Simplify: = (ab)4 [am × bm = (a × b)m]
(i) (− 4)3 (ii) (− 3) × (− 2)3 (viii) (34)3 = 34 × 3 = 312 (am)n = amn
(iii) (− 3)2 × (− 5)2 (iv)(− 2)3 × (−10)3 (ix) (220 ÷ 215) × 23
Sol. = (220 − 15) × 23 (am ÷ an = am−n)
(i) (−4)3 = (−4) × (−4) × (−4) = −64 = 2 5 × 23
(ii) (−3) × (−2)3 = (−3) × (−2) × (−2) × (−2) = (25 + 3) (am × an = am+n)
= 24 = 28
(iii) (−3)2 × (−5)2 = (−3) × (−3) × (−5) × (x) 8t ÷ 82 = 8(t − 2) (am ÷ an = am−n)
(−5) = 9 × 25 = 225 P2. Simplify and express each of the
(iv) (−2)3 × (−10)3 = (−2) × (−2) × (−2) × following in exponential form:
(−10) × (−10) × (−10) 23  34  4
(ii) 52  54   57
3

= (−8) × (−1000) = 8000 (i)

3  32  
P8. Compare the following numbers:
3  7  118
2
(i) 2.7 × 1012; 1.5 × 108 (iii) 254  53 (iv)
(ii) 4 × 1014; 3 × 1017 21  113
Sol. 37
(v) 4 3 (vi) 20 + 30 + 40
(i) 2.7 × 1012; 1.5 × 108 3 3
2.7 × 1012 > 1.5 × 108 (vii) 20 × 30 × 40 (viii) (30 + 20) × 50
(ii) 4 × 1014; 3 × 1017 28  a 5  a5 
3 × 1017 > 4 × 1014 (ix) 3 3 (x)  3   a 8
4 a a 
45  a 8 b 3
(xii)  23  2 
EXERCISE-12.2 [PAGE NO. 260-261] 2
(xi)
P1. Using laws of exponents, simplify and 43  a 3
write the answer in exponential form: Sol.
(i) 32 × 34 × 38 (ii) 615 ÷ 610 (iii) a3 × a2 23  34  4 23  34  2  2
(i) 
(iv) 7x× 72 (v) 52  53 (vi) 25 × 55 3  32 3  2  2  2 2  2
3

(vii) a4 × b4 (viii) (34)3 2 3 2

3 4 2

(ix)  220  215   23 (x) 8t ÷ 82 3  25
23 2  3
Sol.
(i) 32 × 34 × 38 = (3)2 + 4 + 8 (am × an = am+n)
=
3 2 5  a m  a n  a mn 
= 314 25  3
(ii) 615 ÷ 610 = (6)15 − 10 (am ÷ an = am−n) =
3  25
= 65
(iii) a3 × a2 = a(3 + 2) (am × an = am+n) 255  31  a m  a n  a mn 
= a5 20  33  1 33  33
Exponents and Powers [107]

(ii) [(52)3 × 54] ÷ 57  a5  8 53

 3 a  a a
8
= [52 × 3 × 54] ÷ 57 (am)n = amn (x)
a 
= [56 × 54] ÷ 57
 a 2  a8
= [56 + 4] ÷ 57 (am × an = am+n)
= 510 ÷ 57  a 28  a10
= 510 − 7 (am ÷ an = am−n) 45  a 8 b3
(xi)  455  a 85  b3 2
= 53 4 a b
5 5 2

(iii) 254 ÷ 53 = (5 ×5)4 ÷ 53 = 40  a 3  b1  1 a 3  b  a 3b

(xii) (23 × 2)2 =  231  (am × an = am+n)
2
= (52)4 ÷ 53
= 52 × 4 ÷ 53 (am)n = amn
= (24)2 = 24 × 2 (am)n = amn
= 5 8 ÷ 53 = 28
= 58 − 3 (am ÷ an = am−n) P3. Say true or false and justify your
= 55 answer:
3  72  118 3  72  118 (i) 10 × 1011 = 10011 (ii) 23 > 52
(iv)  (iii) 23 × 32 = 65 (iv) 30 = (1000)0
21 113 3  7  113
Sol.
311  721 1183  a m  a n  a mn  (i) 10 × 1011 = 10011
L.H.S. = 10 × 1011 = 1011 +
30  71 115 1
(am × an = am+n)
= 1 × 7 × 115 = 7 × 115 = 1012
R.H.S. = 10011 = (10 ×10)11= (102)11
(v)
37

37
34  33 343
a m
 a n  a m n  = 102 × 11 = 1022 (am)n = amn
As L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.,
=
37
37
= 377  30 a m
 a n  a mn  Therefore, the given statement is false.
(ii) 23 > 52
=1 L.H.S. = 23 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8
R.H.S. = 52 = 5 × 5 = 25
(vi) 20 + 30 + 40 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 As 25 > 8,
Therefore, the given statement is false.
(vii) 20 × 30 × 40 = 1 × 1 × 1 = 1
(iii) 23 × 32 = 65
(viii) (30 + 20) × 50 = (1 + 1) × 1 = 2 L.H.S. = 23 × 32 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
28  a 5 28  a 5 28  a 5 = 72
(ix)  
43  a 3  2  2 3  a 3  22 3  a 3 R.H.S. = 65 = 7776
As L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.,
28  a 5 Therefore, the given statement is false.
 (am)n = amn
 223   a 3 (iv) 30 = (1000)0
L.H.S. = 30 = 1
28  a 5 R.H.S. = (1000)0 = 1 = L.H.S.
= Therefore, the given statement is true.
26  a 3
P4. Express each of the following as a
= 286  a 53 a m
 a n  a mn  product of prime factors only in
exponential form:
= 22  a 2   2  a 
2
(i) 108 × 192 (ii) 270
= 2a2 (iii) 729 × 64 (iv) 768
[108] Mathematics [VII]

Sol. EXERCISE-12.3 [PAGE NO. 263]

(i) 108 × 192 P1. Write the following numbers in the
= (2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3) × (2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × expanded forms:
2 × 2 × 3) 279404, 3006194, 2806196, 120719,
= (22 × 33) × (26 × 3) 20068
= 26 + 2 × 33 + 1 (am × an = am+n) Sol. 279404 = 2 × 105 + 7 × 104 + 9 × 103 +
= 2 8 × 34 4 × 102 + 0 × 101 + 4 × 100
(ii) 270 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 = 2 × 33 × 5 3006194 = 3 × 106 + 0 × 105 + 0 ×
(iii) 729 × 64 = (3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3) × (2 104 + 6 × 103 + 1 × 102 + 9 × 101 + 4 ×
× 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2) 100
= 3 6 × 26 2806196 = 2 × 106 + 8 × 105 + 0 ×
(iv) 768 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 104 + 6 × 103 + 1 × 102 + 9 × 101 + 6 ×
= 28 × 3 100
P5. Simplify: 120719 = 1 × 105 + 2 × 104 + 0 × 103 +

(i)
2 
5 2
 73
(ii)
25  52  t 8 7 × 102 + 1 × 101 + 9 × 100
20068 = 2 × 104 + 0 × 103 + 0 × 102 + 6
83  7 103  t 4
× 101 + 8 × 100
35  105  25 P2. Find the number from each of the
(iii)
57  65 following expanded forms:
Sol. (a) 8 × 104 + 6 × 103 + 0 × 102 + 4 × 101 +

(i)
2 
5 2
 73

252  73
5 × 100
(b) 4 × 105 + 5 × 103 + 3 × 102 + 2 × 100
83  7  2  2  2 7
3
(c) 3 × 104 + 7 × 102 + 5 × 100
2 7
10 3 (d) 9 × 105 + 2 × 102 + 3 × 101
33 Sol.
= 2 7 (a) 8 × 104 + 6 × 103 + 0 × 102 + 4 × 101 +
109 31
= 2 7  2 7
1 2
5 × 100
=98 = 86045
25  52  t 8 5  5  52  t 8 (b) 4 × 105 + 5 × 103 + 3 × 102 + 2 × 100
(ii)  = 405302
103  t 4 5  2  t 4
3
(c) 3 × 104 + 7 × 102 + 5 × 100
511 2  t 8 54  t 8 = 30705
= 
53  23  t 4 53  23  t 4 (d) 9 × 105 + 2 × 102 + 3 × 101
54.3  t 8 4 = 900230
 P3. Express the following numbers in
23
standard form:
5 t4 5t 4
  (i) 5, 00, 00, 000 (ii) 70, 00, 000
2 2 2 8 (iii) 3, 18, 65, 00, 000 (iv) 3, 90, 878
(v) 39087.8 (vi) 3908.78
35  105  25 3   2  5  5  5
5 5
Sol.
(iii)  (i) 50000000 = 5 × 107
57  65 57  25  35
(ii) 7000000 = 7 × 106
35  25  55  52 35  25  57 (iii) 3186500000 = 3.1865 × 109
  7 5 5
57  25  35 5 2 3 (iv) 390878 = 3.90878 × 105
55 5 5 77
= 3  2  5  30  50  70 (v) 39087.8 = 3.90878 × 104
=1× 1 × 1 = 1 (vi) 3908.78 = 3.90878 × 103
Exponents and Powers [109]

P4. Express the number appearing in the (h) 60, 230, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000
following statements in standard form. molecules are contained in a drop of
(a) The distance between Earth and Moon water weighing 1.8 gm.
is 384, 000, 000 m. (i) The earth has 1, 353, 000, 000 cubic km
(b) Speed of light in vacuum is 300, 000, of sea water.
000 m/s. (j) The population of India was about 1,
(c) Diameter of the Earth is 027, 000, 000 in March, 2001.
1, 27, 56, 000 m Sol.
(d) Diameter of the Sun is (a) 3.84 × 108 m
1, 400, 000, 000 m (b) 3 × 108 m/s
(e) In a galaxy there are on an average (c) 1.2756 × 107 m
100, 000, 000, 000 stars. (d) 1.4 × 109 m
(f) The universe is estimated to be about (e) 1 × 1011 stars
12, 000, 000, 000 years old. (f) 1.2 × 1010 years
(g) The distance of the Sun from the centre (g) 3 × 1020 m
of the Milky Way Galaxy is estimated to (h) 6.023 × 1022
be 300, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000 m (i) 1.353 × 109 cubic km
(j) 1.027 × 109