Muscle Contraction, Fatigue

AND
EXERCISE

Dr.dr. Zaenal Muttaqien Sofro, AIFM, Sport & Circ.Med.

Depatemen Fisiologi FKKMK UGM
 The Polyvagal Theory
By Stephen Porges

The Vagus Nerve in three parts, all

working simultaneously:

Ventral Vagal System:

Is part of the Parasympathetic Nervous
System
(Social Engagement/frontal cortex)

Sympathetic Nervous System:

(Fight/Flight, Freeze - Limbic Brain)

Dorsal Vagal System:

Is part of the Parasympathetic Nervous
System
(Freeze/Immobility/Brainstem)

4
 VAGUS SMART
AND
SOCIAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
DIAGNOSE SCHEMA NACH THULESIUS

SYMPATHOTONE HYPERTONE
HYPOTONIE REACTION

ASYMPATHONE
HYPOTONIE

VASOVAGALE
REACTION
 The motor “homunculus” map

19th century,
stimulation
mapping in dogs

20th Century,
stimulation during
neurosurgery

Large electrodes,
large currents
 Social
t Sympathetic
” i o n t ac
ve a ct ) Con es)
“L
o
a ns uth ( Ey m
ar ent ht ge
Parasympathetic
Tr (Mo A l i li g
a r st
Or h t/F s ch Re
i

Al a
g

ty

m
Fi

ni
D

e)
(4 on

”
ili

ar

th
to
ag
i
ob

ea
at

ta
St
ci
m

D
Ca
so
Im
Freeze

o
do
as

p
ee
is

oo
Sl
D

“V
Solution Dissolution
 Neuroception
Environ Behaviors
ment
Social
Safe Engagement

Play

Loving
Behaviors

Physiological State
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan of a human cerebral cortex
Evolution of the cell biologist
• The lumbar spine is
the foundation of the
entire spine
• An upright posture
provides an optimal
position for the head
and neck
• When we lose the
support of the lumbar
spine, the head moves
into a forward head
posture
• Places significant
stress across the
posterior muscles of
the neck and
shoulders
Test Weight of
Load

• Test the weight by

lifting a corner of the
object.
• If it is too heavy or if
the object is an odd
shape, STOP!
Lifting and Lifting Models
• Biomechanics sees the body as a system of links and joints
• Principles of physics applied to determine stress on the body
• E.G. holding a 4 kg weight forward with elbow at 90 degrees requires the
biceps muscle to exert a force of 321 N (74 lbf)

• Computer based lifting models are available

• NIOSH model
• See also Chaffin, D., Biomechanical Strength Models in Industry, American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ed.), Lewis, Publishers, 1987
 View the animation in slide show

Kathleen Ohman, CCRN, MS, EdD

ATLET PERSIBA
(a) Schellong test
(b) Tilt –table test
Sumber, Hlavacova E. et al.,
Baro-reflex
Gravity: role of baroreceptor reflex in orthostatic adjustment

Cardiovascular ctr in
medulla oblongata

Parasymp. -
Symp. +
Baroreceprots
in aorta & carotid bodies

Vaso-constri Heart rate

ction

pressure
 Sdr. C
Usia : 15 Tahun *

Keterangan : 1. Reaksi Hypertonie 2a. Hypotonie Asympatothone

2. Hypotonie Sympatothone 3. Reaksi Vasovagale
Parameter Real Standart IMT 30,48
QT Interval 0,36 0,40 Keterangan Obesitas 5,2 Kg
MAP 93,31 100 E.C.G. Sinus Normal
Pulse Pressure 70 40 ZONA 1
External to Internal environment

..a hint of integration?

Motorneuron
 Summary:
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
 Cross-bridge Cycle

This animation by Mike Geeves,

Laboratory of Molecular Biology in the UK
and the Cambridge Institute for Medical
Research
 Muscle Structure

• Basic functional
unit of the muscle
is the sarcomere

• Sarcomere is
composed of thick
filaments of myosin
and thin filaments
of actin
Metabolic adaptations during exercise (Fig. 40-12)
This figure corresponds to point C on the graph. The
muscle is stretched to a point where there is very
little overlap between actin and myosin. The
isometric tension will be low.
At point B on the graph there is considerable overlap
between actin and myosin. There are many active cross
bridges, so the isometric tension will be high.
At point A there is a lot of overlap between actin and myosin, but
the actin filaments are pushing on each other. This distorts the
filaments, weakening the cross bridges.
Muscles and Body Movements

Slide 6.30b
 Isotonic and isometric contraction
• shortening (Isotonic: shortening against fixed
load, speed dependent on M·ATPase
activity and load)

• isometric

Most likely to cause

• lengthening Biceps muscle lengthens
muscle injury
during contraction
Proprioceptors
• Muscle spindle
• Response to stretch
• Within muscle fibers as intrafusal fibrer
• Automonic with gamma motor neurons
• Golgi tendon organ
• Muscle tension especially during
isometric
Extrafusal muscle fibers
• Relaxation reflex - protective
• Joint receptors
Alpha motor
• Are found in capsules and ligaments neuron
around joints
Muscle
Golgi tendon organ spindle
Tendon
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION
Physiologic Requirements to
Perform Exercise
FIT Formula for Lifestyle Physical Activity

Most days of the

week

• Equal to brisk
walking
• About 150 kcal
• 3-5 METS

Accumulate 30
minutes
The FITT Principle Applied to the Health-Related Components of
Fitness
 Shifting the Paradigm:
Exercise Activity

Exercise = Training Activity = Play, Fun,

Stephens, USUHS, 2001 Functional Fitness
ERGOMET
RY
PHYSICAL WORK CAPACITY
ST Elevation Infarction

Here’s a diagram depicting an evolving infarction:

A. Normal ECG prior to MI

B. Ischemia from coronary artery occlusion

results in ST depression (not shown) and
peaked T-waves

C. Infarction from ongoing ischemia results in

marked ST elevation

D/E. Ongoing infarction with appearance of

pathologic Q-waves and T-wave inversion

F. Fibrosis (months later) with persistent Q-

waves, but normal ST segment and T- waves
 No. Induk : (02635)
Instansi : Atlet Sepak Bola
Periksa Ke : SATU
Tgl. Periksa : 13 Desember 2003
Nama : Atlet 1
Keluhan :-
Pakai obat :-
Umur : 22 Tahun
Berat Badan : 57 Kg
Tinggi Badan : 165,5 Cm
PWC Pred 194 watt
L.P.B. : 1,63 m²
PWC Real 103,09 %
DJ. Max pred. : 198 x per menit
DJ Latiuhan 150 – 170 /menit
% DJP : 76,77

Kondisi DJ Sistolik Diastolik VO2 Max 49.1 cc/kg/menit

Istirahat 70 110 80 MET 14.0 MET
Beban Akhir 152 175 80 IMT 20,81
Pemulihan 107 145 80 KET. Ideal
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
E.K.G. Sinus Normal 0Kg
BODY WATER AT REST
Extremely Dehydrated

Mildly Dehidrated
 PEAK PERFORMANCE

100

% Maximum Heart Rate Speed

95

Anaerobic Training
90

Anaerobic Threshold

80

Aerobic Foundation

60
The Training Pyramid
 % Carbohydrate

20 40 60 80 100
s e
ten
In

ate
e r
o d
M e
cis
er
Ex
ght
Li

80 60 40 20 0
% Fat

Carbohydrate and fat utilization during exercise

 Origins of Localized Muscle Fatigue

Accumulation Theory of Fatigue:

Lactic Acid
K+ NH3
and free H+

• Decreases membrane excitability

• Decreases Ca++ • Inhibits Aerobic
affinity for Troponin Metabolism
• Decreases the
release of Ca++
• Obstructs
glycolysis