Judgment and Proposition

Judgement Proposition - These direct assertion of an agreement

or disagreement manifest itself with the
relationship as expressed with the linking
PROPOSITION verb or the copula
- The higher form of judgment is referred to
o Subject is predicate
as preposition o Subject is not predicate
- Judgment expressed verbally in a sentence
✓ Example:
o Judgment is mental act, act of the mind
✓ John is shy
which pronounce or establishes
relationships of two ideas (subject & ✓ John is not a cheat
term) - The copula or linking verb connects
o Ex. Patrick is a saint
categorically the judgment between the
o The subject is the one spoken or
two ideas, subject or predicate.
referred to in the junction - It expresses a direct assertion of either
o The predicate is the idea that talks
agreement or disagreement between
about the subject. It is the idea, term two ideas. This judgment is referred to
that establishes about the subject. as
- When the subject is expressed verbally in a
sentence it becomes a proposition, but a b. HYPOTHETICAL
sentence may call a preposition is not an - The judgment does not assert directly
ordinary sentence. the agreement or disagreement
- The preposition as a sentence expresses a concerning two ideas.
true or false, in other words, a preposition - It expresses the dependence between one
is judgment that is present either a true or proposition or judgment using two ethical
false. statements.
o A judgment is true when the predicate
- Such as:
represents something that is intrinsically ✓ It & then, it & all it, it & when, unless,
or conforms that exist or manifest in either or, and, as such, but
the actual or real world either to the
judgment and it is objective. Categorical Judgment
o If it does not conform to the very
essence or the objectivity of the
subject, it becomes false. ELEMENTS of categorical judgment
- A proposition does not only manifest, - that constitutes a categorical judgment
relationship, expressive between the subject
and the predicate, it also expresses a value. a. QUANTITY
It is either a judgment that expresses the - The judgment tells us about the
truth or false. extension of the subject term:
❑ Singular
o It has a singular subject
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION o The quantity of the subject is
a. CATEGORICAL singular
- What the judgment asserts, directly, Example:
disagreeing or agreeing, concerning the ✓ Marilou is a medical practitioner
two terms, subject and the verb ❑ Particular
- When there is a direct assertion of o It is when a particular term has a
relationship between the subject and the particular extension
predicate, the judgement is categorical. Example:
- A categorical preposition is one wherein ✓ Some students are competent
the judgment asserts direct filler, ❑ Universal
disagreement and agreement concerning o It is when the subject term refers
the two ideas, subject & predicate. to the whole of the extension
 Judgment and Proposition

Example: → E (Universal Negative)

o All students are educated - subject term: universal
❑ Collective - quaLity of the copula: negative
o It is when the subject term has a - quantity of the predicate: universal
collective extension - Su - P
Example:
o Fleet of soldiers is at war. Structure:
✓ No (subject) is (predicate)
b. QUALITY o The quantifier is universal, the
- The quantity of the proposition is subject is universal. It is negative,
determined by the quality of the copula Example:
or the linking verb ✓ No cat is barking animal
❑ Negative ▪ Barking animal is not applied to
o The subject denies the predicate the subject, it has a negative
o The predicate denies the subject, quantifier. It affects both the
the predicate is not applicable to quantity of the subject and the
the subject. quality of the copula or the
❑ Affirmative linking verb
o The subject affirms the relation of
measure of the predicate → I (Particular Affirmative)
o The predicate necessary belongs to - subject term: particular
the subject, by the affirmative - quality of the copula: affirmative
copula. - quantity of the predicate: particular
Structure:
ORDINARY CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS Some (subject) is (predicate)
→ A (Universal Affirmative) - The quantifier is particular; therefore,
- subject term: universal the subject term is affirmative. The
- quality of the copula: affirmative quantity of the copula is affirmative
- quantity of the predicate: particular Examples:
- A universal preposition has a universal ✓ Some students are intelligent
property
- Su + P → O (Particular Negative)
- - subject term: particular
Structure: - quality of the copula: negative
Every (subject) is (Predicate) - quantity of the predicate: universal
Example: Structure:
✓ Every man is rational Some (subject) is not/are not
- The subject is universal by the virtue (predicate)
of the universal quantifier, the - The quantifier is particular by virtue
quantity of the subject becomes of the quantifier. The quantity of the
universal. copula is negative
- when the predicate represents the Example:
specie; when the predicate represents ✓ Some animals are not poisonous
the whole essence of the subject and ✓ The subject is particular, the quantity
they are coextensive, therefore, it can of the copula is negative
be universal, even if it is affirmative
- The quantity of the copula is
determined:
▪ The subject is universal, the quantity
of the copula is negative
 Judgment and Proposition

REMEMBER Hypothetical Judgment

❖ Quantity of the subject term determines
the quantity of the proposition HYPOTHETICAL JUDGMENT
❖ The quantifier determines the quantity of - do not assert directly; the dependence with
the subject term one another
✓ The circumstantial quantifiers • In a hypothetical proposition the judgement
determines either or both the quality does not assert directly; the agreement or
of the quantity of the proposition or disagreement concerning the two ideas
judgment subject and predicate
✓ If there is no quantifier, the subject • Unlike categorical judgement, there is a direct
term will determine the quantity of assertion of either an agreement or
the proposition disagreement concerning the subject of the
➢ subject term is singular, two ideas. This direct assertion manifest and
proposition is singular or universal is used in a categorical judgement.
➢ subject term is singular • In hypothetical proposition, it uses hypothetical
proposition is universal particles – if, then, if & when, unless, either
❖ The quantity of the subject term or, and but, as such
determines the whole proposition.
✓ Subject term is universal
Quantity of the proposition is universal ORDINARY HYPOTHETICAL PROPOSITIONS
✓ Subject term is particular 1. Conditional hypothetical proposition
Quantity of the proposition is particular - wherein the judgement asserts the
✓ The singular and collective properties dependence of two relationships or parts
are taken as universal. It can be referred to as condition. The two parts
designated as singular but the quantity are the antecedent and the consequence.
of the whole proposition is universal. • Antecedent – is a part wherein it presents
❖ The quality of the copula determines the a condition upon which this condition is
quantity of the proposition verified by its consequence
✓ Quality of Copula is negative • In conditional proposition, there is a
Proposition is negative dependence of relationship between the
✓ Quality of the copula is affirmative, antecedent and the consequence.
Quality of the proposition is Antecedent/condition – if, or unless
affirmative Consequence – usually preceded by the
❖ The quantity of the copula or linking verb particles
determines the quantity of the predicate EXAMPLES:
term ✓ if it rains then the ground is wet
✓ Quality of the Copula is affirmative ✓ If there is fire, then there is smoke
Quantity of the predicate term is
✓ Unless you study then you will not
particular pass the subject
✓ Quality of the Copula is negative
✓ If today is Wednesday then tomorrow
Quantity of the predicate is universal.
is Thursday
❖ The quality of the judgement determines
✓ If a person is far sighted then the
the quantity of the predicate term
person needs an eyeglasses
❖ The quality of the copula determines the 2. Disjunctive
quality of the judgement - the alternatives referred to as disjunct
✓ quality of judgement is negative presents two alternatives. In both
quantity of predicate is negative. alternatives, the judgement cannot be
✓ quality of the judgement is true of the same subject at the same
affirmative time. Usually, the disjunct is using the
✓ quantity of the predicate is particles either, or.
affirmative
 Judgment and Proposition

EXAMPLE:
✓ A student is either attentive or
inattentive
✓ A student is either intelligent or not
✓ The weather is either fine or raining
✓ The food is either delicious or not

2 kinds of a disjunctive hypothetical

statements:
• Perfect disjunct
- the alternatives are mutually
exclusive they are contradictory (ex.
expensive -inexpensive, perfect –
imperfect, intelligent – unintelligent)
EXAMPLE:
✓ the value is either expensive or
inexpensive
✓ The food is either nutritious or not
nutritious
• Imperfect disjunct
- the alternatives are not mutually
exclusive, they are contrary
EXAMPLE:
✓ a student is either dull or intelligent
✓ The food is either nutritious or lousy

3. Conjunctive
- the statement uses conjunct – and
EXAMPLE:
✓ a person cannot be dull and intelligent
at the same time
✓ The food cannot be lousy and
attractive at the same time