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Exercise 06

Seek time is the time to position the disk head at a track. Rotational delay is the time waiting for the desired sector to reach the head. Access time is the sum of seek time and rotational delay. Transfer time is the data transfer period once the head is positioned. RAID distributes data across physical disks that appear as a single logical disk to the operating system. It uses striping to spread data across disks and parity for redundancy to recover from failures. The seven RAID levels provide different redundancy strategies ranging from none in RAID 0 to dual parity in RAID 6.

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106 views2 pages

Exercise 06

Seek time is the time to position the disk head at a track. Rotational delay is the time waiting for the desired sector to reach the head. Access time is the sum of seek time and rotational delay. Transfer time is the data transfer period once the head is positioned. RAID distributes data across physical disks that appear as a single logical disk to the operating system. It uses striping to spread data across disks and parity for redundancy to recover from failures. The seven RAID levels provide different redundancy strategies ranging from none in RAID 0 to dual parity in RAID 6.

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•-• Vũuu
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6.7 Define the terms seek time, rotational delay, access time, and transfer time.

Seek time - Time taken to position the head at the track.

Rotational delay - Once the track is selected, the disk controller waits until the appropriate sector
rotates to line up with the head. The time it takes for the beginning of the sector to reach the head is
known as the rotational delay.

Access time - The sum of the seek time, if any, plus the rotational delay. The time it takes to get into
position to read or write.

Transfer time - Time taken for data transfer. Once the head is in position, the read or write operation is
performed as the sector moves under the head - data transfer portion of the operation.

6.8 What common characteristics are shared by all RAID levels?

1. RAID is a set of physical disk drives viewed by the operating system as a single logical drive.

2. Data are distributed across the physical drives of an array in a scheme known as striping.

3. Redundant disk capacity is used to store parity information, which guarantees data recoverability in
case of a disk failure.

6.9 Briefly define the seven RAID levels.

RAID 0 - Non-redundant.
• RAID 1 - Mirrored, every disk has a mirror disk containing the same data.
• RAID 2 - Redundant via Hamming code; an error-correcting code is calculated across corresponding
bits on each data disk, and the bits of the code are stored in the corresponding bit positions on multiple
parity disks.
• RAID 3 - Bit-interleaved parity;
• RAID 4 - Block-interleaved parity;
• RAID 5 - Block-interleaved distributed parity;
• RAID 6 - Block-interleaved dual distributed parity;

6.10 Explain the term striped data.

The disk is divided into strips, which may be physical blocks, sectors, or some other unit. The strips are
mapped round robin to consecutive array members. A set of logically consecutive strips that maps
exactly one strip to each array member is referred to as a stripe.

6.11 How is redundancy achieved in a RAID system?

RAID 1: by having two identical copies of all data


The rest: by the use of error-correcting codes

6.12 In the context of RAID, what is the distinction between parallel access and independent access?
Parallel access - All member disks participate in the execution of every I/O request. Typically, the
spindles of the individual drives are synchronized so that each disk head is in the same position on each
disk at any given time.

Independent access - Each member disk operates independently, so that separate I/O requests can be
satisfied in parallel.

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