GRAMMAR REFERENCE STARTER

Adverbis de freqüència Passat simple: verbs regulars i irregulars

Adverbis de freqüència Afirmativa Negativa
always usually often sometimes hardly ever never
I/He/She/It called me. didn’t call me.
100% 0% We/You/They

•• Els adverbis de freqüència es fan servir per dir amb

quina freqüència succeeix quelcom. Pregunta
•• Van davant del verb principal, però darrere del verb Did I/he/she/it/we/you/they call you?
to be.
I often message my friends. Respostes breus
There are always music festivals in summer. Yes, I/he/she/it/we/you/they did.
•• Often, sometimes i usually també poden anar al No, I/he/she/it/we /you/they didn’t.
començament de la frase.
Sometimes, my family and I listen to music. •• El passat simple es fa servir per parlar de fets acabats
i accions del passat.
I watched the band play last night.
Expressions de freqüència
Three years ago, she had a great party.
every day/week/weekend/year •• Per construir la forma afirmativa del passat simple
once/twice/three times a day/a week/a month/a year s’afegeix -ed o –d a l’infinitiu.
help – helped organise – organised play – played
•• Per dir amb quina freqüència succeeix quelcom també •• En els verbs acabats en consonant + y, s’elimina la y i
s’utilitzen expressions de freqüència. s’hi afegeix -ied.
•• Solen anar al començament o al final de la frase. study – studied cry – cried try – tried
I see my friends twice a week. •• En els verbs acabats en consonant + vocal +
Every weekend, they give a concert. consonant, es duplica la consonant final i s’hi
•• Podem utilitzar expressions i adverbis de freqüència afegeix –ed.
en la mateixa frase. drop – dropped chat – chatted
I usually go on holiday once a year. •• Molts verbs d’ús comú tenen el passat simple
irregular. La llista de verbs irregulars és a la
Present simple i present continu pàgina 128.
•• El present simple es fa servir per parlar de fets, hàbits get – got put – put
i rutines. have – had make – made
My sister likes rock music.  •• Les partícules interrogatives sempre van al
I use my phone every day. començament de la pregunta.
•• Amb el present simple s’utilitzen adverbis de How did the fire start?
freqüència (always, often, etc.), i amb el present Where was your brother last night?
continu, at the moment i now.
My dad often plays computer games with me.
My teacher is walking into the classroom now.

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Passat continu Used to

Afirmativa Negativa Afirmativa Negativa

I/He/She/It was crying. wasn’t crying. I/He/She/It used to play didn’t use to
We/You/They were crying. weren’t crying. We/You/They football. play football.
Preguntes Preguntes i respostes breus
Was I/he/she/it crying? Did I/you/he/she/it/we/
Were we/you/they you/they use to be scared?
Respostes breus Yes, I/he/she / did.
Yes, I/he/she/it was it/we you/
No, didn’t.
they
we/you/they were
No, I/he/she/it wasn’t •• Used to emfasitza quins estats, hàbits i accions del
we/you/they weren’t passat ja han acabat.
It used to be a library, but now it’s a museum.
•• El passat continu es fa servir per parlar d’accions que We used to walk to school, but now we cycle.
estaven succeint en un moment del passat.
•• Used to no s’utilitza per indicar accions que van
At seven o’clock, I was waiting for the bus. succeir una vegada, quantes vegades van succeir o la
Chloe was wearing jeans yesterday. durada d’aquestes accions.
•• També s’utilitza when, while i as per expressar “durant They went to the cinema yesterday.
aquest temps” o per connectar dos fets que estaven They used to go to the cinema yesterday.
succeint al mateix temps. My brother lived there for four years.
When my parents were studying, they didn’t have the My brother used to live there for four years.
internet.
•• Used to no té forma de present. Per a hàbits i estats en
While he was eating, the phone rang. present es fa servir el present simple.
As Heather was walking, she was singing a song. My cousin drinks coffee in the morning.

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Present perfecte: regular
Afirmativa/Negativa Preguntes
have walked/
I/We/You/They Have I/we/you/they
haven't walked
to school. walked to school?
has walked/
He/She/It Has he/she/it
hasn't walked
Respostes breus
I/we/you/they have. I/we/you/they haven’t.
Yes, No,
he/she/it has. he/she/it hasn’t.

•• El present perfecte es fa servir per parlar d’accions, Present perfecte amb just
experiències i fets del passat, quan el moment exacte •• Just es fa servir amb el present perfecte per parlar
no s’esmenta o no és important. de fets i accions molt recents.
The orchestra have played my favourite song. I’ve just heard the good news. It’s fantastic!
He has visited the art exhibition. Dad’s just got home and he’s feeling tired.
•• En la forma afirmativa s’utilitza subjecte + have/has +
participi passat. Present perfecte amb already, still i yet
I’ve talked to Danielle.  •• Amb el present perfecte se sol usar already, still i yet.
She’s asked me for help. Jack has already been to the exhibition twice.
•• La forma negativa s’expressa amb subjecte + haven’t/ We still haven’t decided a film to watch.
hasn’t + participi passat. I haven’t had time to go shopping yet.
Max hasn’t auditioned for the part. •• Already s’utilitza per explicar que quelcom ha succeït
They haven’t performed in front of an audience. abans de l’esperat o per emfasitzar que ha succeït.
•• Les preguntes en present perfecte es construeixen Already sol anar entre have i el participi passat.
amb have/has + subjecte + participi passat. En She has already bought a ticket. I have already seen
les preguntes en present perfecte s’utilitza ever per the show.
preguntar per quelcom que ha succeït al llarg de la vida. •• Still es fa servir en frases negatives per expressar que
Has she ever had drum lessons? quelcom que esperàvem que passes no ha succeït
Have you ever been to the theatre? però imaginem que passarà en el futur. Still va tot just
•• Never s’utilitza per expressar “en cap moment” en darrere del subjecte.
respondre aquestes preguntes. My uncle still hasn’t seen the new play.
A: Has he ever met a famous person?  B: No, never.
•• Yet s’utilitza en frases negatives per emfasitzar que
••Els participis passats regulars acaben en -ed, -d o quelcom que esperàvem que passes no ha succeït.
-ied. Yet es col·loca al final de la frase.
want – wanted believe – believed worry – worried John hasn’t arrived yet.
Present perfecte: verbs irregulars I haven’t asked my parents for permission yet.
•• Molts verbs d’ús comú tenen participis passats •• En les preguntes, yet s’utilitza per preguntar si quelcom
irregulars. ha passat abans d’aquest moment. Va al final de la
go – gone  put – put  be – been  make – made  pregunta.
see – seen  hear – heard Have you bought the bus tickets yet?
•• La llista de verbs irregulars és a la pàgina 128. •• En les respostes breus negatives es fa servir not yet.
•• Per expressar que algú no ha tornat d’un lloc o de fer A: Have you spoken to the drama teacher? B: Not yet.
una actividad es fa servir go (gone). Per dir que ha
tornat s’utilitza be (been).
They’ve gone to Rome. (They are in Paris now.)
They’ve been to Rome. (They have returned.)
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Can, could, will be able to Present perfecte i passat simple
•• Per parlar de l’habilitat de fer quelcom en present, se •• El passat simple es fa servir quan el moment en què
sol utilitzar can. ha succeït quelcom ja ha acabat. No sempre es diu
She can speak English and Polish. quan va tenir lloc, generalment perquè se sobreentén.
I went to Liverpool in June. (it’s now July)
•• Per parlar de l’habilitat de fer quelcom en passat, se
sol utilitzar could. They began the exam two minutes ago. (it’s now 10.02,
We could visit the pyramids when we went to Egypt. not 10.00)
She wanted to ask you a question. (when I spoke to her)
•• Per parlar de l’habilitat de fer quelcom en futur, se sol
utilitzar will be able to. •• El present perfecte es fa servir quan quelcom va
I will be able to translate this document tomorrow. començar o va succeir en el passat i segueix tenint lloc
actualment. Podem dir quant de temps ha succeït,
però no quan va començar.
Present perfecte amb for/since i
I’ve been to Liverpool. (no s’especifica quan, però
How long … ?
continua essent així en aquest moment)
For i since They’ve begun the exam. (i l’examen no ha acabat)
•• Es fa servir for i since amb el present perfecte per dir She’s wanted to ask you a question for a few days.
durant quant de temps ha tingut lloc una situació. (encara ho vol fer)
She hasn’t lived in Manchester for three years.
I’ve lived here since I was seven.
•• For s’utilitza per expressar periodes de temps.
Liam’s had a new bike for three days.
My parents have been married for 21 years.
•• Since s’utilitza per fer referència a un moment
específic.
We’ve been best friends since 2009.
Emma and Anna haven’t seen each other since June.
How long…?
•• How long …? + present perfecte es fa servir per
preguntar per la durada d’una situació o activitat.
A: How long have you known Greg?
B: I’ve known him since 2012.

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Quantificadors Should/shouldn’t i ought to

Comptable Incomptable Afirmativa Negativa

a few a little I/He/She/It
enough enough should help. shouldn’t help.
We/You/They
too many too much
Preguntes
•• Els quantificadors es fan servir per parlar de la
I/he/she/it/we/
quantitat d’alguna cosa. Should help?
you/they
•• A little i a few expressen quantitats petites.
Respostes breus
I have a little time to watch TV, but not much.
I’ve got a few messages that I need to reply to. Yes, I/he/she/it/we/ should.
No, you/they shouldn’t.
•• Too much/too many expressen una quantitat
excessiva. •• Should es fa servir per expressar allò que pensem
There was too much noise and I couldn’t sleep. que és una bona idea o és important fer, aconsellar o
There were too many options. I didn’t know what to recomanar.
choose! You should stay in bed if you have a fever.
•• Enough expressa que una quantitat és suficient i not Laura shouldn’t use her phone before bed.
enough que no és suficient. •• La forma de should no varia. Darrere de should
We’ve got enough players to make two teams. s’utilitza l’infinitiu sense to.
I didn’t have enough time to answer all the questions. John should get more sleep. (John should to get
more sleep.)
•• Ought to es fa servir per parlar d’allò que seria
desitjable o ideal.
We ought to eat lots of fruit and vegetables every day. 

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Primer condicional Segon condicional

Oració amb if- Oració principal Oració amb if- Oració principal
(if + present simple) (will/won’t, may/might (if + present simple) (would/could/might +
(not), could) infinitiu)
If I pass all my exams, my parents will/may/ If I knew him, I would/could/might ask
might buy me a present. him.
If I don’t pass all my exams, I won’t/may not/might not If I didn’t know him, I wouldn’t/couldn’t/might
Unless I pass all my exams, go on holiday. not ask him
Oració principal Oració amb if- Oració principal Oració amb if-
(will/won’t, may/might (if + present simple) (would/could/might + (if + past simple)
(not), could) infinitive)
My parents will/may/might if I pass my exams. I would/could/might ask if I knew him.
buy me a present him
My parents won’t buy me if I don’t pass all my exams. I wouldn’t/couldn’t/might if I didn’t know him.
a present unless I pass all my exams. not ask him
Pregunta Pregunta
Will my parents buy me a if I don’t pass all my Would you ask him if you knew him?
present exams?
•• El segon condicional es fa servir per parlar de
•• El primer condicional es fa servir per parlar de situacions imaginàries en present i les possibles
situacions possibles en present o futur i expressar quin conseqüències.
pensem que serà el resultat. •• If + passat simple (en afirmativa o negativa) s’utilitza
•• If + present simple se sol utilitzar per descriure l’acció per descriure la situació imaginària i would, could o
o el fet possibles. might per a la conseqüència.
We’ll pass the exam if we work hard. If he didn’t like you, he wouldn’t talk to you,
•• En lloc d’if not també es pot utilitzar unless + present •• Would (not) es fa servir quan estem segurs de la
simple. conseqüència.
Unless we hurry up, we’ll miss the train. He would do better in school if he didn’t spend all his
time playing computer games.
•• Will/won’t + infinitiu es fa servir quan estem segurs
del resultat, i may o might + infinitiu si no n’estem •• Per expressar una possibilitat o habilitat com a
tan segurs. conseqüència s’utilitza could (not).
If we don’t leave now, we won’t catch the 8:30 bus. If it was Saturday, we could go out for pizza.
If my grandfather doesn’t feel better, he may not visit I could do some volunteer work if I didn’t need to study
this weekend. so much.
I might go the beach if it’s warm enough. •• Per expressar que no estem del tot segurs de la
•• S’acostuma a utilitzar will per construir les preguntes conseqüència es fa servir might (not).
de primer condicional i no may o might. If I had more free time, I might take up the guitar
Will you chat with me online this evening if you have time? Madison might lend you her laptop if you asked her.
•• En l’oració amb if- es pot utilitzar was o were amb
I, he/she i it.
If it wasn’t/weren’t so spicy, I could finish it.
I wouldn’t say anything if I were/was you.

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El present simple en veu passiva

Afirmativa Negativa
This bottle is isn’t
made of plastic. made of plastic.
These toys are aren’t
Preguntes Respostes breus

Is this bottle it is. it isn’t.

made of plastic? Yes, they No, they
Are these toys
are. aren’t.

•• La veu passiva es fa servir per descriure accions i processos quan no ens interessa, o no
sabem, qui és el responsable d’aquesta acció o procés.
English is spoken in many countries.
Many plastic bottles aren’t recycled.
•• Per construir el present simple en veu passiva, s’utilitza is/are (not) + participi passat.
The streets are cleaned on Sundays after the market finishes.
•• Les preguntes es construeixen amb Is/Are + subjecte + participi passat.
Is the main square decorated during the festival?
When are the results sent to students?

El passat simple en veu passiva

Afirmativa Negativa
The rubbish was wasn’t
thrown away. thrown away.
The old chairs were weren’t
Preguntes Respostes breus

Was the rubbish it was. it wasn’t.

thrown away? Yes, they No, they
Were the old chairs
were. weren’t.

•• El passat simple en veu passiva es fa servir per descriure accions i processos en passat.
The competition winners were given books and a certificate.
•• Per construir el passat simple en veu passiva, s’utilitza was/were (not) + participi passat.
The first CD was made in 1982.
Some of us weren’t invited to the party.
•• Les preguntes es construeixen amb was/were + subjecte + participi passat.
Were the instructions written in Spanish or Portuguese?
Passiva + by
•• En la veu passiva s’utilitza by per indicar qui o què va ser el responsable de l’acció.
Facebook was started by Mark Zuckerberg.
A lot of houses were destroyed by the fire.

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Passat perfecte

Afirmativa Negativa
I/You/He/She/It I/You/He/She/It hadn’t
had forgotten.
We/You/They We/You/They (had + not) forgotten.

Preguntes Respostes breus

I/you/he/she/it Yes, I/you/he/she/it had.

Had forgotten?
we/you/they No, we/you/they hadn’t.

•• El passat perfecte, juntament amb altres temps de passat, es fa servir per parlar d’accions o estats que van tenir
lloc abans de l’acció o l’estat principals.
We hadn’t seen the news so we didn’t know about the storms.
I couldn’t call you on Friday because I had left my phone at home.

Oracions en estil indirecte

Estil directe Estil indirecte

Present simple ‘I want some new jeans’. He said (that) he wanted some new jeans.
Present continu ‘I had a great time’. She said (that) she’d had a great time.
Passat simple ‘We’ve just seen a live concert. She said (that) they’d just seen a live concert.
Present perfecte ‘We’re making our own clothes’. He said (that) they were making their own clothes.

•• Quan s’informa de les paraules que ha dit una altra persona, sovint s’han de canviar les formes verbals –a la taula
de més amunt es poden veure els canvis en les formes verbals.
•• En l’estil indirecte també s’acostumen a canviar els pronoms.
‘You have to arrive before 7 pm.’
He said (that) we had to arrive before 7 pm.

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Can/can’t, be allowed to Need to/don’t need to

Afirmativa/ Negativa Afirmativa Negativa

I’m (not) I/We/You/ need to work. don’t need to work.
You/We/They’re (not) allowed to run. They
He/She/It’s (not) He/She/It needs to doesn’t need to work.
Preguntes Respostes breus work.
Am I Yes, I am. Preguntes
No, I’m not. Do I/we/you/they need to work?
Are you/ Yes, you/we/they are. Does he/she/it
we/ allowed No, you/we/they aren’t. Respostes breus
they to run? Yes, I/we/you/they do. No, I/we/you/ don’t.
Is he/ Yes, he/she/it is. they
she/ No, he/she/it isn’t
he/she/it does. he/she/it doesn’t.
it

•• Be allowed to es fa servir per dir que es té permís

•• Need es fa servir per expressar que és obligatori fer
quelcom.
per fer quelcom.
I need to go home after class.
We’re allowed to use my aunt’s laptop.
You’re not allowed to take books out of the library. •• Don’t need to s’utilitza per expressar que no és obligatori
fer quelcom.
•• En les frases negatives, be se sol contraure.
I don’t need to take the bus. I can walk.
They aren’t allowed to have phones in class.
He isn’t allowed to go to the party.
Have to/don’t have to
Must/mustn’t
Afirmativa/Negativa
Afirmativa Negativa I/We/You/They have to learn/don’t have to learn.
I/He/She/It must go. mustn’t go. He/She/It has to learn/doesn’t have to learn.
We/You/They Preguntes
•• Must es fa servir per expressar allò que pensem Do I/we/you/they have to learn?
que cal fer, per parlar d’obligació i per fer Does he/she/it
recomanacions serioses. Respostes breus
I must start studying more. Yes, I/we/you/they do. No, I/we/you/ don’t.
You must listen to this song. It’s fantastic! they
•• Mustn’t es fa servir per dir allò que pensem que cal he/she/it does. he/she/it doesn’t.
no fer, per parlar de prohibició i per aconsellar amb
contundència en contra de quelcom. •• Have to es fa servir per expressar allò que cal fer.
We mustn’t forget to buy her a present. You have to answer all the questions in the exam.
Tell them that they mustn’t be late tomorrow. He has to wear a uniform at school.

•• Les preguntes amb must no són gaire comunes •• Don’t have to s’utilitza per expressar que no cal fer
perquè resulten molt formals. En lloc seu se sol quelcom, però que es pot fer si es vol.
utilitzar have to. You don’t have to help me with my homework.
Must I go to bed so early? Do I have to go to bed so Elsie doesn’t have to get up early tomorrow.
early? •• Les partícules interrogatives van al començament de la
pregunta.
•• Must no varia en les diferents formes.
How much homework do you have to do every day?
•• Després de must s’utilitza l’infinitiu sense to.
When do we have to make a decision?
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Be going to i present continu Futur continu

Afirmativa/Negativa Preguntes •• El futur continu es pot utilitzar per parlar d’accions

I ’m/’m not Am I que estaran en progrés en un moment del futur.
He/She/It ’s/isn’t My sister will be living in London next year. She's going
Is he/she/ to study there.
going to it going to Next Saturday, we'll be sitting on the beach and chilling out.
tell him. tell him?
Are we/ •• Quan estem segurs que l’acció estarà en progrés
We/You/ ’re/aren’t you/they s’utilitza will/won't, i quan no n’estem segurs s’utilitza
They may (not)/might (not).
Respostes breus They'll be answering questions online at 7 pm.
We might be having dinner at 9 pm.
I am. I’m not.
Yes, he/she/it is. No, he/she/it isn’t
Pronoms relatius i oracions relatives
we/you/they are. we/you/they aren’t.
•• Les oracions relatives es fan servir per aclarir quelcom
•• Be going to s’utilitza per parlar d’accions que hem sobre la persona, el lloc o la cosa de la qual es parla.
decidit fer en el futur. My aunt has a friend who makes beautiful bags.
After we finish school, I’m going to travel to Australia. This is the song that I told you about.
My grandparents are going to stay with us this summer. •• Els pronoms relatius van al començament de les
•• S’expressa mitjançant la forma adequada de be (not) + oracions relatives. El pronom de subjecte no es repeteix
going + to + verb. quan el subjecte d’ambdues frases és el mateix.
I’m going to wear my new jeans and my red T-shirt. We know a lot of people who live in the village.
We’re not going to take the bus. We know a lot of people who they live in the village.
•• Les preguntes es construeixen amb be + subjecte + •• Per parlar de persones s’utilitza who o that.
going + to + verb. The man who/that lives next door to us works at night.
When are you going to start studying for the exams? She’s the scientist who’s/that’s moving to Antarctica
Is she going to get here before 9 o’clock? next year.
Why are they going to see that show? •• Per parlar de coses s’utilitza that o which.
I really don’t like books which/that have sad endings.
Present continu per parlar de futur
They want to buy some boots which/that they can wear
•• El present continu es fa servir per parlar de plans all year round.
futurs quan aquests tenen una data fixada.
They’re getting married this summer.
•• Per parlar de llocs s’utilitza where.
That’s the office where my uncle works.
What are you doing this weekend?
You could try the restaurant where we had my party.
I’m going shopping with my parents.
She isn’t coming to the party. •• Per parlar d’aspectes temporals s’utilitza when.
She’s spending the day with her cousins. That was the day when we were late for school.
It’s the holiday when everyone is happiest.
•• Per parlar de raons s’utilitza why.
You studied a lot. That’s why you passed!
I lost my passport. That’s why I’m so sad.
•• Per parlar de possessions s’utilitza whose.
Do you remember the name of the guy whose phone
charger I borrowed last week?

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