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Lecture 1 - Zoology - Evolutionary Perspective-2

Here are possible answers: 1. The hierarchical order of taxonomic classification reflects evolutionary relationships. Groups that are more closely related share a more recent common ancestor. This order helps illustrate degrees of relatedness among organisms. 2. If evolution did not occur, there would be no changes or adaptations over time. All life on Earth would still resemble the earliest lifeforms. There would be much less biodiversity and life would not have adapted to occupy different environments or fill various ecological niches. The tremendous variety of life we see today would not exist without evolution continually generating new species through genetic variation and natural selection.

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277 views34 pages

Lecture 1 - Zoology - Evolutionary Perspective-2

Here are possible answers: 1. The hierarchical order of taxonomic classification reflects evolutionary relationships. Groups that are more closely related share a more recent common ancestor. This order helps illustrate degrees of relatedness among organisms. 2. If evolution did not occur, there would be no changes or adaptations over time. All life on Earth would still resemble the earliest lifeforms. There would be much less biodiversity and life would not have adapted to occupy different environments or fill various ecological niches. The tremendous variety of life we see today would not exist without evolution continually generating new species through genetic variation and natural selection.

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RAISA A. MENDOZA, MSc.

Instructor, College of Arts and Sciences

Zoology: An Evolutionary
Faculty Researcher, Center for Engineering, Science,
Technology and Innovation (CESTI)
Laboratory Manager, Molecular Microbiology and HABs

Perspective
Laboratory

raisa.mendoza@ssu.edu.ph
ramendoza7@up.edu.ph
Learning Outcomes:
• Formulate a hypothesis regarding the evolutionary
origin of contrasting color patterns in two closely
related species
• Explain how our taxonomic system is hierarchical
Introduction
Animals share a common evolutionary past
and evolutionary forces that influenced
their history.

Evolutionary processes have resulted in an


estimated 4 – 10M animal species.

Zoologists must understand evolutionary


processes if they are to understand what
an animal is and how it originated.
Evolutionary Evolution
Processes is a continuous genetic
variations or
adaptations through
generations.
Evolutionary
Processes
Organic evolution
• Evolutus, unroll
• Change in the genetic makeup of
population of organisms over time.
• Source of animal diversity
• Explains family relationships within
animal groups
Evolutionary Processes:
Organic Evolution
Evolutionary Processes:
Organic Evolution
Animal structure
indicates function

Scale-eating cichlids
(Perissodus microlepis)

The mouth is asymmetrically curved to


the right or left.
Evolutionary Processes:
Organic Evolution

Charles Darwin

• “On the Origin of Species”,


evidence of evolution in 1859
• “Descent with modification”
Adaptive radiation of Galapagos finches
Relationship among
organisms

1. All are formed of living


protoplasm having nearly similar
composition.
Relationship among
organisms

2. All organisms derive energy and


matter (food, oxygen, water, salts)
from their environment.
Relationship among organisms

3. All organisms tend to keep their


internal environment constant,
called
Relationship
among
organisms
4. All have the power of repair and
regeneration to varying extent.
Relationship among organisms

5. All organisms have power to respond to


external stimuli and adapt to their
environment.

6. All living organisms produce young ones


(reproduction) to continue their race.
Animal Classification and
Evolutionary Relationships
Animal Classification and Evolutionary Relationships

Animal classification reflects


a hierarchy of relatedness

• Carl von Linne (1707-1778)


• Remembered for collecting and
classifying plants
• Binomial nomenclature
• Genus + species (e.g. Homo sapiens)
Animal Classification and Evolutionary Relationships

Hierarchy of Relatedness. The classification of a housefly, horsefly, cichlid fish, and human illustrates how the classification system
depicts degrees of relatedness.
Animal
Classification and
Evolutionary
Relationships
• Groups of individuals are more
closely related if they share
more of their genetic material
(DNA) with each other than
with individuals in other
groups.
Understanding phylogenetic
trees
The roots of the tree represent
ancestral lineage, while the tips
represent the descendants of that
ancestor.
Understanding phylogenetic
trees
When a lineage splits (speciation), it is
represented as branching on a
phylogeny. When a speciation event
occurs, a single ancestral lineage gives
rise to two or more daughter lineages.
Understanding phylogenetic
trees
Phylogenies trace patterns of shared
ancestry between lineages. Each
lineage has a part of its history that is
unique to it alone and parts that are
shared with other lineages.
Understanding phylogenetic
trees

Similarly, each lineage has ancestors


that are unique to that lineage and
ancestors that are shared with other
lineages — common ancestors.
Understanding phylogenetic
trees
A clade is a grouping that
includes a common ancestor
and all the descendants
(living and extinct) of that
ancestor.
Animal Classification
and Evolutionary
Relationships
• Oldest populations of African cichlids are
found in Lakes Tanganyika and Kivu
• Invasion of cichlids up to about 40,000
years ago
Animal Classification
and Evolutionary
Relationships
Evolutionary plasticity
• Very rapid evolution
• Adaptability of an organism to
changes in its environment or
differences between its various
habitats.
Evolutionary Processes:
Organic Evolution

Cynotilapia afra Cyphontilapia fontosa


Summary:
• The knowledge of evolutionary processes
helps zoologists understand the great
diversity of structure and function present
in animals.
• Evolution also helps zoologists understand
relationships among animals.
• The hierarchical nature of the naming
system is reflected in groups becoming
more inclusive as one moves from species
to domain.
QUESTIONS?
Time to think!
1. What is the importance of
hierarchical order of taxonomic
classification?
2. What do you think will happen if
evolution did not occur?

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