MODULE 5

ANALYSIS

• BUCKLING ANALYSIS

• HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS

 Buckling Analysis
• Structures such as columns, supports and slender elements
tends to buckle under compressive axial loading.

• Buckling is defined as the sudden deformation which

occurs when the stored membrane (axial) energy is
converted into bending energy with no change in the
externally applied loads.

• Buckling analysis is the technique for determining buckling

loads i.e. the loads at which structure will become
unstable, this load is called as critical load.

• Most FEA software will predict buckling load factor.

This factor when multiplied by applied load will give you
critical (buckling) load.

• Therefore, if B.L.F is between 0 & 1 then structure is

said to be buckled & if B.L.F > 1, then structure is
predicted safe under buckling

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 Background On Structural Stability
• Many structures require an evaluation of their structural stability. Thin
columns, compression members, and vacuum tanks are all examples
of structures where stability considerations are important.

• The instability could be global (such as a snap through) or local (such

as yielding or buckling at a concentrated load or support).

• Instability problems usually pose convergence difficulties and

therefore require the application of special nonlinear techniques.

• At the onset of instability (buckling) a structure will have a very large

change in displacement { u} under essentially no change in the load
(beyond a small load perturbation).

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 Background On Structural Stability
• In real structures the critical load can rarely be achieved.

-A structure generally becomes unstable at a load lower than the critical load
because of imperfection and nonlinear behaviour.

• Analysis techniques for pre-buckling and collapse load analysis include:

-Linear eigen value buckling

-Nonlinear buckling analysis

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 Linear based Eigenvalue Buckling
• For a linear upstream Static Structural Analysis:

• The results calculated by the Eigenvalue Buckling analysis are buckling load
factors that scale all the loads applied in the Static Structural analysis.

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 Linear based Eigenvalue Buckling
• Note that the load factors represent scaling factors for all loads. If certain
loads are constant (for example, self weight gravity loads) while other loads
are variable (for example, externally applied loads), you need to take special
steps to ensure accurate results.

• Consider for example , a pole having a self weight W0, which supports an
externally applied load , A. To determine the limiting value of A in an
Eigenvalue Buckling analysis , you could solve repetitively , using different
values of A, until by iteration you find a load factor acceptably close to 1.0..

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 Nonlinear based Eigenvalue Buckling
• At least one form of nonlinearity must be defined in the prerequisite static
analysis (or linear contacts with penalty-based formulation).

• Keep Pre-Stress Load Pattern property defines the loading pattern:

• Set to Yes (default setting): retains the loading pattern from the Static

• Structural Analysis in the Eigenvalue Buckling Analysis (no need to define new
load in buckling analysis)

• Set to No: requires you to define a new loading pattern for the Eigenvalue
Buckling analysis. This new loading pattern can be completely different from
that of the prestress analysis.

• You can choose the result set for restart in the details of “Prestress”

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 Nonlinear based Eigenvalue Buckling
• In a nonlinear based Eigenvalue Buckling analysis, load multipliers scale the
loads applied in buckling analysis ONLY. When estimating the ultimate
buckling load for the structure, you must account for the loading applied in
both static structural and eigenvalue analyses.

• The equation to calculate the ultimate buckling load for the Nonlinear based
Eigenvalue Buckling analysis is:”

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 Nonlinear based Eigenvalue Buckling
• Consider, for example, a cantilever beam that has a theoretical ultimate
buckling strength of 1000N and which is subjected to a compressive force (A)
of 250N. The procedure to calculate the ultimate buckling load (F), based on
the load factors evaluated by Mechanical for Linear Based and Nonlinear
Based

• Eigenvalue Buckling analyses is illustrated in the following schematic.

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 WORKSHOP 1
• Understanding the basics of linear buckling analysis and the
process of analysis.
 WORKSHOP 2
• Linear Buckling Analysis

• Check deformed shape and Eigen value.

 WORKSHOP 3
• Nonlinear Buckling Analysis

• Check deformed shape and Eigen value.

 HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS
▪ Heat Transfer Analysis

• In nature, heat is transferred when there is a temperature change within an

object or a material

• Heat transfer analysis is used to predict the amount of transferred energy

caused by the temperature change in the object.

▪ Method of Heat transfer

▪ Conduction Transfer of energy from a region of a higher temperature to that

of a lower temperature by the chain reaction of vibrating molecules or
electrons

▪ Convection Transfer of energy by movement through a medium, like air or

liquid

▪ Radiation Exchange of energy between two distant objects, separated by no

medium, via electromagnetic waves.

In many cases, we analyze heat conduction problems with some combination of

convection, heat flux, specified temperature, and radiation boundary conditions.
 HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS
▪ Particularity of heat transfer analysis

• Material Property-Unlike stress analysis, enter thermal

conductivity and specific heat only for heat transfer analysis.

• Boundary/Load Condition Setting-Enter fixed temperature,

convection and radiation condition.-Enter internal heating and
heat flux.

▪ Governing equation for steady state heat transfer analysis

is similar to the one for linear static analysis.
 HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS
▪ Types of Heat Transfer Analysis

▪ Linear Heat Transfer Analysis• The conditions that induce heat

transfer are independent of temperature.

▪ Nonlinear Heat Transfer Analysis• The conditions that induce

heat transfer are dependent on temperature.

▪ Steady State Heat Transfer Analysis

• It is the state of equilibrium of energy at which the amount of

inflow and outflow energy are equal

• As a structure is heated, the temperature of the structure

increases with time. This is called the transient state at which
conditions vary over a period.

• Over a period of time, the amount of inflow and outflow

energy become equal and, thus, no more temperature change
occurs.

• This is called the steady state and the analysis of such a state
is called steady state heat transfer analysis.
 HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS
▪ Types of Heat Transfer Analysis

▪ Transient Heat Transfer Analysis

• All cases except steady state, the temperature of a structure

varies with respect to time.

• In such a case, the internal temperature of a material

changes with respect to its location and time. Therefore, a
function of the location and time is needed to perform the
analysis.
 HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS
▪ Important Terminology

Initial Temperature

• The temperature of a structure at its time of creation is defined

as an initial condition of heat transfer analysis.•

• Can be entered as an analysis control data and apply it on entire

structure.

• It is unnecessary to establish the initial temperature in steady

state heat transfer analysis; however, it is required in unsteady
state heat transfer analysis.

Specified Temperature•

• Specified temperature forms a boundary condition in heat

transfer analysis, and the location at which a specific
temperature is assigned maintains the given temperature.

• Play a similar role as in structural analysis

 HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS
▪ Important Terminology

Heat Generation

• Simulate the internal heat generation in a solid and is used as a

load vector in heat transfer analysis.

• Heat generation is defined as the energy per unit time per unit
volume.

• As the volume of a structure increases, total heat generation rate

increases.

• Play a similar role as the self-weight in the structural analysis.

Heat Flux

• Simulate the heat flowing into a face and is used as a load

vector in heat transfer analysis.

• Heat flux is defined as the energy per unit time per unit area.

• Play a similar role as the pressure load in the structural analysis.

 HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS
▪ Important Terminology

Heat Generation

• Simulate the internal heat generation in a solid and is used as a

load vector in heat transfer analysis.

• Heat generation is defined as the energy per unit time per unit
volume.

• As the volume of a structure increases, total heat generation rate

increases.

• Play a similar role as the self-weight in the structural analysis.

Heat Flux

• Simulate the heat flowing into a face and is used as a load

vector in heat transfer analysis.

• Heat flux is defined as the energy per unit time per unit area.

• Play a similar role as the pressure load in the structural analysis.

 HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS
▪ Conduction

• Conduction heat transfer is defined by Fourier’s Law of

Conduction:

q= −𝐾𝑛 . 𝑑𝑇/𝑑𝑛

Heat flow rate unit area in direction n

where,

Kn = thermal conductivity in direction n

T = temperature

dT/dn = thermal gradient in direction n

 HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS
▪ Convection

• Convection heat transfer is defined by Newton’s Law of Cooling:

q= −ℎ𝑓 . (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑏)

= Heat flow rate per unit area between surface and fluid

hf = convective film coefficient

Ts = surface temperature

Tb = bulk fluid temperature

 HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS
▪ radiation

• The radiation heat flow between the faces of two objects is

calculated using Stefan-Boltzmann Law

=Heat flow rate from surface i to surface j

σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant

ε = emissivity

Ai = area of surface I

Fij = form factor from surface I to surface j

Ti = absolute temperature of surface I

Tj = absolute temperature of surface j

 HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS
▪ Important Terminology
Thermal Strain=
Thermal Strain
α = Coefficient of thermal expansion
• The temperature change tends to alter the volume of an object.
ΔT = temperature
• The deformation of an object is calculated using coefficient of
thermal expansion, α, and temperature change, ΔT.

Thermal Stress

• The stress caused by the deformation of an object due to the

temperature change.

• For statically determinate structures, only deformation occurs;

stress is ignored.

• For statically indeterminate structures, thermal stress occurs.

Thermal Stress=

α = Coefficient of thermal expansion

ΔT = temperature

E = Elastic Modulus
 WORKSHOP 1
• Perform Steady state thermal FEA for the bar for the conditions shown below. Also compare the results with
hand Calculations
 WORKSHOP 2
• Heat Static Case Heat Transfer Analysis

• Conduction & Convection conditions

 WORKSHOP 3
• Understanding Thermal Stress Analysis-Understand heat transfer and thermal
stress analysis-Plot the results(displacement, stress) of the analysis.

• Material_
 WORKSHOP 4
• Heat transfer analysis conduction and convection.

• Transient conditions for convection and temperature

 WORKSHOP 5
• Heat Static Case Heat Transfer Analysis OF VALVE Body.