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ECE 3614: Introduction To Communication Systems

Vector Space orthogonal projection Copyright T. Bose. For use in ECE 3614 only. Not for distribution. For vectors x and are orthogonal, then, if and Correlation coefficients for vectors, orthogonal completely similar p y pp completely opposite. For complex signals, g (t ) and x ( t ) a similar, analysis holds, but the definitions are: Pythagorean Theorem Fact 1

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52 views7 pages

ECE 3614: Introduction To Communication Systems

Vector Space orthogonal projection Copyright T. Bose. For use in ECE 3614 only. Not for distribution. For vectors x and are orthogonal, then, if and Correlation coefficients for vectors, orthogonal completely similar p y pp completely opposite. For complex signals, g (t ) and x ( t ) a similar, analysis holds, but the definitions are: Pythagorean Theorem Fact 1

Uploaded by

Katherine Yen
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ECE 3614: Introduction to Communication Systems

Dr. Tamal Bose Professor, Bradley Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Lecture 3

Topics: p
- Vector space - Signal space - Correlation

Copyright T. Bose. For use in ECE 3614 only. Not for distribution.

Vector Space

= x, x

g, x = g x cos
Component of galong x is C

e
cx

Orthogonal projection

x . So,

Approximation:

g = cx + e
Other ways:

g = cx

c x = g cos
g

g = c 2 x + e2
e1
c1x

e2
c2 x x

g = c 2 x + e2

Copyright T. Bose. For use in ECE 3614 only. Not for distribution.

Multiplying both sides by

gives Approx: Exact:

c1x1

c x

= g x cos = g, x
c= g, x x
2

g = c1x1 + c2 x 2

If

g and x are orthogonal, g, x = 0.


x2
g

In this case, 1 and x 2 represent a complete set of orthogonal vectors, or a complete orthogonal basis. p g

c1x 1

xm, xn
c1x 1

mn 0, = || xm ||2 , m = n

x1

Copyright T. Bose. For use in ECE 3614 only. Not for distribution.

Signal Space
g (t ) cx ( t ) ,

t1 t t 2

e ( t ) = g ( t ) cx ( t ) ,
Minimize the energy of the error:

t1 t t 2
To find c,

Ee = e 2 ( t ) dt
t2 t1

= g ( t ) cx ( t ) dt . t1
t2

dEe =0 dc
2 d t2 ( g ( t ) cx ( t ) ) dt = 0, dc t1

which gives

g ( t ) x ( t )dt = g ( t ) , x ( t ) c= x (t ) x ( t ) dt
t2 t1 t2 2 2 t1
Copyright T. Bose. For use in ECE 3614 only. Not for distribution.

For complex signals, g ( t ) and x ( t ) a similar , analysis holds, but the definitions are:

g ( t ) , x ( t ) = g ( t ) x ( t )dt
t2

x ( t ) = x ( t ) dt
2 t2 t1

t1

Pythagorean Theorem Fact 1: For vectors x and are orthogonal, then

y
2

, if

z = x + y and if x

and

= x

+ y

Fact 2: Let z t = x t + y t and orthogonal of y ( t ) , then


2 2

()

()

()

x ( t ) is
2

z (t ) = x (t ) + y (t )
5

Copyright T. Bose. For use in ECE 3614 only. Not for distribution.

Correlation

Correlation coefficients for vectors,

= cos =
For signals,

g, x g x

( 1 1)
= 0: = 1: = 1:
2

=
=
6

g (t ) x (t )

g (t ), x (t )

orthogonal completely similar p y pp completely opposite


t2 t1

t2

t1

g ( t ) x ( t ) dt
2 t2 t1

g ( t ) dt x ( t ) dt

Copyright T. Bose. For use in ECE 3614 only. Not for distribution.

Cross-correlation function:

rxy ( ) = x ( t )y ( t ) dt

Autocorrelation function:

rxx ( ) = x ( t )x * ( t ) dt

Copyright T. Bose. For use in ECE 3614 only. Not for distribution.

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