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Obesity 23.3.2023 PDF

This study assessed obesity in 54 school children in Bhavnagar, India. The researchers measured weight, height, body mass index, and mid-arm circumference to classify the children as normal, underweight, overweight, or obese. They found that out of 32 girls, 11 were normal, 3 were overweight, and 18 were underweight, while out of 22 boys, 6 were normal, 1 was overweight, and 15 were underweight. The researchers analyzed the relationship between obesity and physical activity, sleeping hours, and other factors. They observed an association between excess weight and inactivity in children, and found that time spent sleeping was positively associated with maintaining a healthy weight and height balance.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
1K views8 pages

Obesity 23.3.2023 PDF

This study assessed obesity in 54 school children in Bhavnagar, India. The researchers measured weight, height, body mass index, and mid-arm circumference to classify the children as normal, underweight, overweight, or obese. They found that out of 32 girls, 11 were normal, 3 were overweight, and 18 were underweight, while out of 22 boys, 6 were normal, 1 was overweight, and 15 were underweight. The researchers analyzed the relationship between obesity and physical activity, sleeping hours, and other factors. They observed an association between excess weight and inactivity in children, and found that time spent sleeping was positively associated with maintaining a healthy weight and height balance.

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Shah C et al

Calicut Medical Journal 2008;6(3):e2


________________________________________________________________

Original article

Assessment of Obesity in School Children


Shah C, Diwan J, Rao P, Bhabhor M, Gokhle P, Mehta H

Medical College, Bhavanagar, India


_____________________________________________________________________________

Abstract Results:

Introduction: Out of 54 students, there were 32 girls and


The WHO refers obesity as a global 22 boys. Out of 32 girls 11 were normal, 3
epidemic because of rapid increase in the were overweight and 18 were under weight
number of overweight and obese individuals and out of 22 boys 6 were normal, 1
in last 20 years. The onset of obesity may overweight and 15 were under weight.
occur at any age and it maybe triggered by
factors such as early weaning, inadequate Discussion:
food intake, eating disorders and problems
related to disturbed family relationships. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in
school-aged children in our study counter
Objectives: the results obtained from other studies.
Present data was analyzed statistically and
1. Assessment of nutritional status of we had tried to correlate it with sleeping
school children hours, time spent in front of TV and
2. To analyze the relationship computer as well as physical activity. We
between obesity with physical have also tried to find out the association of
activity and sleeping hours. parents occupation with their weight status.
3. To analyze the relationship
between obesity and correlation Conclusion:
between waist hip ratio and body
mass index. We observed an association between
excess weight and obesity and inactivity in
Materials and methods: children. The time spent in sleeping was a
positive factor for maintaining a balance
We measured the weight, height, body mass between weight and height. There was also
index and mid arm circumference of an association between underweight
children. The children were classified as children and working mothers.
normal, underweight, overweight or obese,
according to body mass index per age. 54 Key Words : childhood obesity, BMI ,
children were assessed at a school near sleep, physical activity
Bhavnagar Medical College

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Shah C et al

Calicut Medical Journal 2008;6(3):e2


________________________________________________________________
27,28,29,30
Introduction : adults. Overall, obesity in childhood
appears to increase the risk of subsequent
Childhood obesity was considered a morbidity, whether or not obesity persists
26,31
problem of affluent countries. Today this into adulthood.
problem is appearing even in developing
1
countries . Globally, the prevalence of Under nutrition is also a major public health
childhood obesity varies from over 30% in problem worldwide, particularly in
32
USA to less than 2% in sub- Saharan Africa. developing countries . Even in countries
The prevalence of obesity in school children like India, which are typically known for high
is 20% in U K and Australia, 15.8% in Saudi prevalence of under nutrition, significant
Arabia, 15.6% in Thailand, 10% in Japan proportion of overweight and obese children
2,3
and 7.8% in Iran . now coexist with the under nourished. One-
third of the children under 5 years old
In developing countries such as India, worldwide are moderately or severely
especially in urban populations, childhood undernourished. Under nutrition impairs
obesity is emerging as a major health physical, mental and behavioral
4
problem . Studies from metropolitan cities in development of millions of children and is a
33,34
India have reported a high prevalence of major cause of child death .
5,-11
obesity among affluent school children .
On the other hand some studies reported a The children in developing countries
high prevalence of under nutrition among presently suffer from double jeopardy of
rural school children and children in urban malnutrition- urban children are afflicted with
12,13
slums . Available studies from Chennai problems of over-nutrition while rural and
and Delhi have shown the prevalence of slum children suffer from effects of
14,15 35
obesity as 6.2% and 7.4% respectively . undernutrition . Changing trends in body
weights in children is important for public
50-80% of obese children will grow up to health policy. This can be either evaluated
16
become obese adults and it is harder to using a prospective-study design or by
treat obesity in adults than in children .
17 sequential multiple cross sectional studies.
Effective prevention of adult obesity will We performed cross section evaluations in a
require the prevention and management of single school in Bhavnagar in Gujarat in
18
child hood obesity . In children, the Western part of India to determine changing
development of obesity is associated with trends in body-mass index and obesity in
th
the simultaneous deterioration in chronic school children in classes 7 . The study
diseases risk profiles.
19,-24,
Excess weight in was conducted with the following objectives:
childhood is the leading cause of pediatric
hypertension, and overweight children are at Objectives:
a high risk for developing long-term chronic
conditions, including adult-onset diabetes 1. Assessment of nutritional status of
mellitus, coronary heart disease, orthopedic school children
disorders and respiratory diseases.
19,-26
In 2. To analyze the relationship between
fact, there is substantial evidence obesity with physical activity and
suggesting that obesity in childhood lays the sleeping hours.
metabolic groundwork for adult 3. To analyze the relationship between
cardiovascular disease.
20,23
Also, many obesity and correlation between
studies demonstrate that overweight waist hip ratio and BMI
children tend to become overweight

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Shah C et al

Calicut Medical Journal 2008;6(3):e2


________________________________________________________________

Materials and methods age and sex were considered as obese,


between 95% to 85% were considered
Study design and sampling method overweight and less than 75% was
considered as child with under nutrition 95th
Cut-off point of boys and girls is tabulated as
The Study is a cross sectional randomized 36
below.
epidemiological study among school
children in Bhavnagar regarding assessment
of obesity and factors affecting it. We 95th Percentile of BMI for Boys and girls for
conducted a cross-sectional survey among 12 year of age:
junior high school students in Bhavnagar. 54
th
junior high schools student from one class of 100 95
th
7 standard was selected for this study. Boys 25.05 23.8
Girls 27.05 25.7
Data collection

Data was collected in the form of general BMI may be appropriate for population-level
information. All participants completed a assessments of chronic under nutrition. In
questionnaire on their usual physical activity, 1988, researchers proposed the use of BMI
habit of watching TV and time spent with to define and diagnose chronic
computer and for sleeping as well as the undernutrition. This classification provides a
pattern of dietary intake was recorded. useful framework for the analysis of height
Socio-demographic data were collected in and weight data from chronically
the form of: family income, parents’ undernourished adult populations.
educational status, number of family
members and working status of the parents. Waist – hip ratio was calculated waist – hip
ratio was calculated by ratio of waist
Anthropometric measurement. We have circumference and hip circumference. We
recorded body weight to the nearest 0.1 kg have also measure Mid arm circumference.
using a standard balance scale with subjects
barefoot and wearing light indoor clothing. Statistical analysis :
Body Height was measured to 0.1 cm with a
free standing Magnimeter stadiometer, waist Means (x), standard deviation (SD) and
circumference, hip circumference, mid arm frequency (%) were calculated for the
circumference was recorded to the nearest statistical analysis. Student's t test was used
0.5 cm. Body mass index (BMI) was defined to compare the mean results of the analyzed
as the ratio of body weight to body height 2
variables and chi was used for comparison
2
squared, expressed as kg/m . BMI was of frequencies. A p value below or equal to
36
classified using K.N. Agarwal percentiles, 0.05 was considered to be statistically
children’s with 95th Percentile of BMI were significant for a 95%CI. The data were
taken as cut-off point. Children with BMI analyzed through SPSS 10.0 (SPSS Inc.)
more than this cut-off point with respect to Trial statistical package.

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Shah C et al

Calicut Medical Journal 2008;6(3):e2


________________________________________________________________

Results

In the present study, we have assessed 54 students (12 year old). Out of 54 there
were 24 boys (44.44%) and 30 girls (55.66%).

Table 1 shows the frequency of healthy, underweight, overweight and obese


children according to BMI.

BOY GIRL TOTAL


NORMAL 4 (16.66%) 4 (13.33%) 8 (14.81%)
UNDERWEIGHT 17(70.83%) 21(70.00%) 38 (70.37%)
OVERWEIGHT 1(4.16%) 4 (13.33%) 5 (9.25%)
OBESE 2 (8.32%) 1(3.33%) 3 (5.55%)
TOTAL 24 30 54

There is not a statistically significant difference (P = 0.686)

Out of 38 under weight student 8 (4boys and 4 girls) fall in sever under nutrition stage.
Mean BMI of student from all four group is shown in Table 4 and WHR of all four group
is shown in Table 5

Table 2 shows mean BMI in all four groups with SD

BOY GIRL P value


NORMAL 20.23 + 0.83 21.87 + 1.01 significant
UNDERWEIGHT 16.79 + 1.20 17.37 + 1. 87 Not significant
OVERWEIGHT 22.54 + 0.00 24.64 + 0.9 Not significant
OBESE 25.41 + 1.16 26.94 + 0.00 Not
significant
TOTAL 18.31 + 2.98 19.26 + 3.48 Not
significant

Table 3 Waist hip ratio in all four groups with SD

BOY GIRL P value


NORMAL 0.93 + 0.19 0.82 + 0.04 Not significant
UNDERWEIGHT 0.95 + 0.17 0.87 + 0.03 Not significant
OVERWEIGHT 0.82 + 0.00 0.87 + 0.00 Not significant
OBESE 0.89 + 0.1 0.87 + 0.00 Not
significant
TOTAL 0.89 + 0.16 0.86 + 0.03 Not
significant

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Shah C et al

Calicut Medical Journal 2008;6(3):e2


________________________________________________________________

Table 4 shows proportion of student at risk for health hazard due to obesity
according to WHR.

Boys Girls Total


At risk 8 (33.33) 29 (96.66) 37
No risk 16(66.66) 1 (3.33) 17

Table 5 shows hours of physical activity, time spend with TV and computer as
well as sleeping time in hour in all four group with SD.

NORMAL UNDERWEIGHT OVERWEIGHT OBESE


PHYSICAL 0.75 + 0.46 0.45 +0.5 0.60 + 0.54 1.00 + .00
ACTIVITY
TV/COMPUTAR 1.50 + 0.86 1.76 + 0.78 1.14 + 0.63 2.33 + 1.15
SLEEPING 7.87 + 0.64 8.10 + 1.07 7.60 + 1.67 8.00 +1.00

Table 6 Distribution of study population according to working status of mother


and study group with physical activity and inactivity.

NORMAL UNDER OVER OBESE P value


WEIGHT WEIGHT
WORKING MOTHER 1(12.5%) 12(31.57%) 0 1(33.33) P = 0.124
HOUSE WIFE 7(87.5%) 26(68.42%) 5 (100%) 2(66.66)
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 6 17 3 3 P = 0.267
NO ACTIVITY 2 21 2 0

Daily sports were practiced by boys (66.66%) more often than by girls (43.33%), The
sports most widely practiced by boys were cricket, judo and indoor game, whereas
girls preferred swimming and dancing.

Discussion: combined overweight and obesity is more in


girls (16.66%) than in boys (12.48%)
The present study shows that in a private observed by us is similar to the observation
36
school catering to children of high of Agarwal K.N. et al.
socioeconomic status, there is a low
prevalence of overweight and obesity while Among the factors studied, family history of
the prevalence of under-nutrition is high obesity and lack of physical activity were
among girls. In recent years many studies the important influencing factors, which is
have reported on prevalence of obesity in similar to the observation of Sheetal Monga
37
school children in various parts of India . The present study highlights childhood
(Sachdeva, 2003). Using same criteria, the obesity is an emerging health problem which
prevalence of obesity in the present study is need to be confirmed by large scale
5.55% and it is comparable with studies studies and effective preventive strategies
conducted at Chennai (6.2%) and Delhi should be developed to halt this epidemic at
(7.4%) respectively. Present study shows its beginning. Our study showed that the
that the BMI of students from high prevalence of underweight is very high
socioeconomic status at 12 years of age is 70.37%. This is much higher than
38(
18.31 + 2.98 and 19.26 + 3.48 for boys and prevalence seen in Punjab 20.5%) and
39
girls respectively. The prevalence of Mumbai ,(40.2 %) . The studies of Nebigil

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Shah C et al

Calicut Medical Journal 2008;6(3):e2


________________________________________________________________
40 41
et al . and Ivanovic et al showed that and snacking in between the meals should
children from a low socio-economic be avoided by children. Sedentary life style
environment had significantly higher should be discouraged. Increase physical
percentages of undernutrition. In our study, activity like playing outdoor games, walking;
the rate of underweight was significantly cycling should be encouraged in children.
higher even in children with a high socio Health education should be given to parents,
economical class, but there was no teachers and children regarding dietary habit
significant relationship between under and sedentary life style.
nutrition and family income.
Conclusion:
As present study group consisted of
students with 12 year of age, onset of In conclusion, the present study shows a
puberty may be one of the factors for this high occurrence of under nutrition in contrast
underweight status. Mother's working status to other study and we found only a low
and the presence of under weight were not occurrence of overweight and obese in
significantly associated. Most interesting upper-middle class students in Bhavnagar.
part of study is prevalence of cardiovascular The classification used, was based on the
risk according to WHR is extremely high Indian BMI for age standard. Factors which
(66.66 % in boys and 96.66 % in girls) in may be responsible for obesity was present
comparison to BMI. Which correlate with in only 5.55% of the study population.
42
the study of Visscher et al . This also Spending more time on TV and Computer
suggests that both tools can not be used in may be considered as predisposing factor
exchange of others as the result from both for overweight. For low weight children, no
parameters differs very much. We had also definite cause could be found out except
measured MUAC (mid upper arm that comparatively high percentage of
circumference), according to which 2 boys working mothers were in that group. This
and 2 girls is in obese group but as is only might have affected the food habits of those
recommended for use with children between children which in turn may be responsible for
one and five years of age we have taken in their under weight situation. It should be
to consideration for obesity or under nutrition noted that the results of our study were
of study group of age 12. obtained from a relatively small sample of
upper middle-class students in Bhavnagar,
Prevention of obesity and under nutrition in and should therefore be further investigated
children is easier than the adults. Based on before they are extended to schoolchildren
the findings of this study it is recommended of other regions in Gujarat or the rest of the
that consumption of high fat and high energy country.
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132nd Annual Meeting of APHA Dr. Chinmaya Shah, Asst professor
Nov.2004. Medical College,
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