If external forces onian that contain time dependent part n tes depends upon the time in amplitud n and absorption of radiation involve th function of time. Thersfora its known a time dependent pertrbulon an wee veloped by Dirac is also called the theory ne Spencent cory of FAMALORS ory of the variation of constants and also called as ~—Ceneral theory of time dependent perturbation : The time dependent wave equation is ow Hy =in & ot vere = 7 and in is the energy operator 2n ot ¥ na E> -- 5 i at The Hamiltonian function could by partly time independent and partly time dependent. The total Hamiltonian is H=H° +H’ (1) nian and H’ is the perturbation which depend upon ing function of time. H® represent the unperturbed Hamiltor nd is very small i.e, H’ is a slowly varying 0 time dependent Schroedinger equation 1s 2) in’ = Hoy +H (2) | : i ly in the phase as tate of such a system are stationary; the time enters onl ly in the pI energy eigen state o! nas —" (ny et! ) Rn £8) sae rating the value of H from e4, jon of eq: This equation represents the solution of ea: 1) afte T solving we get (163) Scanned with CamScanner, NE = Yay Hg einen side by gx” and integrating ver configuration space dt and we ~iEnt SF fect de= 5 ane? [tm H’ tat ‘using orthonormality condition, we get . = 0 forn # K foe dat ne ttm a Liha e * Ky= Lape * fo 'H’ o dt taxi Because in L.H.S. all the terms because zero except K"" terms due to the properties of Kronecker delta, we have -lBt it Linake * =Yane * fo'H’ ode “ligt gt ihax’=Ya,e*e Joe’, at i Ex ~E,)t Ley i ihax’ = aye Ex -E, tp ae But the Bohr angular frequency. t ox" = (iNT Hig a, olin! Replacing H’ by 44’ in time dependent perturbation theory and expressing the coefficient n 95 a power series in A, we got = ag +245!) + A2a,()4,., (4) | ai — Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerHf eomagnelc radiation from wcture and in the development ae an important role in the study of Hho the nucleus by the electrostatic interact mechanics, On reason is that the electrons a ly problem with the Bobr atomic model between the electron and the nucleus. ly radiate eneTEY and epivaled fata the Uses explain why the electron did not agnetic radiation. We consider the cou ling: se erroneous ideas from classical Fs agnetic field will be treated See electromagnetic The ele" absorption of radiation b; ly in terms of a vector potential A and the sjon aD yy the atom will be calculat 280 peory. tn the spontaneous emiss ted using time dependent seo eer ion of radiation by an atom due to accelerated Joe THIS statement is nol satisfactory because we know that the atomic electrons are Mefested all the time and do not emit any radiation, Therefore considering this as @ sou of jation 8 physically not very satisfying. ‘The correct way of handling the spontaneous emission hy quantizing the electromagnetic field. In quantum theory of radiation the phenomena of spontaneous emission and stimulated emission are very closely related another thing that we like ys refer to the emission of radiation by atomic electrons, ippoint out js that though we shall alway emission of electromagnetic radiation by nuclei can also be treated similarly. FOR A SYSTEM OF CHARGED PARTICLE UNDER THE LEI sui 2QUATION FLUENCE OF EXT ERNAL E! CTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELD ora Gltonian for a charged particle under the The wave equation for the relativistic Hami ae sivene of electromagnetic field Vv 4 oy Ub cat tt Oy roe Heme ++ 3m el : ; magnetic field) (This equation is obtained from Dirac equation pape He iro ofthe pattie ‘where A and are vector and scaler potenti se influence * electromagnetic field ile und Bienes Hamiltonian for ch particle under be ju problem o lpr H=eot an tor Substituting the value of momentum 7 - po-insg Scanned with CamScannerafer 4V +antar] ‘energy in the system of charged particle. Now H=H°+H’ pant ye. xe +V H= in av me ‘The operator H” is just operator for the system in absence of electromagnet field a just operator (perturbed term) in the presence of electromagnetic field. ‘ ‘The Hamiltonian H’ can be rewrite as ‘The wave equation for a system of charged particle under the influence of elect field will be py =|- 92 4y 8 A Lz One | According to the classical el lectrot tic - magnetic theory, an accelerated elt lage Since a system is in excited state can emit radiation evel Scanned with CamScannereo ea squib with ers iz _™Pfansition to state mis directly prog ‘anatom in state ere ranstion rate for absorption ortional to po}, me Te ‘ =B, > moo) spo constant By > mis called the Hinstein B coefficient for absorption. Therefore ‘The number of rasa eee a B, 4 ) =N,B, > melo) penoting Einstein coefficient for stimulated emission. umber of transition from state m to state n=N, mae at ieee tit home Bae ei ‘At thermal equilibrium, when there is no net transfer of aay between th seman the fie dNjBn > ‘m (0) = N;nBm — np(o) Since B, > m= By > nthisi is Me ashich isnot in accordance with Boltzmann auaibesoa a Diem hat Nin Nas exp| Nm =o a (15) -Ep h iyhere Kis the Boltzmann constant andT is the absolute temperature. Einstein therefore proposed be an additional contribution to the emission process which does not depend on that there must = nis the the radiation. He introduced additional contribution as Nam > where An Einstein coefficient for spontaneous emission. Now at thermal equilibrium NrAmnigaill NaBn 7 npmn) = N,By > ™POmn) ‘Ng on mp(@nn) (16) N, 4n7# + By 2 7P(Omn) equ. (16) we Bet N, Substituting the value of we 'm from equation (15) a Mon B, mp(@mn) ays Ap 2 2+Bm 7 np(@mn) B, > monn) = Ay 20+ Pe = np(mn) ho, aes sme plOmn) = 4m jt Ba 2 np(@mn) Scanned with CamScannerSUDDEN AND ADIABATIC PERTURBATIONS * Im the case of general perturbation theory we have considered slowly varying Such treatments have shown that the wave functions have special behaviour close to ies and problems of tunneling and Penetration of potential walls could be phy meaningful in wave mechanics, There are other problems of lai ‘hanges in potentials taking Place in small time intervals, r re Sudden Approximation - Hoeeettrbing Potentials undergo suddenly a large change and then become constant, fie Mamifonian undergoes a lange change ina small bat ene a he ‘anges from Hy to Hy suddenly after time t = 0. The wave Scanned with CamScannerIvan (va ae = [vi @y, ‘hus the wave function y ain ee as: Vn = . (x) Lvs (©) Wn (x) a} vata) ae ‘Tis shows that the wave function does not change while the Hamiltonian is changing ic Perturbations in the System In adiabatic perturbations of atoms and mole ction in which the syste pa are included such problems of collision og intera system comes back to its original condition withot | energies of the states. As an ica coa ne Le origina! example we may consider the collisions between atoms and olecules of a gaseous system in which the velocities of gas molecules are ~10* or 10° cms/sec as aint the velocity of electrons in atoms which one ~ 10" cms/sec. Thus during the process of cillison of two atoms or molecules the moving cloud of electrons will make several rounds before the particles move a small distance and the process of collision will be almost adiabatic as the ineraction energy will not change significantly. ‘The Hamiltonian will be time dependent varying dowly with time and the appropriate wave equation would be : on H(by = SP (20) i of timet; Since H(t)is a slowly varying function of time, a: steady state solution at any: instant Ht ‘ould be evaluated as close tot; the Hamiltonian will have @ constant eigen value. H(t Wn’ 41) = Enlts Wn’ Gt) Approximate form of such a function could be wif Balt sn(21) Wa’ 2 Vn th) e | tery, (f,) could be expressed as a linest ‘combination of W(t) 48 Wn (th) # Daa (vn Thus the perturbed wave function # gee aa Wal 2 Laalt¥e we a Scanned with CamScanner=i a(t = aE nV & ot] oie Bat) at, Zoe yee eal agen so2e)erte a 4 i Bn) ~ ple Ent) de 2 (ow +a, ove) ar ig the above by the complex conjugate function Eft Belts) ey m ef % ma wal qf Fuh) alo Fath da JLenvavn e | Wy elt Ea-Ea) We know that for m = n only the first integral gives finite value and for m# nit i eee an, = Len] vn Wo alo (En Fal =o fvn Me Ye ey g nit (Ean) th The above int a tegral could tn cit by the following procedure : Dileeaiton of above givag YM = Ball) Walt au ee Vall) _ dE, peat) et) = SEMalt) + By (0 ftom ei he eal Scanned with CamScannerz a off vn By, af goals Fa Bnl men Ey - Em . ena nl vn Fy, aife AS En) En -Em Qn = am + % =0 men Using the method of variation/adjustment of coefficients we can put ax = anda, = 0for se:and differentiating the above. + (0H Aiea ae oF —ifitta tal vs Gm +E, - Em) (2) Fv Ths wi(ey Balt, plExEallo _*_(u) grave metus Ome * FB — Bn) \ 3 Je where 4 {0p 0\n¢|=[Qmx1, hence bracket term would be equal to ‘The transition probability would be i “|e FL at am ot would yisld@ juation of the \a = "aan factorof4in the oval ul be equal tooneand asthe exponential term W‘ minant.from the free-particle equation only in respect | one Fee T to the kinetic energy of a ia ln The incident aan naterial (ath written as : ee ae nm = os eC) m particle at timet = 0. on, transition wil the new levels have nearly Il occur to the cluster levels the same m ehere pois the momentum of alpha ‘When the perturbation is switched close to £,°. The momentum veciors of different directions (8, @) ie einer m where p= p. If we take a typical level y5, in this sub-cluster of levels, the matrix element of transition is given by 2 (10 po-p).2 (1) 21Z,6? _ cr elt! Po es = [[-———-# 128) ‘The matrix element (28) can be deter graphically as follows ; ae ‘The direction of vector(py ~ p)is shown in Figure Nien (2) and it is =2psin5 8, where @ is the angle of scattering. The radiy wat ius vector ris expressed as rcos 6’, so Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner1 = vol, 4) do. moe eZ 6s 4-1 90.9 Oat aint 170 ‘equation for cross-section is similar to the one determined Purely by tio’ eas is Eeatat Fobiom where quantum mechanics and , same results. This is because fh does not appear in the expression and when eaiiaususe hhas a correspondence to quantum problems. The alpha i ction is proportional to the square of charge of the nucleus and inversely to the squareg ‘Kinetic energy and four powers of sine of half the angle of scattering as expected. PROBLEMS 1. Discuss the Dirac’s theory of radiation and obtain the expression for transition probability between two stales. One what factors this probability depends. Determine the cones eigen values and eigen functions, % Discuss the Einstein's coefficients of spontaneous and induced emission of radiation. Derivea relationship between A and B coetficients, 3 Discuss the Hamiltonian of a charged particle in an electromagnetic field in relation to problems of absorption and emission of radiation, ‘An alpha particle approaches a nucleus and is scattered from it. Derive an expression for pes cross-section based upon Perturbation theory, js at a steady stato with a radiation field Obtain a relationshi instein's A ! lationship between Einstein's mM ae i pene and show that the energy density behaves like black body distribution. xPbroximation, Obtain the transition Probability in such transitions. On what do you understand a values in suche ee sudden approximation? What is nature of eigen functions and elgt® god Scanned with CamScanner