EG7005 STEEL

DESIGN-BATCH 21-22
LIJOSE JACOB
2235791
FIRE PROTECTION
Since the building use is basically storage and warehousing assuming fire resistance as
90minutes as per building regulations.
SLAB DESIGN
For factory floor– hollow core slab of depth 250mm
For storage and office space – composite slabs
 21/22 EG7005 Steel Design

Module: EG7005 Design in Steel and Concrete

Part:

STEEL DESIGN

2210152 Ozan Guler 2022.05.03

Structural grid
All dimensions are in cm
The Framing:
Level 1 / 0.00 m
All dimensions are in cm

RC slab/floor with SIKA

Dry Shake Hardener Flooring
Total thickness: 1.5 m
The Framing:
Level 2 / +1.50 m
All dimensions are in cm

RC slab/floor with SIKA

Dry Shake Hardener Flooring
Total thickness: 1.5 m
The Framing:
Level 3 / 4
All dimensions are in cm
The Framing:
Factory Roof
All dimensions are in cm
The Framing:
Level 5 / 6
All dimensions are in cm
The Framing:
Office roof
All dimensions are in cm
The braced bays
All dimensions are in cm

South side
West side A-A section
Material Specification

S275 steel grade for primary and secondary beams

S355 steel grade for columns UC 356 x 406 x 990 and

UC 356 x 406 x 235

Bison A260 hollow core for slabs

Preliminary sizing of steel elements

S275 steel grade for primary and secondary beams

S355 steel grade for columns and trusses

Bison A260 hollow core for slabs

Primary
Secondary Beams (office and storage) - 6 m span
L/15 = 6000mm/15 = 400 mm

for 6m span UB 406 x 178 x 85 h=417.2 mm > 400 mm

Secondary
Primary Beams (office and storage) - 25 m span
L/12 = 25000mm/12 = 2083 mm≅ 2100 mm

for 25 m span 2.10m deep parallel chord trusses

or 2 stacked beams UB 1016 x 305 x 584
Secondary Beams (Factory) - 6 m span
L/15 = 6000mm/15 = 400 mm

for 6m span UB 406 x 178 x 85 h=417.2 mm > 400 mm

Primary Beams (Factory) - 60 m span

L/10 = 60000mm/12 = 5000 mm

for 60 m span 5 m deep parallel chord trusses

Primary
Secondary
 Primary

Secondary

Secondary Beams (office roof) - 6 m span

L/15 = 6000mm/15 = 400 mm

for 6m span UB 406 x 178 x 85 h=417.2 mm > 400 mm

Secondary Beams (office roof) - 8 m span

L/10 = 8000mm/15 = 533 mm

for 8m span UB 838 x 292 x 176 h=834.9 > 800 mm

Primary Beams (office roof) - 28 m span

L/10 = 28000mm/12 = 2333.33 mm

for 28 m span 2.4 m deep parallel chord trusses (Warren)

Primary Beams (office roof) - 9.5 m span

L/12 = 9500mm/12 = 791 mm≅ 800 mm

for 9.5 m span 0.8m to 2.4 m deep trusses

Loading
dead loads (excluding slabs) : 1.5 kN/m2
live loads for office : 1.0 + 4 = 5 kN/m2

live loads for storage: 1.0+ 16 = 17 kN/m2

live loads for factory roof : 1.0+0.2 = 3 kN/m2

Total load for office: 5+1.5 =6.5 kN/m2

Total load for storage: 17+1.5 =18.5 kN/m2

Total load for factory roof: 3+1.5=4.5 kN/m2

Slab design:

In order to meet very heavy duty loads’ requirements, selected design is

For storage: Hollow core A260 Slab thickness 260mm

For office: Hollow core S200 Slab thickness 200mm

For factory roof:

Hollow core P100 Slab thickness 100mm

For office roof roof:

AS30/1000 roof profile (Steadmans)

single skin system thickness 0.5 mm

Slab weight

Hollow core slab (BISON) weight of A260: weight the slab: 3.55 kN/m2

Hollow core slab (BISON) weight of S200: weight the slab: 3.10 kN/m2

Hollow core slab (BISON) weight of P100: weight the slab: 2.40 kN/m2

Office roof cover (Steadmans) weight of AS30/1000: 4.57 kg/m2 = 0.04481639 kN/m2

Total Loads

Dead loads for storage

Hollow core: 3.55 kN/m2 (A260)

Allow for steelwork (beams self weight): 1.5 kN/m2

Finishes: 2.1 kN/m2

Total: 3.55+1.5+2.1 = 7.15 kN/m2

Dead loads for office

Dead loads for factory roof

Hollow core: 3.10 kN/m2 (S200)

Hollow core: 2.40 kN/m2 (P100)

3xglazed glass walls: 30kg/m2 = 0.2942=0.3 kN/m2

Allow for steelwork: 0.5 kN/m2

Allow for steelwork (beams self weight): 1.5 kN/m2

Finishes: 2.1 kN/m2

Total: 2.40+0.5+2.1 = 5 kN/m2

Finishes: 2.1 kN/m2

Total: 3.10+0.3+1.5+2.1 = 7 kN/m2

Live loads

Allow 1 kN/m2 for partitions

 Total load for office: 1+4 =5 kN/m2

Dead loads for office roof

Total load for storage: 16+1 =17 kN/m2

Total load for factory roof: 2+1=3 kN/m2

Total load for office roof: 0+1=1 kN/m2

single skin system 0.45 kN/m2 (S200)

Allow for steelwork: 0.5 kN/m2

For ULS Storage load = 6.15x1.35+17x1.5 = 33.8025 kN/m2

Finishes: 2.1 kN/m2

For ULS Office load = 6.50x1.35+5x1.5 = 16.275 kN/m2

For ULS Factory roof load = 5x1.35+3x1.5 = 11.25 kN/m2

Total: 0.45+0.5+2.1 = 3.05 kN/m2

For ULS office roof load = 3.05x1.35+1x1.5 = 5.6175 kN/m2

Loads/Actions on beams (Secondary Beams detail design)

Storage

Load on secondary beam

Bay width: 2.25m Partial factor for permanent actions 𝛾G : 1.35

Beam span: 6m Partial factor for various actions 𝛾Q : 1.5

Reduction factor 𝜉 : 0.925

Combination of actions at ULS

Design value of combined actions: 𝜉 . 𝛾G . gk + 𝛾Q . qk = (0.925 x 1.35 x 7.15) + (1.5 x 17) = 34.43 kN/m2

UDL per metre length of beam accounting for bay width of 2.25m → Fd = 34.43 x 2.25 = 77.4675 kN/m

Design moment and shear force

Fd × L 2 77.4675 × 62
My,Ed = = = 348.60375 kNm (Maximum bending moment at mid-span is My,Ed = 348.604 kNm)

8 8
Fd × L 77.4675 × 6
VEd = = = 232.4025 kN (Maximum vertical shear force at supports is VEd =232.4025 kN)

2 2
Partial factors for resistance
𝛾M0 = 1.0

Trial Section
An Advance UK Beam (UKB) S275 is to be used. Assuming the nominal thickness (t) of the flange and web is less than or equal to 16
mm, the yield strength is: fy = 275 N/mm2

The required section needs to have a plastic modulus about the major-axis (y-y) that is greater than:

( also L/15 = 6000mm/15 = 400 mm for 6m span depth must be more than 400 mm)

 My,Ed × γM0 348.604 × 103 × 1

Wpl,y = = = 1267.651 cm3

fy 275
→ From the tables of section properties UKB 406 x 178 x 85, S275 which has Wpl,y = 1730 cm3

Classification of cross section

For section classification the coefficient e is: Outstand flange: flange under uniform compression

235 235 (b − tw − 2r) (181.9 − 10.9 − 2 × 10.2)

𝛆= = = 0.9244 cf = = = 75.3 mm

fy 275 2 2

cf 75.3 c
= = 4.14 → The limiting value for Class 1 is ≤ 9 𝛆 = 9 × 0.9244 = 8.3196

tf 18.2 t

→ 4.14 < 8.3196 Therefore, the flange outspend in compression is Class 1.

Internal compression part: web under pure bending

cw 360.4 c
c = d = 360.4 mm = = 33.064 → The limiting value for Class 1 is ≤ 72 𝛆 = 72 × 0.9244 = 66.5568

tw 10.9 t
→ 33.064 < 66.5568 Therefore, the web in pure bending is Class 1.

Therefore the section is Class 1 under pure bending.

Member resistance verification

Shear resistance

VEd Av( fy / 3)
The basic design requirement is: ≤ 1 Vc,Rd = Vpl,Rd = (for Class 1 sections)

Vc,Rd γM0

For a rolled I-section with shear parallel to the web the shear area is

Av = A - 2btf + (tw + 2r)tf but not less than 𝜂 × hw × tw

Av = 109x102 - 2x181.9x18.2 + (10.9+2x10.2)x18.2 = 4848.5 mm2

𝜂 = 1 (conservative) 𝜂 × hw × tw = 1x417.2x10.9 = 4547.48 mm2

4848.5 mm2 > 4547.48 mm2 therefore, Av = 4848.5 mm2

Av( fy / 3) 4848.5(275/ 3)
The design shear resistance is therefore Vc,Rd = Vpl,Rd = = = 769.803 kN

γM0 1
VEd 232.4025
= = 0.302 < 1 Therefore, the shear resistance is adequate.

Vc,Rd 769.803

Shear Buckling

hw ε
Shear buckling of the unstaffed web need not to be considered provided: ≤ 72

tw η
hw 380.8 ε 0.9244 hw ε
→ = = 34.96 72 = 72 = 66.5568 → ≤ 72 34.96 < 66.5568 → Therefore shear buckling check
t w 10.9
η 1 tw η need not be considered

Moment Resistance

MEd Wpl,y × fy
The design requirement is: ≤ 1 Mc,Rd = Mpl,Rd = (For Class 1 sections)

Mc,Rd γM0

At the point of maximum bending moment the shear force is zero. Therefore the bending resistance does not need to be reduced due to
the presence of shear.

Wpl,y × fy 1730 × 10− 3 × 275 MEd 348.60375

Mc,Rd = Mpl,Rd = = = 475.75 kNm → = = 0.733 ≤ 1

γM0 1 Mc,Rd 475.75

Therefore, the design bending resistance of the section is adequate.

Serviceability Limit State (SLS)

Guidance on deflection limits and combinations of actions to be considered are given in the material Standards.

Vertical deflections should normally be calculated under the characteristic load combination due to variable loads. Permanent loads
should not be included.

The characteristic load combination at SLS is:

∑Gk +Qk,1+∑𝛹0,iQk,i

This is modified by NA 2.23 to EN 1993-1-1 which states that permanent loads should not be included. As there is only one variable
action present, the term ∑𝛹0,iQk,i = 0

Vertical deflection of beam

5L 4 × qy
The vertical deflection at the mid-span is determined as: w= qk = 17 kN/m2 x 2.25m = 38.25 kN/m

384EIy
5 × 60004 × 38.25
→w= = 9.696 mm (Vertical mid-span deflection w = 9.696 mm )

384 × 210000 × 31700 × 10 4

Span 6000
Vertical deflection limit for this example is: = = 16.67 mm

360 360

→ 9.696 mm < 16.67 mm Therefore the vertical deflection is satisfactory. → Adopt UKB 406X178X85 in S275 steel.

Load on secondary edge beam

Actions

Dead Loads/permanent actions

Uniformly Distributed Load (Hollow core) : g1 = 3.55 kN/m

Uniformly Distributed Load (AAC block): g2 = 6x0.2x4 = 2 kN/m

Uniformly Distributed Load (assumed self weight): 0.84 kN/m

Live loads:

Uniformly Distributed Load (live): 17 kN/m2

Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

Beam width: 1m Partial factor for permanent actions 𝛾G : 1.35

Beam span: 6m Partial factor for various actions 𝛾Q : 1.5

Reduction factor 𝜉 : 0.925

Combination of actions at ULS

Design value of combined actions: 𝜉 . 𝛾G . gk + 𝛾Q . qk = (0.925 x 1.35 x 6.39) + (1.5 x 17) = 33.48 kN/m

UDL per metre length of beam → Fd = 𝜉 . 𝛾G . gk + 𝛾Q . qk = (0.925 x 1.35 x 6.39) + (1.5 x 17) = 33.48 kN/m

UDL (permanent, inducing torsion) F = 𝜉 × 𝛾G G1 + 𝛾Q . Q1 =0.925×1.35×3.55 + (1.5x17)= 29.933 kN/m

Design moment and shear force

Fd × L 2 33.48 × 62
My,Ed = = = 150.66 kNm (Maximum bending moment at mid-span is My,Ed = 150.66 kNm)

8 8
Fd × L 33.48 × 6
VEd = = = 100.44 kN (Maximum vertical shear force at supports is VEd = 100.44 kN)

2 2
Maximum design torsional moment occurs at the supports

FEd,T × e × L 29.933 × 0.5 × 6

TEd = = = 44.8995 kNm

2 2
The design bending moment, torsional moment and shear force diagrams are shown below.

Bending moment : 150.66 kNm

Shear force : 100.44 kN

Torsional moment 44.8995 kNm

Section is chosen as same as the secondary beams that aren’t located on the edge → UKB 406X178X85 in S275 steel.

Partial factors for resistance

𝛾M0 = 1.0

Resistance of the cross section:

Plastic shear resistance

An Advance UK Beam (UKB) S275 is to be used. Assuming the nominal thickness (t) of the flange and web is less than or equal to 16
mm, the yield strength is: fy = 275 N/mm2

The required section needs to have a plastic modulus about the major-axis (y-y) that is greater than:

( also L/15 = 6000mm/15 = 400 mm for 6m span depth must be more than 400 mm)

fy
Av
3 348.604 × 103 × 1
Vpl,Rd = = = 1267.651 cm3 where Av = h × tw = 417.2×10.9 = 4547.48mm2 = 45.48 cm2

γM0 275

4547.48 275
3
Vpl,Rd = = 769.803 > 100.44 kN OK.

1.0 × 103
Shear Buckling resistance

For section classification the coefficient e is: Outstand flange: flange under uniform compression

hw 72ϵ hw 370.6
> 𝜂 = 1.0 (conservative) hw = h - 2tf - r = 417.2 - 2×18.2 - 10.2 = 370.6 = = 34

tw η tw 10.9
ε 0.9244 hw
72 = 72 = 66.5568 > = 34 Therefore, the shear buckling resistance of the web does not need to be checked.

η 1 tw

Torsional resistance

fyWt 275 × 52.58cm 3103

TRd = = ×10-6=8.3481 < 44.8995 kNm Therefore, we will change the section with RHS 400x200x8

3 × γMO 3 × 1.0
fyWt 275 × 1140cm 3103
TRd = = ×10-6= 180.999 > 44.8995 kNm OK

3 × γMO 3 × 1.0
Shear and torsion

VEd τt,Ed
≤ 1.0 for structural hollow section Vpl,T,Rd = (1- )× Vpl,Rd

Vpl,T,Rd ( fy / 3)/γMO
Tt,Ed
100.44 × 106
Shear stress due to torsion 𝜏t,Ed = = = 88.105 N/mm2

Wt 1140 × 103
88.105
Then, Vpl,T,Rd = (1- )× 850.968 kN = 378.75 kN > 100.44 OK

(275/ 3)/1.0
Bending and shear

The shear force V Ed = 100.44 kN is less than half of the plastic resistance Vpl,Rd = 850.968 kN so no reduction in bending resistance due
to the presence of shear is required.

Bending shear and torsion

The shear force (VEd = 100.44 kN) is less than half the plastic shear resistance accounting for torsional effects (Vpl,T,Rd = 378.75 kN),

so 𝝆 = 0 and therefore the yield strength used in calculating the bending resistance need not be reduced.

Bending resistance

Cross section resistance

MEd Wpl,y × fy
The design requirement is: ≤ 1 Mc,Rd = Mpl,Rd = (For Class 1 sections)

Mc,Rd γM0

At the point of maximum bending moment the shear force is zero. Therefore the bending resistance does not need to be reduced due to
the presence of shear.

Wpl,y × fy 1203 × 10− 3 × 275 MEd 150.66

Mc,Rd = Mpl,Rd = = = 330.825 kNm → = = 0.455 ≤ 1

γM0 1 Mc,Rd 330.825

Therefore, the design bending resistance of the section is adequate.

Buckling Resistance

For slendernesses 𝝀 LT < 𝝀 LT,0 lateral torsional buckling effects may be ignored. 𝝀LT,0 = 0.4

Wy × fy π 2 EI L 2GIt
The slenderness 𝝀LT is given by 𝝀LT = Mcr = C1 = 6982.93 kNm

Mcr L2 π 2 EIz

Wpl,y × fy 1203 × 103 × 275

𝝀LT = = = 0.217 < 0.4 so lateral -torsional buckling effects can be neglected.

Mcr 6982.930505

Serviceability limit state (SLS)

Twist at SLS

Partial factors for actions

𝛾g = 1.0

44.8995 × 1.0
Maximum torsional moment = = 35.96 kNm

1.35 × 0.925
TEd 35.96 × 106
Maximum twist per unit length is given by: Twist = = = 2.8273 ×10-7 radians/mm

GIt 81000 × 15700 × 10 4

Twist at midspan =0.5×2.8273 ×10-6 ×3000 = 4.24156 ×10-3 radians = 0.243 degrees

STORAGE BUILDING TRUSS AND COLUMN JOINT (1-N)

Bracings

Wind speed: 20 m/s Dynamic pressure = 240 (N/m2, Pa) = 0.24 kN/m2

Wind load on west side:

Area: 16.5x60 = 990m2

Wind load: 0.24 x990 = 237.6 kN

This load is split between 6 walls

237.6 / 6 = 39.6 kN each wall

Wind load on east side:

Area: 24.40x60 = 1464 m2

Wind load: 0.24x1464 = 351.36 kN

This load split between 6 walls

351.36 / 6 = 58.56 kN each wall

Wind load on long face - Factory + Office building :

Area: 16.5x60 + 25x24.40 = 1600 m2

Wind load: 0.24 x1600 = 384 kN

This load is split between 4 walls

384 / 4 = 96 kN each wall

Wind on the east or west side:

Office building’s south or north bracing:

Office Building Level 6: area 1500m2

Each wall’s wind load: 58.56 kN

Load in a level: 1500x 16.95 = 25425 kN

for ULS 1.5 x 58.56 kN = 87.84 kN

EHL = 0.5% x 25425 =127.125 kN

This is split between 2 braces

Level 6

127.125 kN / 2 = 63.5625

3.05x87.84 / 24.40 = 10.98 kN

Office building’s bracing: total loads from the east side:

Level5 / Level 4 / Level 3

6.1x 87.84 / 24.40 = 21.9625 kN

Level 1: 10.98 kN

Level 3/4/5: 131.82+ 21.9625 = 153.7825 kN

Level 1

Level 6: 63.5625+ 10.98 = 74.5425 kN

3.05x 87.84 / 24.40 = 10.98 kN

Total load: 546.87 kN

Equivalent horizontal loads on office building

EHL
Force in brace

Vertical component (in column) :

Office Building Level 3/4/5 area 25x60 =1500 m2

546.87 x 6.1/8 = 416.99 kN

Load in a level: 1500 x 35.1525 = 52728 kN

(This is to be added to column vertical load due to
gravity in design of column)

Office EHL = 0.5% x52728 = 263.63 kN

This is split between 2 braces

Resultant force (in brace)=

263.63 / 2 = 131.82 kN
Fbrace = √(546.872 + 416.99 2)

Fbrace = 687.712 kN
Force = 687.712 kN
 Equivalent horizontal loads on factory building
Assume using S275 steel (275 N/mm2)
EHL

Brace is in tension →Stress = force / area

→Area = force / stress

Factory Building +16.50m level’s area:

Area = 687.712 x 1000 / 275 = 2500.77 mm2

60x60 =3600 m2

Usually angles are used as braces

Load in a level: 3600 x 11.25 = 40500 kN

e.g. EA100x100x15

(area = 2800 mm2 > 2500.77 mm2)
Factory EHL = 0.5% x 40500 = 202.5 kN

This is split between 2 braces

202.5 / 2 = 101.25 kN

Factory building’s south or north bracing:

Factory building’s bracing: total loads:

Each wall’s wind load: 39.6 kN but we will have

the wind load from east side which is 58.56 kN

Level 2: 17.302 kN

for ULS 1.5 x 58.56 kN = 87.84 kN

+11.5m and +6.5 level: 26.62 kN

+16.50 level
+16.50 level: 101.25 + 17.302 = 118.552 kN

2.5x87.84 / 16.50 = 13.31 kN

Total load: 189.094 kN

+11.5m and +6.5 level

5x 87.84 / 16.50 = 26.62 kN

Force in brace

Vertical component (in column) :

Level 2
189.094 x 6.5/6 = 204.852 kN

3.25x 87.84 / 16.50 = 17.302 kN

(This is to be added to column vertical load due to
gravity in design of column)

Resultant force (in brace)=

Fbrace = √(189.094 2 + 204.852 2)

Fbrace =278.7845 kN
Force = 278.7845 kN

Assume using S275 steel (275 N/mm2)

Brace is in tension →Stress = force / area

→Area = force / stress

Area = 278.7845 x 1000 / 275 = 1013.762 mm2

Usually angles are used as braces

e.g. EA EA100x100x15

(area = 2800 mm2 > 1013.762 mm2) kN


Wind on the south or north side:

Office building’s east bracing: Equivalent horizontal loads on factory building

EHL

Each wall’s wind load: 96 kN

for ULS 1.5 x 96 kN = 144 kN

Office Building Level 3/4/5 area 25x60 =1500 m2

Load in a level: 1500 x 35.1525 = 52728 kN

Level 6

3.05x144 / 24.40 = 18 kN
Office EHL = 0.5% x52728 = 263.63 kN

This is split between 2 braces

Level5 / Level 4 / Level 3

263.63 / 2 = 131.82 kN

6.1x 144 / 24.40 = 36 kN

Office Building Level 6: area 1500m2

Level 1
Load in a level: 1500x 16.95 = 25425 kN

3.05x 144 / 24.40 = 18 kN

EHL = 0.5% x 25425 =127.125 kN

This is split between 2 braces

127.125 kN / 2 = 63.5625

Office building’s bracing:

total loads from the south or north side:

e.g. EA100x100x15

(area = 2800 mm2 > 2532.87 mm2)

Level 1: 18 kN

Level 3/4/5: 131.82+ 21.9625 = 153.7825 kN

If it works for office building it will work for Factory
Level 6: 63.5625+ 10.98 = 74.5425 kN
buildings’s bracings

Total load: 553.89 kN

Force in brace

Vertical component (in column) :

553.89 x 6.1/8 = 422.34 kN

(This is to be added to column vertical load

due to gravity in design of column)

Resultant force (in brace)=

Fbrace = √(422.34 2 + 553.89 2)

Fbrace = 696.54 kN

Force = 696.54 kN


Assume using S275 steel (275 N/mm2)

Brace is in tension →Stress = force / area

→Area = force / stress

Area = 696.54 x 1000 / 275 = 2532.87 mm2

Usually angles are used as braces

 APPENDIX - 3
Detailed Design Calculations

Student ID : 2177765
Name
EG7005

Ref. Calculation Output

1. Structural Idealization
The office and storage area is idealized as per the framework
shown in Fig.1.2

Fig. 1.1. Plan for Factory and storage Building

Fig.1.2. Proposed Framework for Office Floor

The office Floor is modelled with column free interior space as per
requirement. Gridlines K-N/1-11 comprises of the area under
consideration for design.
2. Material Specification
Grade S355 steel is used for columns, bracings and office roof
BS-8110:1997
truss.
BS EN 10025-
2019 Bison hollow core slab sections are used for slabs.
 3. Load Calculations
3.1. Office Floor
BS EN-1991-1.1 3.1.1. Permanent Loads (Qk)
Assuming a slab section S200 hollow core slab for load
calculations.
Self-weight of slab
=3.1 KN/m2
Wall Loads (Assuming glazed glass wall on throughout the
periphery of the office) = 30kg/m2
= 0.3KN/m2
Floor finishes
= 2 KN/m2
Allowance for steel beams (self-weight of beams)
= 1.5 KN/m2
Total Permanent Load
= 6.9 KN/m2
3.1.2. Variable Load (Gk)
Imposed load on Office floor
= 4 KN/m2
Allowance for temporary partitions
=1 KN/m2
Total Variable Load
=5 KN/m2
Design Load for ULS condition
= 1.35Gk+1.5Qk
= 1.35(6.9) +1.5(5)
=16.81 KN/m2
Design Load for SLS condition
= 1.25Gk+1.5Qk
= 1.25(6.9) +1.5(5)
=16.12 KN/m2
3.2. Office Roof
3.2.1. Permanent Loads (Qk)
The office roof comprises of steel truss work.
Allowance for self-weight of steel truss work. (Assumed) =0.5 KN/m2
BS EN-1991-1.1
Weight of Aluminum Roof sheet (0.55-gauge thickness) =0.02 KN/m2
Weight of services (False ceiling and fiber boards) =0.1 KN/m2
Total Permanent Load =0.62 KN/m2
3.2.2. Variable Load (Gk)
Imposed load on Office roof =2 KN/m2
Design Load for ULS condition
= 1.35Gk+1.5Qk
= 1.35(0.62) +1.5(2) =3.83 KN/m2
Design Load for SLS condition
= 1.25Gk+1.5Qk
= 1.25(0.62) +1.5(2) =3.77 KN/m2
4. Design of Slab
Hollow Core Slab is designed using Bison precast units in accordance with BS
Floors for
8110:1997
Multiple
Occupancy
Housing
Brochure The maximum span of precast units in the office floor framework
HCFMO/09/05 is 8.5m. From the Manufactures load span tables for an imposed
Bison Concrete
Products Ltd. load of 5 KN/m2, a 250 mm deep hollow core unit (S250) can span
over 8.5m without a topping.
Thus select a slab section of S250(250mm deep hollow core
section).
Self-weight of slab =3.3 KN/m2
This is a conservative design as S250 can cater upto a span of
9.3m
Revised Loads on Office Floor – Considering S250 as slab
Total Permanent Load =7.1 KN/m2
Design Load for ULS condition
= 1.35Gk+1.5Qk
= 1.35(7.1) +1.5(5) =17.08 KN/m2
Design Load for SLS condition
= 1.25Gk+1.5Qk
= 1.25(6.9) +1.5(5) =16.37 KN/m2
5. Design of Column
5.1. Loads transferred to Columns
Columns on ground floor is considered for design as they support
the 5 upper floors
The load from the interior slab-beam framework is transferred to
the column as support reactions.
Assuming half the slab width on each side contribute to support
reaction on each column.
Design of Storage Load on each column = ULS design load x Contributing area
Floor – Load =75m2
Contributing area = (25 x 6)/2
Calculations =76.05 KN/m2
ULS Design load on storage floor
=17.08 KN/m2
ULS Design load on Office floor
=24093 KN
Total Load on Column = 75x(76.05x4+17.08)

Using S-355 Steel,

Assuming a fixed-pinned condition and buckling class a, buckling
reduction factor is 0.7 is assumed
=248.5N/mm2
Allowable stress in columns = 0.7x235
Blue Book – Cross sectional area required = Axial Force/Safe stress
Universal Column =96953mm2
= 24093x1000/248.5
Choose UC 356x406x818
=104300mm2
Cross section area =
>Areq
Hence OK
 6. Design of Roof Truss
Steel truss work is provided for the roof of Office building. The
following initial assumptions are made for design of roof truss.
Trusses are spaced at 2m intervals.
Depth of truss is 1.5m
Span of roof truss is 20m
The arrangement of truss is as per the Figure 6.1

Fig.6.1. Proposed Truss roof

6.1. Load Calculation for Truss

For the ease of calculations, it is assumed that half the width of
roof on each side of the truss contribute to the load on one truss
=120m2
Contributing area for a truss = 20 x (3+3) = 3.83 KN/m2
ULS load on Office roof =459.6 KN
Total load on the truss = 3.83 x 120 =14
No. of nodal points on the truss to which load is applied =32.82 KN
Nodal load at each joint = 459.6/14
6.2. Analysis of Truss
All internal forces in members are denoted as Fij which is also
equal to Fji

Support Reactions =229.8 KN

R1 = R2 = 459.6/2
Joint 1

∑Fy = 0
F12+R1 = 0
F12 = 229.8 KN (Compression)
∑Fx = 0
F13 = 0 (No Force)
Joint 2

Θ = tan-1 (1.5/1.5) = 450

∑Fy = 0
32.8+F23cosθ = 229.8
F23 = 278 KN (Tension)
∑Fx = 0
F12+F23sinθ = 0
F12 = 197 KN (Tension)

6.2.1. Summary of Results = 744 KN

Maximum load in bottom chords = 493 KN
Maximum load in Top chord = 247 KN
Maximum loads in diagonal members =300 KN
Maximum loads in Vertical members
6.2.2. Design of Members
Bottom Chord =744 KN
Maximum force on bottom chord
Using S 355 steel =2095 mm2
Sectional area required = (744x1000)/355
Use SHS 160x160x10 =5660 mm2
Cross sectional area >Areq
Hence OK

Top Chord =493 KN

Maximum force on top chord
Using S 355 steel =1388 mm2
Sectional area required = (493x1000)/355
Use SHS 160x160x10 =5660 mm2
Cross sectional area >Areq
Hence OK
Diagonal Members =247 KN
Maximum force on diagonals
Using S 355 steel =695 mm2
Sectional area required = (247x1000)/355
Use UA 80x80x10 =1510 mm2
Cross sectional area >Areq
Hence OK

Vertical Members =247 KN

Maximum force on vertical members
Using S 355 steel =845 mm2
Sectional area required = (300x1000)/355
Use UA 80x80x10 =1510 mm2
Cross sectional area >Areq
Hence OK

7. Bracings = 40m/s
= 20m/s
Basic wind speed at site
= 0.24 KN/m2
Equivalent mean hourly speed
Dynamic pressure due to wind = 0.6 x v2 = 0.6x(20x20)
Wind Load on North south direction =610m2
=146.4 KN
Exposed area = 25x24.5
Wind load in N-S direction = 0.24x610
= 36.6 KN
This load is split between 4 walls
=54.9 KN
Load on each wall = 146.4/4
=6.3 KN
Design wind load = 1.5x36.6
Wind load at office space (Level-6) = 2.8 x 54.9/24.4
=1500m2
Equivalent Horizontal Load
256200 KN
Area of office floor = 25x60
Vertical load at office floor = 17.08 KN/m2 x 1500m2
=128.1 KN
Equivalent horizontal load = 0.5% of total vertical load
= 0.005 x 256200
=70.35 KN
This load is shared by two braces
Force in one bracing = 128.1/2 + 6.3
Assuming S-275 Steel for bracing
=255mm2
Fy = 275 N/mm2
Area required for bracing members = 134.4x1000/275
Use EA 40x40x4 =308 mm2
Cross section area > Areq
Hence OK

Wind Load on East- West direction =1470m2

Exposed area = 60x24.5 =352.8 KN
Wind load in N-S direction = 0.24x1470
This load is split between 4 walls = 88.2 KN
Load on each wall = 352.8/4 =132.3 KN
Design wind load = 1.5x88.2 =15.81 KN
Wind load at office space (Level-6) = 2.8 x 132.3/24.4
Equivalent Horizontal Load =1500m2
Area of office floor = 25x60 256200 KN
Vertical load at office floor = 17.08 KN/m2 x 1500m2
Equivalent horizontal load = 0.5% of total vertical load =128.1 KN
= 0.005 x 256200
This load is shared by two braces =79.86 KN
Force in one bracing = 128.1/2 + 15.81
Assuming S-275 Steel for bracing
Fy = 275 N/mm2 =290mm2
Area required for bracing members = 79.86x1000/275
Use EA 40x40x5 =379 mm2
Cross section area > Areq
Hence OK
APPENDIX - 4
Drawings

Student ID : 2177765
Structural Components
1. Office Floor

2. Office Roof
 21-22 EG7005 STEEL DESIGN

Module:-EG7005 DESIGN IN STEEL AND CONCRETE

PART:- STEEL DESIGN

STUDENT:
Lijose Jacob
U2235791
WEEK 4
N Name of Student Activity Hours
o
1 Lijose Jacob Formal introduction of group members and formed a WhatsApp 1
2 and teams group to gather information and communication
3
WEEK 5
1 Lijose Jacob Reference collection by the group members and understanding 3
2 brief. Case studies was also referred to get more knowledge on
3 detail design
WEEK 7
1 Lijose Jacob Individual scheme discussed and final scheme was decided to 3
2 initiate the calculations
3
WEEK 8
1 Lijose Jacob Finding the key skills of each member and dividing the brief 3
2 within group members.
3
WEEK 9
1 Lijose Jacob More practical approach towards the design. Problem solving 3
2 skills were developed and good round on group discussion for
3 various design challenges
WEEK 10
1 Lijose Jacob The presentation feedbacks were reviewed to correct the 3
2 mistakes and improve on the scheme designs
3
WEEK 11
1 Lijose Jacob Final design appraisals were made and worked on to the detailed 3
2 designs and made the manual documents
3
WEEK 12
1 Lijose Jacob Group discussion on final scheme, final draft, drawings and the 3
2 letter rough drafts and construction risk, health & safety in
3 constructions was discussed. Construction method statement
ideas was presented individually.
03 May 2022

Lijose Jacob

Structural Engineer

ABC Consultant Group

Mr. Stephan Smith

Goodman Ware House Company Ltd

Oxford,OX3 9DH

Dear Mr. Smith,

I am pleased to inform you that, in accordance with the specifications, we have finalized our design of
the entire structure, and I have provided an estimate for the construction process.

In addition to your new requirements, I have performed some preliminary calculations and am writing
this letter to notify you of the results.

The installation of a crane system to an existing manufacturing structure will have a detrimental effect
on the design since it will add additional load and bending to it. As a result, the entire column may need
to be resized, which may increase the cost. As a result, my best recommendation is to implement an
additional system so that the core structure is unaffected.

The addition of a middle row of columns is a wonderful addition, as it will increase the stability of the
truss system and connected structures. We will design a cost-effective construction with minimal cost
repercussions.

As a conclusion, the new extensions will be worked out in such a way that the main building
construction program will proceed as anticipated, with no delays or additional costs added to the
estimated budget.

Kind Regards,

Lijose Jacob

Structural Engineer
 Safe Construction
Method Statement

MAY 3

EG 7034 – DESIGN OF STEEL -COURSE WORK

Authored by: Lijose Jacob

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Construction of Warehouse Project
1.Construction Program

WAREHOUSE BUILDING
construction programm

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
NO ACTIVITY NUMBER OF WEEKS

1 Establishment of site 2
2 Substructures 7
3 Super structure

Foundation bolt installation

erection of columns for
office area and factory area
tie beam installation
Primary beams
Secondary beams
Installatio of floor slabs
Erection works for the roof
truss
Final welding and joint
connections 15
4 Floor finishes 3
5 Roof sheet installations 5
6 Bracings
7 External envelope 6
8 M&E first fix 5
9 M&E second fix 3
10 Passanger lifts/stairs 3
11 Fit out first floor 6
12 Fit out second floor 6
13 Fit out third floor 6
14 Fit out for fourth floor 6
15 Fitout for fifth floor 6
16 Final fix 3
17 Testing and commissioning 5
18 External works 4
19 Hand over 2

The whole construction timeline is 50 weeks long, and it is planned in such a way that any potential
delays are anticipated, and a sufficient buffer is built in to meet the main goal of completing the
project within the predicted time frame.

2.Safe Construction Practice

It is critical to guarantee that health and safety issues are planned, organized, regulated,
monitored, and reviewed to achieve healthy and safe working environments. Everyone in charge of
the construction site has health and safety duties. Planning and organization are required to
ensure that working conditions are healthy and safe before work begins, as well as to ensure that
the proposed task will not endanger others.

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2.1 Organizing the works & notifying the site to HSE
Determine who will oversee the task and ensure that they are properly trained.
When hiring new employees, inquire about their training and request a copy of their resume.
Certificates of completion of training can be found here. Persuade them to show off their
knowledge. Or to show them how to work safely before putting them to work.

2.2 Setting up the site

Site access- People and vehicles should be able to safely enter and exit the site. Plan how
automobiles will be kept away from pedestrians, particularly at site entrances, where doors or
gates may be required to ensure this separation. Viewing panels or windows may be required for
doors that open onto traffic lanes.

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Site Boundaries- Construction sites should be well marked and walled off. This will protect
individuals (especially children) from dangers on the site, as well as the site itself from vandalism
and theft.Some jobs will necessitate the use of a shared workspace.

Rest Facilities- Facilities for taking breaks and eating breaks should be available (see Figure ). Wind
and rain protection should be provided, and the facilities should be heated as needed.

Good order storage of construction materials and waste- Plan how the site will be maintained
clean and organized, as well as how housekeeping will be managed. Keep tripping hazards like
trailing cables, building debris, and rubbish out of walkways and stairwells. This is particularly
critical for emergency routes.
Make sure that all flammable waste materials (such as packaging and timber offcuts) are cleared
away regularly to reduce fire risks. Keep inside floor areas clean and dry. Outdoor footpaths should
be level and firm and should not be used for storing materials

Lighting - Every part of the site that is in use should, as far as possible, be arranged so that natural
light is available for people to see to do their work and move about the site safely. Where natural
light is inadequate or not available, artificial lighting should be provided.

First aid- first aid box with enough equipment to cope with the number of workers on site. An
appointed person to take charge of first-aid arrangements. Information telling workers the name
of the appointed person or first aider and where to find them. A notice in the site hut is a good way
of doing this.

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3.Construction phase -HS Practices
Height works- Work at height means work in any place, including a place at or below ground level,
where if measures required by the Work at Height Regulations 20051 are not taken, a person could
fall a distance liable to cause personal injury. Work at height also includes obtaining access to or
egress from a place of work at height. Following are some basic safe practices to be implemented
in site,
-Use of proper platforms or scaffolds.
-Use of appropriate equipment.
-Proper supervisions

While roof truss installations The placement of roof trusses and accompanying bracing is a
dangerous task that necessitates careful planning to ensure a safe system of access and fall
protection is adopted. You must provide a safe working platform around the roof's perimeter, as
well as measures to reduce the distance and severity of a fall if one occurs. This can be
accomplished by placing a working platform or 'crash deck' directly beneath the truss bottom
members.
Steel erection - When designing and planning for the erection of steel frames, the first
consideration should be to eliminate or reduce the need to work at height. Where work at height
cannot be avoided, mobile elevating work platforms or tower scaffolds.

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Personal Protective Equipment - If, and only if, exposure cannot be adequately controlled by any
combination of the measures already mentioned, you will need to provide personal protective
equipment (PPE).Any PPE must be selected with care. Choose good quality equipment which is CE-
marked. Let the user of the equipment help choose it – they will be more willing to wear it. Explain
to the user why the equipment must be worn and the hazard(s) the equipment protects against.

Major PPE are –

Hard Hats
Hard footwear
Goggles and safety spectacles
Outdoor clothing/High visibility clothing
Gloves

4.Method Statement
The method statement is an effective way of providing information to employees about how they
expect the work to be carried out and the precautions that should be taken. The most effective
health and safety method statements often have several diagrams to make it clear how work
should be carried out. Checking that the working methods set out in the statement are put into
practice on site can also be a useful monitoring too. This includes
-health and safety checklist
-emergency plans
-Inspection reports
-Safety walkthrough
-Safety drills
-Monitoring and reviewing

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5.Conclusion
To guarantee safe work systems, this section summarizes the need for careful control and
supervision of site activities. It assists every project team member in identifying health and
safety concerns on the job site and how to manage the risks that may develop. The use of
appropriate equipment and adherence to safety rules will ensure a secure working
environment.
Safety is everyone’s responsibility.

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