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Castigliano's II Theorem

Castigliano's second theorem states that for linearly elastic structures, the partial derivative of the strain energy with respect to an applied force (or couple) is equal to the displacement (or rotation) of that force (or couple) along its line of action. The theorem allows determining displacements and rotations in statically indeterminate structures. It is commonly applied to trusses, beams, and frames by first determining the strain energy expression in terms of the member forces, then taking partial derivatives to find displacements using the theorem. Several examples show applying the theorem to determine deflections and rotations of beams, trusses, and frames under different loading conditions.

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Muhammad Haziq
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575 views27 pages

Castigliano's II Theorem

Castigliano's second theorem states that for linearly elastic structures, the partial derivative of the strain energy with respect to an applied force (or couple) is equal to the displacement (or rotation) of that force (or couple) along its line of action. The theorem allows determining displacements and rotations in statically indeterminate structures. It is commonly applied to trusses, beams, and frames by first determining the strain energy expression in terms of the member forces, then taking partial derivatives to find displacements using the theorem. Several examples show applying the theorem to determine deflections and rotations of beams, trusses, and frames under different loading conditions.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Haziq
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© © All Rights Reserved
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1

CASTIGLIANO’S II
THEOREM
2

Conservation of Energy and Strain


Energy
• The energy of a structure can be simply defined as its
capacity for doing work.
• The term strain energy is related to the energy that a
structure has because of its deformation.
• The relationship between the work and strain energy of a
structure is based on the principle of conservation of
energy, which can be stated as follows:

“The work performed on an elastic structure in equilibrium by statically


(gradually) applied external forces is equal to the work done by internal
forces, or the strain energy stored in the structure.”
3

• Mathematically,

We  Wi or We  U (1)

where We and Wi represents the work done by external and


internal forces respectively. U denotes the strain energy of
the structure.
4

Strain energy for trusses


• Consider the truss shown.
• P is applied gradually from 0.
• The external work done by P as it
undergoes a deformation ∆ is given by:

1
𝑊𝑒 = 𝑃∆
2

• Consider member j, if N is the axial force in member j due


to external load P, then the strain energy for member j is
given by
𝑁2𝐿
𝑈𝑗 =
2𝐴𝐸
5

• The strain energy for the entire truss equals to the sum of
strain energies of all the members, i.e:

𝑁2𝐿
𝑈= (2)
2𝐴𝐸
6

Strain energy for beams


• Consider the beam shown below

• For element dx,


• As P gradually increases from zero to its final value, the internal
bending moment M also gradually increases from zero to its final
value.
• Due to the moment M, the cross-section of the element also rotate
by 𝑑𝜃.
7

• Therefore, the strain energy stored in the element is given


by:
1
𝑑𝑈 = 𝑀𝑑𝜃 (3)
2

𝑀
• Since 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑥, equation (3) becomes
𝐸𝐼
𝑀2
𝑑𝑈 = 𝑑𝑥 (4)
2𝐸𝐼

• For the entire beam, the strain energy is given by


𝐿
𝑀2
𝑈= 𝑑𝑥 (5)
0 2𝐸𝐼
8

Strain energy for frames


• The portions of frames may be subjected to axial forces
as well as bending moments, so the total strain energy
(U) of frames is expressed as the sum of the strain energy
due to axial forces (Ua) and the strain energy due to
bending (Ub):
𝑈 = 𝑈𝑎 + 𝑈𝑏 (6)
• Substituting equations (2) and (5) into equation (6) gives
the expression of strain energy for frames for both axial
forces and bending:
𝑁2𝐿 𝑀2
𝑈= + 𝑑𝑥 (7)
2𝐴𝐸 2𝐸𝐼
9

• Since axial deformations of frames are generally


neglected, equation (7) becomes

𝑀2
𝑈= 𝑑𝑥 (8)
2𝐸𝐼
10

Castigliano’s Second Theorem


• For linearly elastic structures, the partial derivative of the
strain energy with respect to an applied force (or couple)
is equal to the displacement (or rotation) of the force (or
couple) along its line of action.

(9)
11

Application to trusses
The strain energy for a truss is given by equation (2):
𝑁2𝐿
𝑈=
2𝐴𝐸
Using Castigiliano’s second theorem,
𝜕𝑈 𝜕 𝑁2𝐿
∆= =
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃 2𝐴𝐸
𝜕𝑁2 𝜕𝑁
Since = 2𝑁 , then
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
𝜕𝑁 𝑁𝐿
∆= (10)
𝜕𝑃 𝐴𝐸
12

Application to beams
The strain energy for a beam is given by equation (5):
𝐿
𝑀2
𝑈= 𝑑𝑥
0 2𝐸𝐼
Using Castigliano’s second theorem, the deflections and
rotations are given by
𝐿 𝐿
𝜕 𝑀2 𝜕 𝑀2
∆= 𝑑𝑥 and 𝜃= 𝑑𝑥 or
𝜕𝑃 0 2𝐸𝐼 𝜕𝑀 0 2𝐸𝐼

𝐿 𝐿
𝜕𝑀 𝑀 𝜕𝑀 𝑀
∆= 𝑑𝑥 and 𝜃= 𝑑𝑥 (11,12)
0 𝜕𝑃 𝐸𝐼 0 𝜕𝑀 𝐸𝐼
13

Application to frames
The strain energy for a frame for both axial forces and
bending is given by equation (7):
𝑁2𝐿 𝑀2
𝑈= + 𝑑𝑥
2𝐴𝐸 2𝐸𝐼
Using Castigliano’s second theorem, the deflections and
rotations are given by
𝐿
𝜕𝑁 𝑁𝐿 𝜕𝑀 𝑀
∆= + 𝑑𝑥 (13)
𝜕𝑃 𝐴𝐸 0 𝜕𝑃 𝐸𝐼
𝐿
𝜕𝑁 𝑁𝐿 𝜕𝑀 𝑀 (14)
𝜃= + 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝐴𝐸 0 𝜕𝑀 𝐸𝐼
14

Example 1 (7.13)
15

1) Since deflection at C is to be determined and at C there is an external


point load of 60 kN acting, change the point load to a variable load P kN.
This variable load P kN will be substituted with 60 kN at a later stage.

2) Determine the equations of bending moment in terms of P for the entire


beam as well as its first partial derivatives.
16

3) Substitute P = 60 kN into the equations of M and 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑃 and apply


Castigliano’s second theorem.
17

Example 2 (7.14)
18

1) Determine equation of bending moment


in terms of P and x.

2) Determine the first partial derivative of


M.

3) Apply Castigliano’s second theorem.


19

Example 3 (7.15)
20

1) Since rotation at C is to be determined and at C there is no external


couple acting, apply a fictitous couple at C.
21

2) Draw the FBDs of the members and determine the equations of bending
moments for all segments including its first partial derivatives.
22

3) Apply Castigliano’s second theorem.


23

Example 4 (7.16)
24

1) To determine horizontal deflection at B – apply a fictitious horizontal load


P1 (=0).
To determine vertical deflection at B –designate 84 kN as the variable
load P2.

2) Determine the internal member forces in terms of P1 and P2 and its first
partial derivatives.
25

𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑵
N 𝝏𝑷𝟏 𝝏𝑷𝟐 𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑷𝟏 NL 𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑷𝟐 NL
(kN) (kN/kN) (kN/kN) (kN-m) (kN-m)

𝝏𝑵
𝑵𝑳
𝝏𝑷

3) Substitute P1 = 0 and P2 = 84 kN into the expressions for N and apply


Castigliano’s second theorem.
1 𝜕𝑁
∆𝐵𝐻 = 𝑁𝐿
𝐸𝐴 𝜕𝑃1
26

1 𝜕𝑁
∆𝐵𝑉 = 𝑁𝐿
𝐸𝐴 𝜕𝑃2
27

Tutorial
• 7.45 – 7.63, p336

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