Structural Analysis II

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar

Department of Civil Engineering
BUITEMS, Quetta

1
Reference Books: 2

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Reference Books:
I. Structural Analysis, eight edition by RC Hibbeler
II. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Using Classical and Matrix
Methods, Fourth Edition by Jack C. McCormac
III. Structural Analysis, Fourth Edition, by Aslam Kassimali
IV. Matrix Structural Analysis, Second Edition by William
McGuire
V. Matrix Methods of Structural Analysis by Praveen
Nagarajan
VI. A First Course in the Finite Element Method, Fifth
Edition, by Daryl L. Logan
 Introduction to
Structural Analysis
Structural Analysis 4

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
• Structure: A structure refers to a system of connected parts used to support a
load. Important examples related to civil engineering include buildings, bridges,
towers, dames, floating structures etc.

• Structural Analysis:

• The behavior/response of a structure under the external loads

• Structural analysis is the process of calculating and determining the effects of

loads and internal forces on a structure, building or object. Structural Analysis is
particularly important for structural engineers to ensure they completely
understand the load paths and the impacts the loads have on their engineering
design.

• Structural analysis is an essential useful tool for structural engineers to ensure

the accomplishment of a safe design for the structures. 4
Structural Analysis 5

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
• Classification of Structures
• Structural Elements [Book]:

• Types of Structures: The combination of structural elements and the materials

from which they are composed is referred to as a structural system.
Structural Analysis 6

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
• Loads :
• Dead Loads: Dead loads consist of the weights of the various structural
members and the weights of any objects that are permanently attached to the
structure. Hence, for a building, the dead loads include the weights of the
columns, beams, and girders, the floor slab, roofing, walls, windows, plumbing,
electrical fixtures, and other miscellaneous attachments;
• Live Loads: Live Loads can vary both in their magnitude and location. They
may be caused by the weights of objects temporarily placed on a structure,
moving vehicles, etc.
• Environmental Loads: wind load, snow load, earthquake load etc.
• Structural Design: Whenever a structure is designed, it is important to give
consideration to both material and load uncertainties. These uncertainties include
a possible variability in material properties, residual stress in materials, intended
measurements being different from fabricated sizes, loadings due to vibration or
impact, and material corrosion or decay.
Methods Of Analysis for
Indeterminate Structures
Methods Of Analysis 8

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
• Determinacy: The equilibrium equations provide both the necessary and
sufficient conditions for equilibrium. When all the forces in a structure can be
determined strictly from these equations, the structure is referred to as statically
determinate. Structures having more unknown forces than available equilibrium
equations are called statically indeterminate.

• In particular, if a structure is statically indeterminate, the additional equations

needed to solve for the unknown reactions are obtained by relating the applied
loads and reactions to the displacement or slope at different points on the
structure. These equations, which are referred to as compatibility equations,
must be equal in number to the degree of indeterminacy of the structure.
• Methods of Analysis for Indeterminate Structures:
• When analyzing any indeterminate structure, it is necessary to satisfy
equilibrium, compatibility, and force-displacement requirements for the
structure.
• Force Methods
• Displacement Methods
Methods Of Analysis 9

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
• Force Method: In this method the forces are unknowns.
• The force method was originally developed by James Clerk Maxwell in 1864
and later refined by Otto Mohr and Heinrich Müller-Breslau. This method was
one of the first available for the analysis of statically indeterminate structures.
Since compatibility forms the basis for this method, it has sometimes been
referred to as the compatibility method or the method of consistent
displacements.
• Displacement Method: In this method the displacements are unknown.
• The displacement method of analysis is based on first writing force-
displacement relations for the members and then satisfying the equilibrium
requirements for the structure. In this case the unknowns in the equations are
displacements.
• Once the displacements are obtained, the forces are determined from the
compatibility and force displacement equations.
Force Method of Analysis
for Indeterminate
Structures: Consistent
Deformation
Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation 11

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
General Procedure of Force Method of Analysis:
Three Steps:
(1) Principle of Superposition
(2) Compatibility Equations
(3) Equilibrium Equations

Taking support reaction at B as Redundant:

∆′BB f BB
∴ =
By 1

f BB is flexibility coefficient = deflection caused by unit load

One redundant
Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation 12

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Taking moment at support A as Redundant:

′
0 θ A + θ AA
= One redundant

′
θ AA α AA
= ′ = M Aα AA
⇒ θ AA
MA 1

⇒ 0 = θ A + M Aα AA

α AA is flexibility coefficient = rotation caused by unit moment

 Two redundant
Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 1
Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 3
2
Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation 16

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Maxwell’s Theorem of Reciprocal Displacements; Betti’s Law:
• This theorem is related to the flexibility coefficients and states that
“The displacement of a point B on a structure due to a unit load acting at point A
is equal to the displacement of point A when the unit load is acting at point B “ that
is f BA = f AB
L
mM
∆ =∫ dx
Proof: Principal of virtual work o
EI
L
mA mB
f BA = ∫ dx (1)
o
EI
f BA L
mB mA
f AB = ∫ dx (2)
o
EI
⇒ f AB =
f BA

f AB Similarly
⇒ α AB =
α BA
Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation 17

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Force Method of Analysis: Beams
Example 1: Determine the reaction at the roller support B of the beam shown in
Fig. 10–8a. EI is constant.
 Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 SF (kN)

-112
BM (kN.m)
34.4

3.27
93.8
-15.6
Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation 20

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Example 2: Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in Fig. 10–
9a. The support at B settles 1.5 in. Take I = 750 in4. E = 29x103 ksi
 Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation 24

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Example 3: Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in Figure
10–10a. EI is constant. Neglect the effects of axial load.
 Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation 28

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Force Method of Analysis:
Frames

Example 1: The frame, shown in the photo is used to support the bridge deck.
Assuming EI is constant, a drawing of it along with the dimensions and loading is
shown in Fig. 10–12a. Determine the support reactions.
 Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation 33

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
• Example 2: Determine the reactions at the
supports, then draw the moment diagram for
each member. EI is constant.

Solution:
10 K 10 K
 Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation 36

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Force Method of Analysis: Trusses
• Example 1: Determine the force in member AC of the truss shown in Fig. 10–
14a. AE is the same for all the members.
S .I = b + r − 2 j = 6 + 3 − 2 × 4 = 1

SOLUTION
Principle of Superposition: The truss is indeterminate
to the first degree. Member AC will be chosen as the redundant. This requires
“cutting” this member so that it cannot sustain a force, thereby making the truss
statically determinate and stable. The principle of superposition applied to the truss
is shown in Fig. 10–14b.
 =
∆ AC
+
Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation
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FAC f ACAC

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation 40

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Example 2: Determine the force in each member of the truss shown figure. AE is
the same for all the members.

S .I = b + r − 2 j = 3 + 6 − 2 × 4 = 1

Member AB will be chosen as the redundant.

This requires “cutting "this member so that it
cannot sustain a force, thereby making the truss
statically determinate and stable.
 Force Method of Analysis: Consistent Deformation
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Matrix Method:
Flexibility
Matrix Method: Flexibility 43

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
• The force method (flexibility method) can be cast into matrix form.
• When computing the flexibility coefficients fij (or α ij ), for the structure, it will
be noticed that they depend only on the material and geometrical properties of
the members and not on the loading of the primary structure. Hence these
values, once determined, can be used to compute the reactions for any loading.
• For a structure having n redundant reactions Rn , we can write n compatibility
equations, namely:

• Here the displacements ∆1 to ∆ n , are caused by both the real loads on the
primary structure and by support settlement or dimensional changes due to
temperature differences or fabrication errors in the members. To simplify
computation for structures having a large degree of indeterminacy, the above
equations can be recast into a matrix form,
Matrix Method: Flexibility 44

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
• In particular, note that fij = f ji ( f12 = f21 etc.), a consequence of Maxwell’s
theorem of reciprocal displacements (or Betti’s law). Hence the flexibility matrix
will be symmetric.
• We have determined the flexibility coefficients using the method of virtual work
as it applies to the entire structure. It is possible, however, to obtain these
coefficients for each member of then structure, and then, using transformation
equations, to obtain their values for the entire structure.
Matrix Method: Flexibility 45

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Example 1: Determine the values of reactions R1, R2, and R3 of the continuous
beam of Figure 22.1, using a matrix approach and the force or flexibility method.
 Matrix Method: Flexibility
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 or
Writing in matrix form
Compatibility Equations:
Matrix Method: Flexibility
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Matrix Method: Flexibility 48

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
• The following deflections are obtained using he virtual work method
 Writing the equations:
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Displacement Method
of Analysis: Slope-
Deflection Equations
Slope-Deflection Method 52

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Displacement Method of Analysis:
General Procedures:
• All structures must satisfy equilibrium, load-displacement, and compatibility of
displacements requirements in order to ensure their safety.
Forced Method Displacement Method
The force method of analysis, The displacement method works the
discussed before, is based on opposite way. It first requires
identifying the unknown redundant satisfying equilibrium equations for
forces and then satisfying the the structure. To do this the
structure’s compatibility equations. unknown displacements are written in
This is done by expressing the terms of the loads by using
displacements in terms of the loads by the load-displacement relations, then
using the load-displacement relations. these equations are solved for the
The solution of the resultant equations displacements. Once the
yields the redundant reactions, and displacements are obtained, the
then the equilibrium equations are unknown loads are determined from
used to determine the remaining the compatibility equations using the
reactions on the structure. load-displacement relations.
Slope-Deflection Method 53

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Node: A point/joint selected on the structure where displacement is desired to be
calculated.
Degrees of Freedom: The number of independent displacements on a node or joint
is called degrees of freedom.
Free Degrees of Freedom: The number of displacements allowed on a node/joint
is called free degrees of freedom. In slope deflection method, it is normally
referred as degrees of freedom instead free degrees of freedom.
Restrained Degrees of freedom: The number of displacements restraind at a
node/joint is called restrained degrees of freedom.
Slope-Deflection Method 54

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Slope-Deflection Equations: The slope-deflection method is so named since it
relates the unknown slopes and deflections to the applied load on a structure.

• We want to relate the beam’s internal end moments in terms of its three degrees
of freedom, namely, its angular displacements θ A and θ B , linear displacement
∆ which could be caused by a relative settlement between the supports. Since we
will be developing a formula, moments and angular displacements will be
considered positive when they act clockwise on the span.
• Furthermore, the linear displacement ∆ is considered positive as shown, since
this displacement causes the cord of the span and the span’s cord angle ψ to
ψ
rotate clockwise.
 Slope-Deflection Method 55

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
• The slope-deflection equations can be obtained by using the principle of
superposition by considering separately the moments developed at each support
due to each of the displacements, θ A , θ B , and ∆ , and then the loads
1
 2

3
Slope-Deflection Method
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 4
Slope-Deflection Method
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 Slope-Deflection Method

According to the principal of superposition Adding 1

to 4
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 Slope-Deflection Method
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 Slope-Deflection Method
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 Slope-Deflection Method
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 Slope-Deflection Method
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Slope-Deflection Method 63

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Analysis of Beams:
Example 1: Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in Fig. 11–
10a. EI is constant.

Solution:
1. Fixed end moment:
 2. Slope Deflection Equations:
Slope-Deflection Method
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Slope-Deflection Method 65

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
3. Equilibrium Equations:

Putting the values of M BA and M BC

6.17
⇒ θB =
EI

Putting the above rotation in slope-deflection equations, we will get

 Span AB

=
+
Slope-Deflection Method

Span BC
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 Slope-Deflection Method
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Slope-Deflection Method 68

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
• Example 2: Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in
Fig.11–11a. EI is constant.

Solution:
1. Fixed end moment:
Slope-Deflection Method 69

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
2. Slope Deflection Equations:
Applying slope deflection equation for span AB

Applying slope deflection equation for span BC

 Substituting MBA and MBC
2. Equilibrium Equations:
Slope-Deflection Method
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Substituting θ B in slope deflection equations
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Slope-Deflection Method 72

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Calculate reactions using equilibrium equations and then draw SF and BM
diagrams
Slope-Deflection Method 73

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Example 3:
Determine the internal moments at the supports of the beam shown in Fig. 11–13a.
The roller support at C is pushed downward 0.1 ft by the force P. Take E = 29×103
ksi, I = 1500 in4.
Slope-Deflection Method 74

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Solution :
1. Fixed end moment:

The displacement (or settlement) of the support C causes to be positive,

since the cord for span BC rotates clockwise, and ψ BCnegative, since the
to be
cord for span CD rotates counterclockwise. Hence,ψ
CD
 Span BC
Span AB

Span CD
2. Slope Deflection Equations:
Slope-Deflection Method
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Slope-Deflection Method 76

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
3. Equilibrium Equations:
These six slope deflection equations contain eight unknowns. Writing the moment
equilibrium equations for the supports at B and C

• In order to solve, substitute Eqs. (2) and (3) into Eq. (7), and Eqs. (4) and (5)
into Eq. (8).This yields
 Slope-Deflection Method
• Substituting these values into slope deflection equations, we get
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Slope-Deflection Method 78

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
• Analysis of Frames: No Sidesway
• A frame will not sidesway, or be displaced to the left or right, provided it is
properly restrained. For examples

• Also, no sidesway will occur in an unrestrained frame provided it is symmetric

with respect to both loading and geometry.
Slope-Deflection Method 79

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
• Example 1: Determine the moment that each member exerts on the joint at B,
then draw the moment diagram for each member of the frame. Assume the
support at A is fixed and C is a pin. EI is constant.
 span BC
Slope Deflection Equations: span AB
Slope-Deflection Method
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 Slope-Deflection Method
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 ∑M
B
Slope-Deflection Method

=0

⇒ Ax =
−1.7775 K
⇒ −2.11 + 40.78 − Ax × 12 − 10 × 6 =0
82

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 Slope-Deflection Method
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Slope-Deflection Method 84

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Example 2: Determine the moments at each joint of the frame shown in Fig. 11–
16a. EI is constant.
Slope-Deflection Method 85

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Solution :
1. Fixed end moment:
Three spans must be considered in this problem: AB, BC, and CD

2. Slope-Deflection Equations:
 Slope-Deflection Method
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Slope-Deflection Method 87

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
3. Equilibrium Equations:
The preceding six equations contain eight unknowns. The remaining two
equilibrium equations come from moment equilibrium at joints B and C

• To solve these eight equations, substitute Eqs. (2) and (3) into Eq. (7) and
substitute Eqs. (4) and (5) into Eq. (8).We get
 Substituting into Eqs. (1)–(6), we get
Slope-Deflection Method

BMD
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Slope-Deflection Method 89

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
• Analysis of Frames: Sidesway
• A frame will sidesway, or be displaced to the side, when it or the loading acting
on it is nonsymmetric.
• when unknown joint linear displacements ∆
(or span rotations ψ ) occur, we must write force
equilibrium equations in order to obtain the
complete solution.
• The unknowns in these equations, however,
∆
must only involve the internal moments acting ψ=
L
at the ends of the columns, since the slope
deflection equations involve these moments
Slope-Deflection Method 90

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
• Example 1: Determine the moments at each joint of the frame shown in Fig. EI
is constant. Joint A and D are fixed.

Solution:
1. Fixed end moment:
• Here the load is applied directly to joint B and
therefore no FEMs act at the joints.

2. Slope Deflection Equations:

∆ ∆  18 
ψ AB = ψ DC = ∆ B =∆ C ⇒ 12ψ AB =18ψ DC ⇒ ψ AB  ψ DC
=
12 12  12 
Slope-Deflection Method 91

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
2. Equilibrium Equations:
• The six equations contain nine unknowns.
Two moment equilibrium equations for joints B
and C,
Slope-Deflection Method 92

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
• Since a horizontal displacement ∆ occurs, we will consider summing forces on
the entire frame in the x direction. This yields

• The horizontal reactions or column shears and can be related to the internal
moments by considering the free-body diagram of each column separately
Slope-Deflection Method 93

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
• In order to solve, substitute Eqs. (2) and (3) into Eq. (7), Eqs. (4) and (5) into
Eq. (8), and Eqs. (1), (2), (5), (6) into Eq. (9). This yields
Slope-Deflection Method 94

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
• Example 2: Determine the moments at each joint of the frame shown in Fig. 11–
20a. The supports at A and Dare fixed and joint C is assumed pin connected. EI
is constant for each member.
Solution:
1. Fixed end moment:
• Here the load is applied directly to joint B and
therefore no FEMs act at the joints.
2. Slope Deflection Equations:

∆
ψ ψ=
= ψ=
4
AB DC
 3. Equilibrium Equations:
• Moment equilibrium of joint B
Slope-Deflection Method
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
Slope-Deflection Method 96

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
• If forces are summed for the entire frame in the horizontal direction, we have
 Slope-Deflection Method
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Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 Slope-Deflection Method
98

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))
 Slope-Deflection Method

The End of Slope Deflection Method.

99

Dr. Engr. Naik Muhammad Babar (Ph.D. Structural Engineering, PE in Structures, Consulting Engr))