UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH

AND PUBLICATION ETHICS

Professor (Dr.) Ramesh C Gaur

Professor & Head Kala Nidhi
Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts(IGNCA)
Director, National School of Drama(NSD)
Ministry of Culture, GOI

The Centre for Publishing and Centre for Research Methods,

Dr B R Ambedkar University, Delhi
 UGC REGULATIONS AND GUIDELINES
UGC Regulations on Minimum Standards and Procedure for the award
of. M.Phil/Ph.D Degree, Regulations 2009

UGC Letter Reg.: UGC (Promotion of Academic Integrity and Prevention

of Plagiarism in Higher Educational Institutions) Regulations, 2018

UGC CARE List of Quality Reference Journalsn2019

Research and Publication Ethics (RPE)-Course for awareness about the

publication ethics and publication misconducts.2019

Clarification of Self Plagiarism. 2019

Guidance Document GOOD ACADEMIC RESEARCH PRACTICES

UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION (PROMOTION OF
ACADEMIC INTEGRITY AND PREVENTION OF PLAGIARISM IN
HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS) REGULATIONS, 2018

Introductions Similarities upto 10% -

Awareness and training excluded
Curbing Plagiarism Level 1: Similarities above
Detection 10% to 40%
Academic Integrity Panel Level 2: Similarities above
-Departmental
40% to 60%
Institutional Level 3: Similarities above
Penalties 60%
 CHECKLIST BEFORE YOU SUBMIT YOU
WORK TO A JOURNAL… UGC-CARE LIST
 THE SCOPE OF THE UGC-CARE LIST
UGC-CARE has taken the responsibility of preparing the “UGC-CARE Reference List of
Quality Journals” (UGC-CARE List).
UGC-CARE List Group I:Journals found qualified through UGC-CARE protocols: A list
of Indian journals, especially from disciplines of Arts, Humanities, Languages, Culture and
Indian Knowledge Systems is being prepared and updated quarterly (UGC-CARE Group
I).
UGC-CARE List Group II: Journals indexed in globally recognized databases: The
UGC-CARE List includes journals from all disciplines indexed in globally accepted
databases, such as indexed in Scopus (Source list) or Web of Science (Arts and Humanities
Citation Index Source Publication, Science Citation Index Expanded Source Publication,
Social Science Citation Index Source Publication). These journals are to be considered for
all academic purposes. Journals indexed in Scopus and / or Web of Science are part of
UGC-CARE List Group II.
 OFFICE OF RESEARCH INTEGRITY,
ORI(UGC-GARP)
Ethics: Research is conducted in an ethical manner ensuring dignity, rights, safety, and privacy within the researcher
ecosystem.
Rigour: Research ensures high quality design, reliable data, the appropriate use of methods, rigorous and careful
analysis, and transparent reporting and interpretation of the results.
Relevance: In the endeavour of expanding the knowledge-base and understanding the environment and ecosystem,
research advances the short-and long-term goals of science and society.
Transparency: Honesty is promoted through transparency in developing, undertaking, reviewing, reporting, and
communicating research in a fair, comprehensive, and unbiased fashion (All European Academies, 2017).
Respect: The process of research is aligned with the norms and traditions of society and its cultural heritage, with
respect for colleagues, research participants and the environment.
Impartiality: Objectivity and lack of bias are the core principles of research.
Researchers should avoid conflicts of interest in setting research priorities, establishing research collaborations, choosing
research questions, and interpreting and assessing the implications of the research results.
Independence: Research functions must be insulated from both the appearance and the reality of undue influence of
funders or other non-researchers with a stake in the outcome of the research. To promote objectivity, researchers should
be allowed independence in the design, conduct, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of the research and research
findings.
Accountability: Research will comply with both the spirit and the letter of relevant rules and procedures such as
regulations governing professional standards. The ORI will publish and make readily accessible such rules, roles, and
procedures that will ensure that instances of alleged misconduct or malfeasance are rare. If and when they occur, they are
effectively and promptly addressed in a fair and timely fashion with sensitivity towards the rights of all concerned.
 ACADEMIC INTEGRITY OR RESEARCH
INTEGRITY
Research integrity broadly refers to the thoughtful and honest adherence to
relevant ethical, disciplinary, and financial standards in the promotion,
design, conduct, evaluation, and sharing of research.(The Continuum from Research
Integrity to Research Misconduct, Michigan State University)

According to the US National Institutes of Health, (Grants.nih.gov.,

2018), “Research integrity includes:
Use of honest and verifiable methods in proposing, performing,
and evaluating research.
Reporting research results with particular attention to adherence
to rules, regulations, and guidelines.
Following commonly accepted professional codes or norms.
 ETHICS IN RESEARCH
Honesty
Objectivity
Integrity
Carefulness
Openness
Reliability
Fairness
Respect for Intellectual Property
Use of robust research methodologies
Confidentiality
Responsible Publication
Responsible Mentoring-High standards of mentorship and supervision
Respect for colleagues
Social Responsibility-Awareness of responsibilities to society
Competence
Legality
Animal Care
Human Subjects Protection
 SOME AREAS OF RESEARCH & PUBLICATION
ETHICS
Research misconduct or Scientific misconduct ( ERRORS/ falsification, fabrication
and plagiarism) - is the violation of the standard codes of scholarly
conduct and ethical behavior in the publication of professional scientific
research ( Wikipedia)
Collaboration issues (authorship, data ownership, Ethics/consent and management)
Peer review
Conflicts of interest or obligation
Complicity and funding sources
Permission/license Policy
Image manipulation
Defamation
Animal subject research
Human subject research
Part II

PROTECTING COPYRIGHTS
 INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY (IP) ?
Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind, such as
inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and
images used in commerce. (WIPO)
1. Copyright
2. Patent
3. Trademark
4. Trade dress
5. Trade secret
6. Geographical indication
 A COPYRIGHT OWNER'S
RIGHTS
The primary goal of copyright law is to protect the
time, effort, and creativity of the work's creator. As
such, the Copyright Act gives the copyright owner
certain exclusive rights, including the right to:
Reproduce the work
Prepare "derivative works" (other works based on the original work)
Distribute copies of the work by sale, lease, or other transfer of ownership
Perform the work publicly
Display the work publicly
 RIGHT TRANSFER
⦿ The copyright owner also has the right to
authorize other people to do any of the rights
mentioned above.
⦿ The copyright owner has the option and ability
to transfer his or her exclusive rights -- or any
subdivision of those rights -- to others as well.
⦿ If an author or artist creates a work for a company or in the
course of his or her employment, the creator is usually not the
copyright owner. This situation is known as a and it gives
copyright ownership to the employer or person who
commissioned the work
 COPYRIGHT LAW OF
INDIA
Prior to 21 January 1958, The Indian Copyright Act, 1914,
was applicable in India and still applicable for works
created prior to 21 January 1958, when the new Act came
into force
(the Copyright Act of 1911 passed by the Parliament of the
United Kingdom as modified in its application to India by the
Indian Copyright Act, 1914)
The Copyright Act 1957 governs the subject of copyright
law in India. The Act is applicable from 21 January 1958.
The Copyright Act 1957 was the first post-independence
copyright legislation in India and the law has been amended
six times since 1957.
The most recent amendment was in the year 2012, through
the Copyright (Amendment) Act 2012.
 INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT ORDER,
1991 (AS AMENDED IN 1999 AND 2000)

Copyrights of works of the countries mentioned in the International

Copyright Order are protected in India, as if such works are Indian
works. The term of copyright in a work shall not exceed that which is
enjoyed by it in its country of origin.

For further information on 1957 & 1991 visit the links below:
http://www.ircc.iitb.ac.in/webnew/Indian%20Copyright%20Act%201957.html
http://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/bareacts/copyright/index.php?Title=Copyr
ight%20Act,%201957
http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=128101
DURATION OF COPYRIGHT PROTECTION
UNDER THE COPYRIGHT ACT 1957

~ Wikipedia
WORLD COPYRIGHT
TERMS

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries%27_copyright_lengths
 FAIR USE
Not every use of a copyrighted
work is considered
infringement. Fair Use is an
exception that permits limited use
of copyrighted material without
acquiring permission from the
rights holder. Typically, fair
use includes categories such as
criticism/parody, comment, news
reporting, teaching, scholarship,
and research.
 MEASURING FAIR USE:
THE FOUR FACTORS
When determining whether fair use exists, courts
look to whether the use is transformative by
examining four factors:
The purpose and character of the use, including whether
such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit
educational purposes;
The nature of the copyrighted work;
The amount and substantiality of the portion used in
relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and
The effect of the use upon the potential market for or
value of the copyrighted work
 RIGHT TO QUOTE
Right to quote or right of quotation or quotation
right is one of the copyright exceptions provided by
the Berne Convention, article 10:
"It shall be permissible to make quotations ... provided
that their making is compatible with fair practice, and
their extent does not exceed that justified by the
purpose". With different language, it was already present
in the 1908 revision of the treaty.
(The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and
Artistic Works, usually known as the Berne Convention, is an
international agreement governing copyright, which was first
accepted in Berne, Switzerland, in 1886.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berne_Convention )
~ Wikipedia
 PUBLIC DOMAIN
The public domain consists of all the
creative works to which no exclusive
intellectual property rights apply.
Those rights may have expired, been
forfeited, expressly waived, or may be
inapplicable.
For example, the works of Shakespeare
and Beethoven, and most early silent films
are in the public domain either by virtue of
their having been created before copyright
existed, or by their copyright term having
expired.
Creative Commons (CC)
is an internationally
active non-profit
organization that
provides free licenses for
creators to use when
making their work
available to the public.
These licenses help the
creator to give
permission for others to
use the work in advance
under certain conditions.
PUBLIC COPYRIGHT LICENSES
CC TERMS & LICENCES
 CREATIVE COMMONS COPYRIGHT
Attribution CC BY
LICENSES..1
This license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon
your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the
original creation
Attribution-ShareAlike CC BY-SA
This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work
even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit you and
license their new creations under the identical terms. This license
is often compared to “copyleft” free and open source software
licenses.
Attribution-NoDerivs CC BY-ND
This license allows for redistribution, commercial and
non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in
whole, with credit to you.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/
 CREATIVE COMMONS COPYRIGHT
LICENSES…2
Attribution-NonCommercial
CC BY-NC
This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and
although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t
have to license their derivative works on the same terms.

Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
CC BY-NC-SA
This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, as long
as they credit you and license their new creations under the identical terms.
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs
CC BY-NC-ND
This license is the most restrictive of our six main licenses, only allowing others to
download your works and share them with others as long as they credit you, but they can’t
change them in any way or use them commercially
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/.
 COPYRIGHTS VS
Copyright is about protecting rightsPLAGIARISM
of creator of information. It is
to protect the unauthorized or unlicensed copying of a work
subject to copyright laws of a country.
Plagiarism is using someone else's work or ideas without giving
proper credit
Plagiarism is a violation of academic norms but not punishable
offence under IPC; copyright violation is illegal, and is
punishable offence under IPC
Plagiarism is an offence against the author, while copyright
violation is an offence against the copyright holder. In traditional
academic publishing, they are usually not the same person, due to
the ubiquity of copyright transfer agreements,
Copyright is applicable to licensed contents only, while
plagiarism is applicable to both licensed and unlicensed contents
https://researchguides.uic.edu/c.php?g=252209&p=
1682805
PUBLIC DOMAIN DEDICATION TOOL
 Department of Intelligent Computer

THE PURPOSE OF RESEARCH Systems

University of Malta

• Why do we do research?
– To contribute to or extend knowledge…
• How do we do this?
– … by building on the work of others
 Department of Intelligent Computer
Systems
University of Malta
REPORTING OUR RESEARCH (1)

• We are expected to place our research in the

right context…
• … to show that we are aware of what else is
happening
• … to show that we understand where our work
fits
• So our reports must contain an analysis of
similar/relevant work
 Department of Intelligent Computer

REPORTING OUR RESEARCH (2) Systems

University of Malta

• It follows that in a report that we write about our

own work, we could be reporting on the work of
others
• We have to make clear distinctions between what is
our own original work, what is our opinion about
the work of others, the claims of others we are
reporting, and what is actually said by others
(verbatim)
• ‘Work’ can be ideas, descriptions, research, data,
opinions, pictures, figures, tables, etc.
 Department of Intelligent Computer

REPORTING OUR RESEARCH (3) Systems

University of Malta

• Not every report you write will necessarily be a

description of your own, novel, original research
• Sometimes, you will write reports summarising
existing research to solve well understood
problems with existing solutions
• It should still be possible for the reader/examiner
to tell difference between your own work, your
opinion of the work of others, and the verbatim
words of others
 RESEARCH OR SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT
“Misconduct means fabrication, falsification,
plagiarism(FFP), or any other practice that seriously
deviates from practices commonly accepted in the
discipline or in the academic and research communities
generally in proposing, performing, reviewing, or
reporting research and creative activities.”
 FABRICATION
Fabrication is the intentional act of making up data or results and
recording or reporting them.
Examples of fabrication1
In the social sciences, a researcher/interviewer completing a
questionnaire for a fictitious subject that was never interviewed.
In the biological sciences, the creation of a data set for an experiment
that was never actually conducted.
The practice of adding fictitious data to a real data set collected during
an actual experiment for the purpose of providing additional statistical
validity.
In clinical research the insertion of a clinical note into the research
record to indicate compliance with an element of the protocol.
http://orei.unimelb.edu.au/content/fabrication-falsification-plagiarism
 FALSIFICATION
Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or
omitting/suppressing data or results without scientific or statistical justification, such that the research is
not accurately represented in the research record. This would include the "misrepresentation of
uncertainty" during statistical analysis of the data.
Examples of Falsification1
Alteration of data to render a modification of the variances in the data
Falsification of dates and experimental procedures in the study notebook
Misrepresenting the results from statistical analysis
Misrepresenting the methods of an experiment such as the model used to conduct the experiment
The addition of false or misleading statements in the manuscript or published paper.
Falsification of research accomplishments by publishing the same research results in multiple papers (self
plagiarism)
Misrepresentation of the materials or methods of a research study in a published paper
Providing false statements about the extent of a research study
Falsification of telephone call attempts to collect data for a survey study

http://orei.unimelb.edu.au/content/fabrication-falsification-plagiarism
 WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?
The word plagiarize actually comes from the Latin plagiare—to kidnap
(Oxford English Dictionary).
Plagiarism is the act of stealing someone else's work and attempting to "pass it off" as your
own. This can apply to anything, from term papers to photographs to songs, even ideas!
Submit a paper / Dissertation Thesis to be graded or reviewed that you have not written
on your own.
Copy answers or text from another classmate and submit it as your own.
Quote or paraphrase from another paper without crediting the original author.
Cite data without crediting the original source.
Propose another author’s idea as if it were your own.
Fabricating references or using incorrect references.
Submitting someone else’s presentation, program, spreadsheet, or other file with only
minor alterations;
buying or selling term papers /assignments/ Dissertations / Thesis;
Source: www.plagiarism.org
http://tlt.psu.edu/plagiarism/student-tutorial/defining-plagiarism-and-academic-integrity/
 UNINTENTIONAL OR ACCIDENTAL
PLAGIARISM
Using minimal or careless paraphrasing
Failing to document or “cite” properly
Quoting excessively
Failing to use your own “voice” to present information or ideas
May not know how to integrate ideas of others and document
properly
May not know how to take notes properly, or done sloppily
unfamiliar with International styles of documentation
taking the ideas of other writers and mixing them together.
 SELF PLAGIARISM
Copying material you have previously produced and passing it
off as a new production.
Writers often maintain that because they are the authors, they
can reuse their work as they please; it couldn't be defined as
"plagiarism" since they are not taking any words or ideas from
someone else.
However, while the debate on whether self-plagiarism is
possible continues, the ethics of self-plagiarism is significant,
especially because self-plagiarism can infringe upon a
publisher’s copyright.
 UGC CLARIFICATIONS ON SELF
PLAGIARISM
Reproduction, in part or whole, of one's own previously published
work without adequate citation and proper acknowledgment and
claiming the most recent work as new and original for any
academic advantage amounts to 'text-recycling' (also known as
'self-plagiarism') and is not acceptable.
Text-recycling/self-plagiarism includes:
republishing the same paper already published elsewhere without due and full
citation;
publishing smaller/excerpted work from a longer and previous without due and
full citations in order to show a larger number of publications;
reusing data already used in a published work, or communicated for publication,
in another work without due and full citation;
breaking up a longer/larger study into smaller sections and publishing them as
altogether new work without due and full citation;
paraphrasing one's own previously published work without due and full citation
of the original.
 MINOR PLAGIARISM
Minor plagiarism defined as a small amount of paraphrasing,
quotation or use of diagrams, charts etc. without adequate
citation.
lack of knowledge of the principles of academic integrity
poor scholarship (i.e. when a student, through inexperience or
carelessness, fails to reference appropriately or adequately
identify the source of the material which they use).
inaccurate representation of findings without deliberate
distortion
lack of diligence in declaring relevant conflicts of interest

https://www.eui.eu/Documents/ServicesAdmin/DeanOfStudies/CodeofEthicsinAcademicResearch.pdf
 MAJOR PLAGIARISM
1. Major plagiarism defined as:
extensive paraphrasing or quoting without proper citation of the source;
lifting directly from a text or other academic source without reference;
the use of papers (or parts thereof) from essay banks, either downloaded from the internet or obtained
from other sources;
presenting another’s designs or concepts as one’s own;
continued instances of what was initially regarded as minor plagiarism despite warnings having been
given.

2. Other examples of major violations are:

the willful destruction of data (except where required by the legitimate data provider or where norms
of privacy might otherwise be endangered)
fabrication or falsification of data
falsification of ownership
defamation
systematic abuse of the terms and conditions of licensed research resources
other systematic violation of the intellectual property rights of third parties
https://www.eui.eu/Documents/ServicesAdmin/DeanOfStudies/CodeofEthicsinAcademicResearch.pdf
 SOME MORE UNETHICAL RESEARCH PUBLICATION ISSUES
Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the
colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are
reviewing for a journal
Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of
your research
Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press
conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
Piracy: The deliberate exploitation of ideas from others without proper
acknowledgement
Abuse of Intellectual Property Rights: Failure to observe legal norms regarding
copyright and the moral rights of authors.
Abuse of Research Resources: Failure to observe the terms and conditions of
institutionally licensed research resources.
 DUPLICATE ( REDUNDANT ) PUBLISHING
Publishing Same Paper or substantially similar paper with or
without citation, with or without obtaining permission of copyright
holder
There may be superfluous difference. Suing same data sets
Guidelines to republish a published paper
Obtain the permission of copyright holder
Inform the Editor of the previous Journal and approval of the proposed
journal
Declare information about previously published journal and give citation
 SIMULTANEOUS PUBLISHING
Submitting same paper simultaneously in two or more journals
It is also called duplicate submission or multiple submissions
In case of delay in publication , first withdraw it than resubmit to other
journal with consent of coauthors
Only resubmit after obtaining permission from the editor of previously
submitted paper
Submission of related papers
Disclose the details two both journals
Inform Editors of both journals
Attach copies to all
SALAMI SLICING OR SALAMI PUBLICATION
Slicing of research contents from a meaningful paper to different
papers
A single research is divided in “slices”
To increase publication count
To get more recognition
To get promotion
To get several funding
Breaking up study in parts to show separate studies
Publishing in two or more languages with due permissions may be
permissible
If necessary, editor should be informed and copies of other
published papers from same study should be attached
 GHOST WRITINGS
Publish a notice that a manuscript has been ghost
written, along with the names of the responsible
companies and the submitting author;
Alert the authors' academic institutions, identifying
the commercial companies;
Provide specific names if contacted by the popular
media or government organizations;

http://www.wame.org/policies
 Is Plagiarism only An Ethical Issue?

CONSEQUENCES
No it is not. It is more than that. What if plagiarism is detected ?
 PENALTIES
If student found guilty of academic misconduct, an Official Warning will be given that
an offence is now noted in the record and that a subsequent offence will attract a more
severe penalty. In addition, one or more of the following penalties may be assessed:
A requirement for submission of a new or alternative piece of work.
The rescinding of University-funded scholarships or bursaries.
Partial or total loss of marks on the examination or assignment or course in which
the offence occurred.
Suspension or expulsion from the University
A recommendation for revocation/rescinding of a degree.
If a Researcher / Academician is found guilty; they may face following penalties
Disgrace to both Individual and institution
May face disciplinary action as per institute rules
it can cost a person his or her professional credibility or even a job
Debarment from eligibility to receive research funds for grants and contracts from
any government agency in India,

Source: http://www.academicintegrity.uoguelph.ca/
UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION (PROMOTION OF
ACADEMIC INTEGRITY AND PREVENTION OF
PLAGIARISM IN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS) REGULATIONS, 2018
Penalties
Similarities upto 10% - excluded
Level 1: Similarities above 10% to 40%
Level 2: Similarities above 40% to 60%
Level 3: Similarities above 60%
SHOW THEM EXAMPLES
she had "systematically
and deliberately"
presented intellectual
efforts that she herself
had not generated. A
failure to properly cite
sources was also one of
the findings of the
council's probe into the
plagiarism allegations
 •Yasar Albushra Abdul Rahiem Ahmed a medical doctor at the
National Guard Hospital at the King Abdul Aziz Medical City,
in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and and his several co-authors appear
to have copied at least nine scholarly articles, changed the
titles, and successfully submitted them to several different
journals Three plagiarized articles were published in the
Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research, and
. these articles have been retracted. Two other articles published
in the Education in Medicine Journal have also been retracted.

• two original articles simultaneously published in two different

journals.“High-Dose Methotrexate Toxicities Prevention and
Management” is published in two OMICS’ journals:
Chemotherapy and Journal of Cancer Science and Therapy. In
the latter journal, the article’s title is cleverly changed to
“Prevention and Management of High Dose Methotrexate
Toxicity
 THE RETRACTIONS FOR “BIDIRECTIONAL DEVELOPMENTAL
POTENTIAL IN REPROGRAMMED CELLS WITH ACQUIRED
PLURIPOTENCY” AND “STIMULUS-TRIGGERED FATE CONVERSION OF
SOMATIC CELLS INTO PLURIPOTENCY”
WHAT PUBLISHERS DO
 WHAT IF PLAGIARISM IS DETECTED?
PUBLISHER’S POLICY

COPE
The Committee on Publication Ethics
(COPE) was established in 1997 by a
small group of medical journal editors in
the UK but now has over 9000 members
worldwide from all academic fields.
Several major publishers (including
Elsevier, Wiley–Blackwell, Springer,
Taylor & Francis, Palgrave Macmillan
and Wolters Kluwer) have signed up
some, if not all, of their journals as COPE
members.
Flowcharts of detection on plagiarism
http://publicationethics.org/
 COPE GUIDELINES ON PLAGIARISM
• Minor plagiarism Cases
• Submitted: ask the authors to rewrite
• Published: correction

• Major plagiarism Cases

• Submitted: reject
• Published: retract
• Inform authors’ institution?
 ‘ACTIONS’ ON DETECTED PLAGIARISM
Depends on Publisher/Journal/Editorial Board
Eg: Elsevier
Publication of a notice, corrigendum or erratum.
Formal retraction for most matters (the publication of a corrective notice with a direct
link to the original article).
Formal removal (in very rare cases) (keeping in mind the importance of maintaining
the scientific record, removal should only be for issues such as invasion of privacy).
Publication of an editorial discussing the matter.
Decision by the editorial board on future submissions by the author or author
group.

http://www.elsevier.com/editors/perk/questions-and-answers#Onplagiarism
 DECISION BY THE EDITORIAL
BOARD
Depends on journals policyON FUTURE SUBMISSIONS
and editors/reviewers
Ex: Springer (Journal of Thermal Spray Technology)
Plagiarism Measures

Minor A warning is given to the authors and a request to change the

A short section of another article is plagiarized text and properly cite the original article is made
without any significant data or idea taken from the other paper

Intermediate The submitted article is rejected and the authors are forbidden
A significant portion of a paper is plagiarized without proper to submit further articles for one year
citation to the original paper

Severe The paper is rejected and the authors are forbidden to submit
A significant portion of a paper is plagiarized that involves further articles for five years.
reproducing original results or ideas presented in another
publication
 PRACTICES FOR ARTICLE RETRACTION

Elsevier
A retraction note titled “Retraction: [article title]” signed by the authors and/or the editor is
published in the paginated part of a subsequent issue of the journal and listed in the contents
list.
In the electronic version, a link is made to the original article.
The online article is preceded by a screen containing the retraction note. It is to this screen that
the link resolves; the reader can then proceed to the article itself.
The original article is retained unchanged save for a watermark on the .pdf indicating on each
page that it is “retracted.”
The HTML version of the document is removed.

http://www.elsevier.com/about/publishing-guidelines/policies/article-withdrawal
 ON RETRACTION CASES

The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) based its article on a

report that it commissioned from Thomson Reuters,
which showed “a steep rise” in retraction notices,
from 22 in 2001 to 339 in 2010.

http://exchanges.wiley.com/blog/2011/11/03/retractions-are-increasing-but-are-they-really
-skyrocketing/
RETRACTION RATE
Plagiarism detection
 ANTI-PLAGIARISM TOOLS TO DETECT THE
PLAGIARISM..2
Originality check
WriteCheck, Turnitin, Ithenticate etc
Plagium , Dupli Checker , Plagiarism Checker ,
Plagiarismdetect , Plagiarisma.net , Eve Plagiarism
Detection System,
Writing and grammar check
WriterCheck, Grammarly,
Citation tools:
EasyBib
 TURNITIN & URKUND
Turnitin and iThenticate
web-based service to manage the process of submitting and tracking papers electronically, providing
better and faster feedback to students.
Text matching

Urkund
Students send their documents via e-mail, web upload or LMS to their teachers/professors. With the
e-mail option, no software needs to be installed.
URKUND - When the documents arrive at URKUND, they are analysed against the content of three
source areas: the Internet, Published Material and Student Material. When the analyses are finished, the
documents and generated reports are forwarded to the teachers.
THE TEACHERS - The result of the analyses and the student documents are forwarded to the teacher's
e-mail address of choice, straight into an LMS or the URKUND web based inbox. URKUND provides
easy, straight-forward plagiarism prevention with minimum workload.
 TURNITIN
Turnitin/Ithenticate uses three databases for content matching:
45+ billion web pages crawled
337+ million archived student papers
130+ million articles from 110,000+ journals periodicals & books

Languages Supported -English, Arabic, Chinese (Traditional and

Simplified), Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Japanese,
Korean, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Spanish,
Swedish, Turkish and Vietnamese.

Source: www.turnitin.com
 ADVANTAGES
• Prevents Plagiarism
• Engages reserachers to make concerted efforts to improve the research writings.
• can get instant feed back.
• Peer review (Reviewers can let anonymously critique and evaluate each other’s papers).
• Identifies the different words which have been added, deleted, or substituted.
• Does citation verification.
• Instructors as well as students can upload papers

Limitations
• Cannot identify plagiarism from a non online source .
• Has problems with mathematical formulas(latex files).
• Distorts the format of the original documents: tables, graphs, and images don’t appear.
• Does not differentiate between quoted materials and original writing at times.
EXCLUDING BIBLIOGRAPHIES, QUOTATIONS ETC.
FROM O.R.
Open the Originality Report for a submission (under the "Similarity" header, click on the
percentage or the color coded box). The Originality Report will open in a new window.
Click on the "Filters and settings" icon (the icon looks like a small funnel). This is the
second icon located toward the bottom right of the Originality Report.
Click on apply changes.

⚫ After applying the new filters, the similarity index (percentage)

may change.
Any material that is excluded this way from a student account will
NOT be saved. The similarity index of the report will return to its
original percentage after the student closes the report. Only
changes made by the Instructor get saved .
 UNDERSTANDING ORIGINALITY REPORT
Originality Reports provide a summary of the matching text
found in a submitted paper. The percentage indicates the
overall similarity index of the paper, based on how much
matching text was found. The highlighted text in document is
color coded and numbered to match the sources on the right.
Turnitin /ithenticate does not have a guide to what is a good or
bad percentage. It all depends on the document type and what
threshold the concerned agency has set. Research papers tend
to have a higher percentage since there is more content from
other sources.
OR can be downloaded and printed as PDF
UNDERSTANDING ORIGINALITY REPORT
 ORIGINALITY % LIMIT

⚫ 0 % is the limit
⚫ Any similarities can be Plagiarism
⚫ All similarities may not be plagiarism
⚫ Researcher and guide / supervisor are the best persons to decide
on this issue
⚫ Limit fixed by some Universities for Ph. D / Mphil Thesis and
Dissertation
⚫ UGC Plagiarism Regulations 2018 are binding on all and should
not have more than 10 % similarities
Reference Management Annotated Bibliographic
work

HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM?

 MUST DO THINGS BEFORE
START OF RESEARCH WORK
The best method for avoiding it is to simply be honest;
Understand what plagiarism is? How to detect and
avoid it
Read very carefully guidelines for writing thesis /
dissertations / research papers
Guidelines for research and results reporting
Attend research methodology workshop, English remedial
course, training in reference management tools, Library
orientation programme etc. author workshops and course
on technical writing skills etc
How to read, understand, analysis and take notes from a a
article
ieeecss.org/CSM/library/1999/feb1999/03-studentguidetore
search.pdf (Dennis S Bernstein's 51 tips-Students Guide to
research)
Get account to check plagiarism, use of reference
management tools, research forums, online discussion
groups,
How to do research?
ORCI
D
FORUMS TO SHARE RESEARCH
 INTEGRATING SOURCES
In order to use a source effectively in your
paper, you must integrate it into your
argument in a way that makes it clear to
your reader not only which ideas come
from that source, but also what the source is
adding to your own thinking- what the
source is doing in your paper.

http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup108986
 A SOURCE’S ROLE IN YOUR POLICY
PAPER
When you begin to draft your paper, you will need to decide what
role each of your sources will play in your argument. In other
words, you will need to figure out what you’re going to do with the
source in your paper.
Does your assignment include instructions on source use?
Does the source provide context or background information about
your topic?
Has the source shaped your argument by raising a question,
suggesting a line of thinking, or providing a provocative quotation?
Does the source serve as an authoritative voice in support of your
claim?
Does the source provide evidence for your claim?
Does the source make a counter argument that you will disagree
with or take a position that complicates your own position?
http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup108986
 CHOOSING RELEVANT PARTS OF A
SOURCE

When you use sources in a paper, remember that the main focus of your paper
should always be on what you are saying, rather than on what any individual
source is saying.

In order to make the strongest argument you can, you should always be trying to
strike a balance between your sources and your own voice.

When you consult multiple sources for a research paper, you might find
yourself trying to strike an even more delicate balance between the voices of
those sources and your own voice.

http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup108986
 WRITING THE PAPER
The following tips on the writing process also will help you
avoid plagiarism. Read your notes carefully and make sure
you understand the material before you begin to write.
Write a preliminary draft without looking at your notes. Leave
spaces where you think you'll want to include quotes or
supporting material.
Use your own words as much as possible. No one expects you to
write like an expert or a professional writer. You should,
however, write like a serious, intelligent student/researcher.
Cite all sources as you write your rough draft.
Read through your final draft and make sure all uncited ideas are
your own.
 SUMMARIZING, PARAPHRASING, AND
QUOTING
Depending on the conventions of your discipline,
you may have to decide whether to…

Scholars in the humanities tend to summarize,

paraphrase, and quote texts; social scientists and
natural scientists rely primarily on summary and
paraphrase.
http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup108986
 WHEN AND HOW TO SUMMARIZE

When you summarize, you provide your readers

with a condensed version of an author’s key
points. A summary can be as short as a few
sentences or much longer, depending on the
complexity of the text and the level of detail you
wish to provide to your readers.
http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup108986
 PARAPHRASING
Good paraphrases…

Know how to Paraphrase-A paraphrase is a restatement in your own words of someone else’s ideas.
Changing a few words of the original sentences does NOT make your writing a legitimate paraphrase. You
must change both the words and the sentence structure of the original, without changing the content. Also,
you should keep in mind that paraphrased passages still require citation because the ideas came from another
source, even though you are putting them in your own words

1) change the order & structure of sentences

2) use synonyms/different forms of words
3) may change the voice or perspective

Source: http://www.academicintegrity.uoguelph.ca/
 USING QUOTATIONS
What is quoting
When to quote
How much to quote
How do I incorporate quotations in my paper
Quoting Within Quotes
How do I include long quotes in my paper?
Single vs double quotations
Punctuating quotations
 WHEN TO QUOTE

The basic rule of thumb in all disciplines is that you should only quote directly
from a text when it’s important for your reader to see the actual language used
by the author of the source.
When you plan to discuss the actual language of a text.
When you are discussing an author’s position or theory and you plan to discuss
the wording of a core assertion or kernel of the argument in your paper.
When you risk losing the essence of the author’s ideas in the translation from
her words to your own.
When you want to appeal to the authority of the author and using his or her
words will emphasize that authority.

http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup108986
 USING QUOTE- HOW MUCH

You may use 3-4 words without citing a source. if you use five
or more words from a sentence, you should cite it.

A quote is a word, sentence, or sentences that a writer copies

exactly from a source.

A quote is enclosed in quotation marks (for quotes up to 39

words).

For quotes of 40 or more words, it stands alone without

quotation marks and is indented five (5) spaces from the left
margin.
 RIGHT TO QUOTE
Right to quote or right of quotation or quotation right is
one of the copyright exceptions provided by the Berne
Convention, article 10:
"It shall be permissible to make quotations ... provided that their
making is compatible with fair practice, and their extent does not
exceed that justified by the purpose". With different language, it
was already present in the 1908 revision of the treaty.
(The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works,
usually known as the Berne Convention, is an international agreement
governing copyright, which was first accepted in Berne, Switzerland, in
1886. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berne_Convention )
~ Wikipedia
SINGLE VS DOUBLE QUOTATION MARKS

You should use double quotation marks when you

quote material from a source. If you are also
quoting passages from that source that were
quoted in the original source, use single quotation
marks to indicate that the original source
contained the quotation.

http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup108986
 PUNCTUATING QUOTATIONS

In the system of punctuation used in the United

States, periods and commas go inside quotation
marks except when you use in-text citations. In
those cases, periods and commas go outside the
quotation marks.

http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup108986
WHAT IS “COMMON KNOWLEDGE”?
A well-known fact.
Information that is likely to appear in numerous sources and to be
familiar to large numbers of people.
This is the only time you do not need to cite information, provided
that you do not copy that information word-for-word from a
source.
If you are not sure if the information you want to use meets these
definitions, cite it.
If at least 10 peer-review papers in your discipline don’t give a
citation for the information, then you don’t need to
 EXAMPLES OF STATEMENTS THAT
ARE COMMON KNOWLEDGE
Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated on April
4, 1968.
East Carolina University is located in Greenville,
NC and is part of the UNC system.
Smoking can cause respiratory diseases such as
emphysema and cancer.
 Department of Intelligent Computer

PLAGIARISM AND GROUP WORK Systems

University of Malta

• Some assignments and Assigned Practical

Tasks require you to work in groups
• Sometimes you will submit a single piece of
work as a joint report
• Other times you will work together, but
submit separate reports
• Remember to give credit where it is due
 RESEARCH PAPERS AND THESIS AND
DISSERTATIONS
You may include research papers where you are
the first author written during the period of your
research
Contributions As a second author- may be used as
other references
 WHAT IS REFERENCING ?
What is citation
How do I cite sources
Doesn't citing sources make my work seem less original
When do I need to cite
What's a Bibliography?
what's an Annotated Bibliography?
What is difference between References and Bibliography?
What are Endnotes
What are Footnotes?
What's the difference between Footnotes and Endnotes
If I cite sources in the Footnotes (or Endnotes), how's that different
from a Bibliography
 WHAT DOES “CITATION” MEAN?
Citation, in this context, simply means clearly giving credit
where credit is due.
Proper citation involves clearly indicating
the author, title, and publication information for the print, online,
broadcast, and interview-based texts that you use (Include a
Bibliography, Works Cited, or References section)
which words and ideas come from which sources (Include in-text
citations or footnote/endnote notations)
when you are moving from your own words and ideas to the words
and/or ideas of another (Include source writer’s name and signal phrase)
 CITATION STYLES
Humanities
Chicago
Social Sciences
Writer's Handbook: Chicago Style Documentation AAA (American Anthropological Association)
Excellent FAQ on Usage in the Chicago Style Citations and Bibliographic Style for Anthropology Papers
Writer's Handbook: Chicago Style Documentation APA (American Psychological Association)
MLA (Modern Language Association) Writer's Handbook: APA Style Documentation
APA Style.org
Writer's Handbook: MLA Style Documentation
APSA (American Political Science Association)
MLA Citation Style
Writer's Handbook: APSA Documentation
Sciences Legal Style
ACS (American Chemical Society) Legal Citation: Using and Understanding Legal Abbreviations
AMA Citation Style Legal Research and Citation Style in the USA
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)Other
General info on citing web documents
Electrical Engineering Citation Style
Recommended Multi-Style Links
NLM (National Library of Medicine)
Recommended Multi-Style Links
NLM Style Guide
National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic
Citation (PDF format)
Vancouver (Biological Sciences)
Introduction to the Vancouver Style
 MLA CITATIONS
Book
Zimbardo, Philip G. Shyness: What It Is, What To Do About It. Cambridge,
Mass.: Perseus Books, 1977. Print.

Essay/Chapter in a Book
Swanson, Gunnar. "Graphic Design Education as a Liberal Art: Design and
Knowledge in the University and The 'Real World.'" The Education of a
Graphic Designer. Ed. Steven Heller. New York: Allworth Press, 1998.
13-24. Print.

** Many of these examples came from the OWL at Purdue **

 MLA CITATIONS
Article
Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the
Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in
Women's Literature 15.1 (1996): 41-50. Print.

Article from a Database

Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century
England.” Historical Journal 50.1 (2007): 173-96. ProQuest. Web.
27 May 2009.

** Many of these examples came from the OWL at Purdue **

 MLA CITATIONS
Entire Website
The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. The Writing Lab and OWL at
Purdue and Purdue U, 2008. Web. 6 September 2012.

Page on a Website
"How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow.com. eHow, n.d. Web. 24
Feb. 2012.

** Many of these examples came from the OWL at Purdue **

 APA CITATIONS
Book
Zimbardo, P.G. (1977). Shyness: What it is, what to do about it.
Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books.

Essay/Chapter in a Book
O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role
journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B.
R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123).
New York: Springer.

** Many of these examples came from the OWL at Purdue **

 APA CITATIONS
Article
Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion,
15(30), 5-13.

Article from a Database

APA does not require that a citation for an article in a database
document that fact. You can cite an article you find in a database
the same way you’d cite a regular print article, as in the example
above.

** Many of these examples came from the OWL at Purdue **

 APA CITATIONS
Website

Lowe, M. (2012). Megan Lowe @ ULM. January 29, 2012,

from http://www.ulm./edu/~lowe.

Item Without Author

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).(1993).
Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

** Many of these examples came from the OWL at Purdue **

 TOOLS FOR IN REFERENCE MANAGEMENT AND ACADEMIC
WRITING SKILLS
Citation Machine This site helps researchers and professionals properly site sources used. Users
can select from APA, MLA, Chicago, and Turabian citation styles.
CrossRef A collaborative, membership-based association of scholarly publishers, CrossRef calls
itself “the citation linking backbone for all scholarly information in electronic form” and serves as
a platform for the scholarly community to have easier access to research content.
EasyBib On EasyBib, users can find easy-to-use citation, note taking, and research tools as well as
resources on MLA, APA, and Chicago citation styles. The platform also provides tools and
information to help educators teach their students how to be effective researchers.
EndNote This reference manager allows users to search databases, collect PDFs, organize sources,
build and format bibliographies, and share research. The platform is offered in three versions:
EndNote X7 (desktop and online), EndNote for iPad, and EndNote basic (free, online-only).
Mendeley Mendeley is a free reference manager that allows students and researchers to cite as
they write, as well as read and annotate PDFs on any device.
OWL – Research and Citation Resources Purdue OWL offers guides and information on research
and proper citation. Find information on APA, MLA, and Chicago styles.
Zotero An online, free, and easy-to-use tool to help users collect, organize, cite, and share research
sources. Zotero can interact with all types of online resources and allows users to automatically
extract and save bibliographic references.
 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF MENDELEY
Mendeley is a free reference manager
a combination of a desktop application and a website [easy Sync]
to manage, share and discover both content and contacts in research
download Mendeley for free
quick & simple installation
add all your PDFs (Articles, Book Chapters, etc.)
organize, cite and collaborate…
works on Windows, Mac & Linux
free and fully compatible with Windows Word 2003 – 2010, Mac Word 2008 –
2011, LibreOffice and BibTex
 December 7, 2022 111

HOW IT WORKS?

Mendeley Desktop
On your PC

Mendeley Web
www.mendeley.com
 CREATE RESEARCH DIARY OR RESEARCH
NOTES
a balance between the ideas you have taken from other sources and your own, original
ideas.
Take notes of referred sources- marking page numbers, record bibliographic information
or web addresses for every source.
Note-taking
First note source’s bibliographic information.
Paraphrase or summarize as you go
Put a “P” or an “S” next to paraphrases & summaries
Use a “Q” to mark the beginning and end of passages copied directly from the text..
Use different coloured ink for copied ideas
Whether you paraphrase or copy direct quotations, always keep the citation/page information with the text, so
that if you decide to rearrange your notes you have a record of what came from where.
Remember to write down not just the useful information you discover but where you have
found it too.
It’s very difficult to backtrack later if you can’t remember which book or website the
information comes from
 December 7, 2022 113
THE LIBRARY VIEW
 December 7, 2022 114
MENDELEY DESKTOP
THE PDF VIEWER VIEW
Note:
Click on the Note button in the toolbar to attach notes anywhere on your document.
Highlight:
Click on the Highlight button in the toolbar to highlight.
Sync:
Annotating collaboratively? sync your data to keep up with your collaborators.
Global notes:
The global notes pane is searchable from anywhere in Mendeley Desktop.
Keyword search:
Search your document for keywords to help you find specific words or phrases fast.
 December 7, 2022 115
THE PDF VIEWERVIEW
 ZOTERO
❑ Free (open source), easy-to-use bibliographic reference
manager
❑ Helps researchers collect, organize, cite, and share your
research sources
❑ Can be downloaded from address below
❑ Uses various web browsers but is written for Mozilla
Firefox.
❑ Also able to download from the link
❑ www.zotero.org/
 WHAT IS PREDATORY JOURNAL?

“A predatory journal is a publication that actively asks

researchers for manuscripts. They have no peer review
system and no true editorial board and are often found
to publish mediocre or even worthless papers. They
also ask for huge publication charges.”~ The Hindu (28th
November, 2017 )
It refers to Open Access publishing model Journals in
which article processing charges are being paid by the
author. However, these journals are lacking on quality
and legitimacy parameters
 HOW COMMON ARE PREDATORY
JOURNALS?
As of 2015, there were an estimated
996 predatory publishers (including Hundreds of thousands of researchers
worldwide have published in so-called
447 publishers of standalone predatory journals in recent years.
journals) that published over 11,800 Among them are researchers from
renowned research institutes and
journals. universities, employees of federal
authorities – even a Nobel laureate
Of those, roughly 8,000 journal titles
were active and published a total of
approximately 420,000 articles. ~ http://mdanderson.libanswers.com/faq/206446
 COUNTRIES WITH THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF
PUBLICATIONS IN PREDATORY/FAKE JOURNALS(PFJS)

~ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2018.10.008
PREDATORY PUBLISHERS AND JOURNALS
Predatory publishers (journals) are those that exploit
the gold open-access model for their own profit
They take advantage of, exploit, and pander to
scholarly authors
They pretend to be legitimate, copying established and
respected journals' websites and practices
Many do a poor or fake peer review
 HOW ARE PREDATORY JOURNALS
DIFFERENT THAN OPEN ACCESS
JOURNALS?
Open Access journals may solicit authors to publish
for a fee, but maintain high standards for peer review
and editing. The goal of Open Access publishing is to
disseminate research to a larger audience by removing
pay walls. Open Access journals can have Impact
Factors and can create a citation advantage for
authors.

~ http://mdanderson.libanswers.com/faq/206446
HOW DO I CHECK TO SEE IF MY JOURNAL
IS REPUTABLE?
Is the journal open access? If so, it is listed in the
Directory of Open Access Journals?
Is the journal indexed in Medline?
Has the journal been identified by others as predatory?
Is it listed on the Cabell’s blacklist?
Does the journal have an Impact Factor or do they list
one on their website?
Finally, ask a librarian!

~ http://mdanderson.libanswers.com/faq/206446
 WHY RESEARCHERS PUBLISH IN
PREDATORY JOURNALS?
The academic "publish or perish" scenario.
In research environments, there is usually more value for quantity
over quality.
Hiring and promotion of academics is based largely on their
number of publications.
Predatory journals has helped many pseudo-researchers to prosper.
 HOW TO IDENTIFY PREDATORY/FAKE
JOURNALS?
No single individual is identified as specific journal’s editor
No formal editorial/review board or the same editorial board for more than one
journal
The editor and/or review board members do not have academic expertise in the
journal’s field
Provides insufficient information or hides information about author fees
No proper indexing
The name of a journal is unrelated with the journal’s mission
The name of a journal does not adequately reflect its origin
Use boastful language claiming to be a ‘leading publisher’ even though the
publisher may only be a start-up or a novice organization

~ https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/what-is-a-predatory-journal/article21039351.ece
 HOW TO IDENTIFY PREDATORY/FAKE
JOURNALS?
The publisher has poorly maintained websites, including dead links
Prominent misspellings and grammatical errors on the website
The publisher makes unauthorized use of licensed images on their website
Re-publish papers already published in other venues/outlets without providing
appropriate credits
Provide minimal or no copyediting or proofreading of submissions
Publish papers that are not academic at all
Have a ‘contact us’ page that only includes a web form or an email address, and the
publisher hides or does not reveal its location
The publisher publishes journals that are excessively broad or combine two or more
fields not normally treated together
~ https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/what-is-a-predatory-journal/article21039351.ece
IMPORTANT TOOLS TO FIND OUT THE PREDATORY
JOURNALS

Beall's List of Predatory Journals

and Publishers
https://beallslist.weebly.com/

Think. Check. Submit.

https://thinkchecksubmit.org/

Predatoryjournals.com
https://predatoryjournals.com
Cabells Black List
https://www2.cabells.com/
 CONCLUSION
Plagiarism is a form of theft so it needs serious attention as well action.
It also affect copyright issues
plagiarism must be prevented at all levels of academic work from student
papers to academic books
India does not have a statutory body to deal with scientific misconduct in
academia like the Office of Research Integrity in the US.
China has also strengthened its regulatory system to counter the rampant
problems of plagiarism and is ready with a new law to clamp down on
academic cheating at its universities
It can be reduced by proper awareness, counselling, following strict
research and ethical guidelines, open and transparent policy, by putting
contents online etc.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND
DECLARATION BY PRESENTER
I would like express my sincere thanks to Authors of
various Internet sources used to prepare this presentation.
Wherever possible the links have been provided. However
any omission is duly regretted.
The presentation is mainly prepared to create an awareness
amongst students and researchers about the RPE &
Plagiarism
These slides have been/being used in my various talks and
presentations both online and offline
For Any further
information / question
Please feel free
To write to me
rcgaur66@gmail.com
gaur@ignca.nic.in