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Chapter Three Oscillators

This document discusses different types of oscillators. It begins by defining an oscillator as an electronic circuit that generates an output signal without needing an input signal. It produces a periodic waveform using only a DC supply voltage. Oscillators can output sinusoidal or non-sinusoidal waves. Feedback oscillators return a fraction of the output signal to the input with no phase shift, reinforcing the output. For oscillation, the phase shift around the feedback loop must be 0 degrees and the voltage gain must equal 1. The document then discusses phase-shift oscillators and Wien-bridge oscillators in more detail.

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56 views9 pages

Chapter Three Oscillators

This document discusses different types of oscillators. It begins by defining an oscillator as an electronic circuit that generates an output signal without needing an input signal. It produces a periodic waveform using only a DC supply voltage. Oscillators can output sinusoidal or non-sinusoidal waves. Feedback oscillators return a fraction of the output signal to the input with no phase shift, reinforcing the output. For oscillation, the phase shift around the feedback loop must be 0 degrees and the voltage gain must equal 1. The document then discusses phase-shift oscillators and Wien-bridge oscillators in more detail.

Uploaded by

حيدر سالم
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department of Control & Computer Engineering 3’rd Year

Chapter Three
Oscillators

3.1 Concepts of Oscillators


Oscillators are electronic circuits that generate an output signal without the
necessity of an input signal. They are used as signal sources in all sorts of
applications.
An oscillator is a circuit that produces a periodic waveform on its output with
only the dc supply voltage as an input. A repetitive input signal is not
required except to synchronize oscillations in some applications. The output
voltage can be either sinusoidal or non-sinusoidal, depending on the type of
oscillator.

Figure 3–1: The basic oscillator concept showing three common types of output
waveforms: sine wave, square wave, and sawtooth.
Sinusoidal oscillator operation is based on the principle of positive feedback,
where a portion of the output signal is fed back to the input in a way that
causes it to reinforce itself and thus sustain a continuous output signal.
Oscillators are widely used in most communications systems as well as in
digital systems, including computers, to generate required frequencies and
timing signals.
50
Analogue Electronics Dr. Loai Ali Talib
Department of Control & Computer Engineering 3’rd Year

3.2 Feedback Oscillators


One type of oscillator is the feedback oscillator, which returns a fraction of
the output signal to the input with no net phase shift, resulting in a
reinforcement of the output signal. After oscillations are started, the loop gain
is maintained at 1.0 to maintain oscillations. A feedback oscillator consists of
an amplifier for gain (either a discrete transistor or an op-amp) and a positive
feedback circuit that produces phase shift and provides attenuation, as shown
in Figure 3–2.

Figure 3–2: Basic elements of a feedback oscillator.

51
Analogue Electronics Dr. Loai Ali Talib
Department of Control & Computer Engineering 3’rd Year

3.3 Conditions for oscillation


Two conditions, illustrated in Figure 3–3, are required for a sustained state of
oscillation:
1. The phase shift around the feedback loop must be effectively 0o.
2. The voltage gain, Acl, around the closed feedback loop (loop gain) must
equal 1 (unity).

Figure 3–3: General conditions to sustain oscillation.

The voltage gain around the closed feedback loop, is the product of the
amplifier gain Av, and the attenuation, B, of the feedback circuit.
Acl = Av B

52
Analogue Electronics Dr. Loai Ali Talib
Department of Control & Computer Engineering 3’rd Year

3.4 Startup-Up Conditions


Now let’s examine the requirements for the oscillation to start when the dc
supply voltage is first turned on. As you know, the unity-gain condition must
be met for oscillation to be sustained. For oscillation to begin, the voltage
gain around the positive feedback loop must be greater than 1 so that the
amplitude of the output can build up to a desired level.
The gain must then decrease to 1 so that the output stays at the desired level
and oscillation is sustained. The voltage gain conditions for both starting and
sustaining oscillation are illustrated in Figure 3–4.
A question that normally arises is this: If the oscillator is initially off and
there is no output voltage, how does a feedback signal originate to start the
positive feedback buildup process? Initially, a small positive feedback
voltage develops from thermally produced broad-band noise in the resistors
or other components or from power supply turn-on transients.

Figure 3–4: When oscillation starts at t0, the condition Acl > 1 causes the sinusoidal
output voltage amplitude to build up to a desired level. Then Acl decreases to 1 and
maintains the desired amplitude.

The feedback circuit permits only a voltage with a frequency equal to the
selected oscillation frequency to appear in phase on the amplifier’s input.
This initial feedback voltage is amplified and continually reinforced,
resulting in a buildup of the output voltage as previously discussed.

53
Analogue Electronics Dr. Loai Ali Talib
Department of Control & Computer Engineering 3’rd Year

3.5 The Phase-Shift Oscillator


Figure 3–5 shows a sinusoidal feedback oscillator called the phase-shift
oscillator. Each of the three RC circuits in the feedback loop can provide a
maximum phase shift approaching 90°. Oscillation occurs at the frequency
where the total phase shift through the three RC circuits is 180°. The
inversion of the op-amp itself provides the additional 180° to meet the
requirement for oscillation of a 360° (or 0°) phase shift around the feedback
loop.

Figure 3–5: Phase shift oscillator.

The attenuation, B, of the three-section RC feedback circuit is:


1
𝐵=
29
where B =R3/Rf.
To meet the greater-than-unity loop gain requirement, the closed-loop voltage
gain of the op-amp must be greater than 29 (set by Rf and R3).
The frequency of oscillation is stated in the following equation,
where R1 = R2 = R3 = R and C1 = C2 = C3 = C.
1
𝑓𝑟 =
2𝜋√6𝑅𝐶
54
Analogue Electronics Dr. Loai Ali Talib
Department of Control & Computer Engineering 3’rd Year

Example (3.1):
(a) Determine the value of Rf necessary for the circuit in figure below to
operate as an oscillator.
(b) Determine the frequency of oscillation.

Solution:

55
Analogue Electronics Dr. Loai Ali Talib
Department of Control & Computer Engineering 3’rd Year

3.6 The Wien-Bridge Oscillator

One type of sinusoidal feedback oscillator is the Wien-bridge oscillator. A


fundamental part of the Wien-bridge oscillator is a lead-lag circuit like that
shown in Figure 3–6.
R1 and C1 together form the lag portion of the circuit; R2 and C2 form the
lead portion. The operation of this lead-lag circuit is as follows. At lower
frequencies, the lead circuit dominates due to the high reactance of C2. As the
frequency increases, XC2 decreases, thus allowing the output voltage to
increase. At some specified frequency, the response of the lag circuit takes
over, and the decreasing value of XC1 causes the output voltage to decrease.

Figure 3–6: A lead-lag circuit and its response curve.

The response curve for the lead-lag circuit shown in Figure 3–6 indicates that
the output voltage peaks at a frequency called the resonant frequency, fr. At
this point, the attenuation (Vout/Vin) of the circuit is (1/3) if R1 = R2 and XC1
= XC2 as stated by the following equation:
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 1
=
𝑉𝑖𝑛 3
The formula for the resonant frequency is
1
𝑓𝑟 =
2𝜋𝑅𝐶
56
Analogue Electronics Dr. Loai Ali Talib
Department of Control & Computer Engineering 3’rd Year

To summarize, the lead-lag circuit in the Wien-bridge oscillator has a


resonant frequency fr, at which the phase shift through the circuit is 0o and
the attenuation is 1/3.
Below fr, the lead circuit dominates and the output leads the input. Above fr,
the lag circuit dominates and the output lags the input.

The Basic Circuit


The lead-lag circuit is used in the positive feedback loop of an op-amp, as
shown in Figure 3–7(a). A voltage divider is used in the negative feedback
loop.

(a) (b)
Figure 3–7: The Wien-bridge oscillator schematic drawn in two different but
equivalent ways.

The Wien-bridge oscillator circuit can be viewed as a noninverting amplifier


configuration with the input signal fed back from the output through the lead-
lag circuit. Recall that the voltage divider determines the closed-loop gain of
the amplifier.

57
Analogue Electronics Dr. Loai Ali Talib
Department of Control & Computer Engineering 3’rd Year

The circuit is redrawn in Figure 3–7(b) to show that the op-amp is connected
across the bridge circuit. One leg of the bridge is the lead-lag circuit, and the
other is the voltage divider.

Positive Feedback Conditions for Oscillation


For the circuit to produce a sustained sinusoidal output (oscillate), the phase
shift around the positive feedback loop must be 0° and the gain around the
loop must equal unity (1). The 0° phase-shift condition is met when the
frequency is fr because the phase shift through the lead-lag circuit is 0° and
there is no inversion from the noninverting input of the op-amp to the output.
This is shown in Figure 3–8(a).

Figure 3–8: Conditions for sustained oscillation.

The unity-gain condition in the feedback loop is met when


Acl = 3
This offsets the 1/3 attenuation of the lead-lag circuit, thus making the total
gain around the positive feedback loop equal to 1, as depicted in Figure 3–
8(b). To achieve a closed-loop gain of 3,
R1 = 2R2
58
Analogue Electronics Dr. Loai Ali Talib

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