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Hgus Deputy, Core Univers Ps atthe bse ‘Tarosst not rete is bok in ny oer binding cover ad yOu HH Teor th same coin om any a is say Cataloging in Pbliion Daa ata vale san argo 9so90220 rite in Coa by 120 Acwwowledgments ‘yest a evened wader of Combe Itematonn Exainnons “Te puter wld he co thank Cabri tessa unas fr TRS PEN peomison to veposace pas paperqeesons. ‘Conte croton Eastin es 0 respnsiy forthe ample ams oan rm pst question pes wie re conan 2 ‘Bi pita, ‘Cover phat; Eduardo Rivero shutestok Artwork bye 2A Mean Ervin asDrie ado) Welcome to your Complete Biology for Cambridge Secondary 1 workbook. This workbook accompanies the Student Book and includes one page of questions for every two pages of the Student Book. Each question page includes several types of question. © Some questions ask you to choose words to complete sentences. These questions will help you to leam and remember key facts about the topic, © Other questions ask you to identify statements as true or false, or put statements in the correct order. Some of these questions are testing your knowledge, others are asking you to apply what you know toa new situation. There are many questions that ask you to interpret data from investigations, or information from other sources. When you answer these questions, you will be practising important science skills, as well as preparing for the Cambridge Checkpoint test ‘© Some pages include comprehension questions. They ask you to read some information, and then answer questions about it. Many of these ‘questions will help you develop skills of evaluation. ‘© Most pages have an extension box. Some of these questions will help you to extend and develop your science skills. Many others go beyond Cambridge Secondary 1 Science, They include content equivalent to Cambridge IGCSE® level. All the extension questions are designed to challenge you, and make you think hard. There aren't any spaces for your answers to these extension questions, so you'll need to work on a separate sheet of paper. This workbook has other features to help you succeed in Cambridge Checkpoint and eventually Cambridge IGCSE: © The glossary explains the meanings of important science words. It includes all the bold words in the student book, and others. © The Cambridge Checkpoint-style questions near the back of the book are excellent practice for the Cambridge Checkpoint test, These have been especially written by the author to provide lots of practice before your exam, © The Cambridge IGCSE questions show you what you are aiming for. These have been taken from real past papers. Give them a try! | wish you every success in science, and hope you enjay the workbook IGSE Is the ester wadema of Cambridge International ExaminationsBEWCRO memory Plants 1.4 Leaves, stems, and roots 7 1.2. Questions, evidence and explanations 8 Humans 24 The human skeleton 9 2.2 Muscles and movement 10 23 Organ systems 1 2.4 The circulatory system 12 25 Studying the human body 1B 2.6 Extending lives 14 Cells and organisms 3.1 The characteristics of living things 15 3.2. Microbes 16 3.3 Louis Pasteur 7 3.4 Testing predictions 18 3.5 Useful micro-organisms 19 3.6 Planning investigations 20 3.7 Harmful micro-organisms 24 3.8 Plant and animal cells 2 3.9 Specialised cells B 3.10. Nerves 24 3.11 Tissues and organs 2B Living things in their environment 4.1 Habitats 26 4.2 Food chains 27 4.3 Feeding ourselves 28 4.4 Changing the planet 29 4.5 Preventing extinction 30 4.6 Obtaining energy 31 4.7 Growing fuels 32 Variation and classification 5.1 Variation 33 5.2 Causes of variation 34 5.3 Species 35 10 " 5.4 Classification 36 5.5 Vertebrates 37 5.6 Classification of plarts 38 8 Plants 6.1 Why we need plants 39 6.2 Asking scientific questions. 40 63 Water and minerals a Diet 74 Food a2 7.2. Managing variables 43 73° balanced diet 44 74 Deficiencies 45 7.5 Choosing foods 46 Digestion 8.1. The digestive system 47 8.2 Enzymes 48 8.3 Using enzymes 49 Circulation 9.1 Blood 50 9.2. Anaemia zt 9.3 The circulatory system 52 9.4 Identifying trends 53 9.5 Diet and fitness 54 Respiration and breathing 40.1. Lungs 55 10.2 Respiration and gas exchange 56 10.3. Anaerobic respiration 57 10.4 Smoking and lung damage 58 10.5 Communicating findings 59 Reproduction and fetal development 11.1. Reproduction 60 11.2. Fetal development 61 14.3: Twins 62 11.4 Adolescence 6312 Drugs and disease 12.1 Drugs 12.2. Disease 12.3. Defence against disease 12.4 Boosting your immunity Stage 9 13 14 15 Plants: 13.1. Photosynthesis, 13.2. Preliminary tests 13.3. Plant growth 13.4. Phytoextraction 13.5. Flowers 13.6. Seed dispersal Adaptation and survival 14.1 Adaptation 14.2. Extreme adaptations 14.3. Survival 144 Sampling techniques 14.5 Studying the natural world Energy flow 15.1 Food webs 15.2. Energy flow 15.3. Decomposers 15.4. Changing populations 15.5 Facing extinction 15.6 Maintaining biodiversity 65 66 67 68 69 70 n 2 B m4 Bs 16 Be 7B 79 80 81 82 83 84 16 Human influences 16.1. Air pollution 16.2 How scientists work 16.3. Water pollution 16.4. Saving rainforests 17 Variation and classification 47.4 Using keys 17.2, What makes us different? 17.3, Chromosomes 17.4 Investigation inheritance 17.5. Selective breeding 11.6 Developing a theory 17.7 Darwin's theory of evolution 17.8 Moving genes 17.9. Using genes Practice questions Exam questions Glossary 85 87 89 on 92 93 95 96 7 98 15 1221 = The diagram shows a simple flowering plant, Label its four main parts. Read the following paragraph and fill in the gaps with words from the box below, Use each word once, more than once, ot not at all. Flowering plants have three organs all year round: wand . roots, . . They also develop ... ss When they ate ready to. has a different function, but they work together to . Each plant .... _ from the soil, Leaves absorb energy keep the plant alive. Roots take up water and .... from sunlight and make . A stem holds up the nd up from the roots, Write each of the jobs below in the correct column of the table. .. and transports allows reproduction absorbs light takes in minerals makes food holds plant in place provides support produces seeds takes in water Leaf Stem Root Flower ‘The structure af each organ suits its function, Name the plant organ that is: ‘Wide and thin to absorb a lot of light. b Tall and strong to provide a lot of support. .... ¢ Highly branched to spread through a large volume of soi Write T next to the statements that are true, Write F next to the statements that are false. Then write corrected versions of the statements that are false. ‘a Stems carry food from the roots to the leaves. b The parts of a plant that make food are usually green. ¢ Roots are the only organs in a plant that need water.‘11 Read the following paragraph and fill in the gaps with words from the box below. Use each word once, more than once, or not at all. Scientists ask . . to find out about the world around them. They try to ... these questions by suggesting possible .... «. «Scientists also design ... collect evidence. f enough ... .». Supports an explanation, it is usually by other scientists, 2 Drawa line to link each piece of evidence to the explanation it supports. Evidence Scientist's explanation ‘A growing plant takes in alot of water, ‘Applants leaves make the food it needs, ‘A growing plant gains more mass than Plants need stnall amounts of minerals soil loses, to grow, and they get them from sci Seedlings stop growing if their leaves Plants do not get their food from the soil are cutoff they. grow in, Growing plants take a gas out of the ait. Plants are made from water Plants do not grow well in pure Tubes cany water from rocts to leaves rainwater. and food from leaves to roots, Leaves, stems and roots have tubes Leaves use a gas from the air to running through them. make food. 3 Look at the evidence in the table. a Suggest what question the scientist was trying to answer. SS leaves on | after 2 weeks Plant (cin) 0 0 bb What does the evidence show? a aa 8 12.5 © Suggest an explanation for the results. ‘A scientist wants to test the explanation that plants use water to make their own food. If the explanation is correct, plants should grow faster if they are given more water. a_ Describe how she could collect evidence to test this idea. b Predict what results she would obtain and give reasons for your answer.Humans 1. The diagram shows a human leg bone and the joints at each end of it (A and B). Match each of the facts below to the correct joint (write them in the correct column). a hinge j a ball and socket joint connects leg to hip lets leg swing freely lets leg bend and straighten found in the knee Joint A Joint B 2 Each joint contains four different tissues. Link each tissue to the correct role with a line. Tissue Role in the joint Ligament Prevents the end of bones from banging together in a joint. Cartilage Provides support and can be pulled around by musces to move your arms and legs Bone Holds bones together but lets them swing freely. Synovial fluid Luubricates joints so bones can slide over each other smoothly. 3. Read statements a-e. Write T next to the true statements and F next to the false ones. Then write corrected versions of the statements that are false. a Your skeleton protects delicate organs. b_ Your backbone prevents damage to your heart and lungs. Your backbone is one long bone that runs down your back. All your bones are joined together by hinge joints. Joints allow your arms and legs to swivel around or bend. Corrected versions of false statements; The diagram below compares a normal joint with an arthritic joint. a Name tissue A and fluid B. _ Describe how the arthritic joint differs from a normal joint. ¢ Explain how these differences affect the joint. attritic joint1. This model explains how arm muscles work, Highlight the correct word in each bold pair. In the model arm, the rulers represent bones / muscles and the strings represent antagonistic ligaments / muscles. The bent paperclips between them represent tendons / joints, When the string attached to A is pulled the model arm bends / straightens. When the string attached to B is pulled the arm hends straightens. 2 Read statements a-d. Write T next to the true statements and F next to the false ones. “hen write corrected versions ofthe statements that are false. a Tendons hold bones together. ¢ Muscles push on bones to make you move. b_ Muscles get shorter when they contract. 4 Most muscles are arranged in antagonistic pairs 3 Four students write about antagonistic muscles. Leah Most movements are caused by antagonistic muscles. Acho There are pairs of antagonistic muscles in your arms and legs. Karis When one muscle contracts to pull a bone, the antagonistic muscle relaxes, Mikayla — Muscles work in pairs because they can only pull bones in one direction. a Give the name of the student who explained how they work. b Name the student who explained why they work like this. 4 Diagram A shiows the muscles that bend your arm. Add the muscles that straighten your arm to diagram B. 8 > Carla sometimes has fits. During a fit, her arms and legs move rapidly in random directions. The ] fits are caused by uncontrolled activity in her brain. Explain how this brain activity could effect the | muscles in her arms and legs. iSiR 41 The diagrams show four important organs. GD lungs intestines brain heart Name the organ system each of these organs belongs to. a Lungs b Intestines © Brain d Heart 2. Draw lines to link each organ system to the correct role. Organ system Role in the body ‘Skeletal system Senses your surroundings and controls your actions. ‘Muscular system Provides support and protection. Allows movemer Nervous system Breaks down large particles in food so they can get into your blood. Respiratory system Contracts and pulls on bones to cause movement. Digestive system Caries out gas exchange. Adds oxygen to your blood and removes carbon dioxide, 3. Name the main organ system responsible for actions a to e. a You spot a chocolate bar in the cupboard. b Glucose particles from food enter your blood. c Oxygen enters your blood and carbon dioxide leaves it. d_ You bang your head but your brain isn’t damaged. fe You move your arm to pick up your pen. Qe =" Put these statements into the correct order to describe how the nervous system works, a Electrical messages travel along nerves to your brain. 'b You turn your head towards the loud sound, ¢ Electrical messages travel along nerves to your muscles. d Your ears detect the sound. There is a large bang behind you. f Your brain interprets these signals as a loud sound, Evan is running, Write a paragraph to explain how his nervous, skeletal and muscular systems are working together to make him run. i ;1. The diagram shows how the heart pumps blood around the circulatory system. a Label the heart and lungs. b Label the artery that carries blood to capillaries all over the body. ¢ Label the vein that carries blood from the lungs to the heart. d_ Colour the blood moving away from the lungs red. Colour the blood moving towards the lungs blue, artery 2 Complete these sentences about respiration using the words from the box below, capillaries in other body parts «It releases energy by reacting glucose with Respiration is a chemical Blood collects glucose from your .... se System and cxygen from YOUR... ++ system, It carries these substances to every part of your body. You die if 3. Draw lines to match each of the roles below to the correct type of blood vessel. Blood vessel Role Artery Thin-walled to let gases in and out. Vein Carries blood away from the heart, Capillary Retums blood to the heart. Heart muscles are too thick to get glucose and oxygen from the blood inside the heart. They take them from capillaries that run through the heart muscle. If the blood supply to ‘these capillaries is cut off, the heart muscles stop working and cause a heart attack, Explain why heart muscle stops working when its blood artery blockage supply is cut off. ‘damaged heart musclePith etany 1. Complete these sentences using the words in the box below. Many different scientists study the human . cesses « Their work helps us to stay .. see Facover from illness OF ss. , 0 improve our .. «Each type of scientist has specialist... . and skills. healthy disease 2 Use lines to match each scientist to the job that they do. Scientist Job Haematologist Examines your eyes to check for signs of disease and poor vision. Optometist Examines blood to help doctors diagnose illnesses. Neuroscientist Recommends how we could improve ‘our health by changing what we eat, Dietician Makes replacements for missing hands, armns and legs, Prosthetic limb developer Studies how the nervous system controls our bodies. 3. Choose the best type of scientist to help each of these students. Rina has been ill.A good diet could restore her health, bb Shanti needs to find out whether she needs glasses. Felicitas lost her foot in an accident but wants to walk again, assessor d e Tarik feels tired all the time and his doctor does not know why. Kamran is depressed. He feels sad for no reason. = Neuroscientists want to find out whether depression makes patients more likely to: j eat less nutritious food become less physically fit suffer ftom more illnesses Choose three types of scientists who could help with their research and give reasons for your choices.oS TT Petry 1 Use the words below to complete the following paragraph. lf you receive an organ you need to take special drugs to avoid The ‘organ transplanted most often isthe . - We have kidneys. They remove . from the blood and make - We only need one kidney to stay healthy, so a . donor can give one away, 2 Use lines to match each word to the correct definition. Word Definition Transplant ‘he organ that cleans your blood and makes urine, Kidney ‘A waste product made by your kidneys and stored in your bladder. Urine Move an organ from one person to another. Scaffold Fail to accept a transplanted organ, Reject What tissues are grown on to build body parts like ears, 3 Write T after the true statements and F after the false ones, a An organ can be kept alive for a'short time outside the body. b_ Organs can only be transplanted from close relatives, After a transplant, special medicines need to be taken for a few weeks to prevent rejection. d_ Organs grown from a patient's own tissues are never rejected. 4 Read the information in the box. Then answer the questions below, Lives can be extended by replacing faulty organs. Waiting lists for organ transplants are growing longer. Scientists want to solve this problem, They are trying to grow new organs from people's own tissues, They can already make simple body parts like windpipes and bladders. Organs lke hearts and lungs will be more difficult to make. a Suggest why more organ transplants will be needed in the future. b_ Explain why a heart will be harder to grow than a bladder.Cells and organis 4 Draw fines ‘to match each word to the correct definition. Word Definition Respiration ‘The removal of waste products froma living thing. Sensitivity ‘A chemical reaction that releases enevay inside living things. Excretion The ability to detect chemicals, ight, heat, pressure cr sound, 2 Tick the statements that apply to all living things. a. They sense their surroundings. b They can only store waste products for a short time. They are able to make their own food, d_ They release energy using chemical reactions. e They are able to produce offspring. # They are capable of moveinent. gy They increase in size during their lifetime. hy They must feed their offspring. 3. Living things have three ways of getting nutrients: They make their own nutrients using a gas from the air and water. They obtain their nutrients by eating plants and other animals. ili They absorb nutrients from their surroundings. Decide whether the organisms below use method i, ii or ili. tree fungus snake kit house plant 4 Write three pieces of evidence that support the idea that trees are living things. ife on other planets may be too small to see. There may To detect life, scientists look for evidence of respiration. Suggest two pieces ‘of evidence that: seule show that epieton ‘was a: iny living things hidden in ‘the soil or rocks.Cells and organisms 1. There are four types of micro-organism: fungi, protozoa, algae and bacteria. identify the type in each of the following images. Each type may appear more than once or not at all as PZ + Coast ce 2 Read the statements below and identify each type of micro-organism. a Itis made of long, thin threads and takes nutrients from its surroundings. Itis a: . b_ They are very small and reproduce rapidly by splitting in two, They are: ¢ They are larger than bacteria and reproduce by budding, They are: d_ ttmoves around in water and cannot make its own food. Itis a: They can be small and round, or form long green strands. They are: 3. Write the letter of each statement in the correct part of the Venn diagram. For example: statement a is ‘rue for light microscopes and TEM microscopes so we write a where these circles overlap. The specimen slice must be very thin. It magnifies the object up to 1000 times. It can magnify the object more than 1000 times. ‘The images can be coloured artificially, Itshows the surface of specimens. Light passes through the specimen to make a magnified image. Used to look at organisms that are too small to see. Uses electrons to produce magnified images. fight microscope se aos ze These are vis particles. ‘he particles cannot move but they can be carried around in the air, They can enter your lungs when you breathe. The virus makes {you use nutrients and energy to produce more virus particles. The process damages your tissues and makes you fee! ill, The new particles escape when you sneeze and infect other people. a Write one fact that suggests viruses are living things. b Explain how you can tell they are notiving things.aleuciiemcny 1 Draw lines to match each word to the correct definition. Word Definition Ferment ‘A sour chemical some bacteria produce during respiration. Alcohol ‘Materials made by living things. Pasteurisation Organic matter Convert sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide. Heating food or drink for long enough to destroy most of the micro-organisms it contains Lactic acid Used in wine and beer production Use sugar for respiration Used to produce alcohol Can produce lactic acid as a waste product Can make milk turn sour Can break down organic matter mo eanee ‘A chemical produced by yeast during respiration, Decide whether the following statements are about yeast, bacteria, or both. ‘The sentences below describe how milk turns sour, but they are in the wrong order. Write the steps in the process in the correct order. a b Lactic acid is produced, Milk is left ina warm place Bacteria reproduce rapidly. The milk tums sour, oe ‘The correct order is .. Bacteria use sugar in the milk for respiration. Bioethanol’ is alcohol produced as a fuel for cars. ft can be made from most plant materials, There are three main steps in the production process: the plant material is broken down and mixed with ‘water; yeasts are added to carry out fermentation; and the mixture is heated to separate the alcohol from the water. a_ Explain what happens during the fermentation stage. bb Suggest why bacteria need fo be kept out of the fermenting mixture.YTS fering urns 1 Pasteur used flasks of nutrients to investigate fermentation. keeps out lots yeast yeast in Draw lines to match what Pasteur does with a stage of developing an explanation. What Pasteur does Stage of developing an explanation ‘says: When yeast land in liquids fll of nutrients they Make a prediction grow and reproduce, and make them ferment. Thinks: IF keep yeast out of a nuttient solution it will Suggest an explanation. not go cloudy because it will not ferment. Places nutrient solutions in flasks with S-shaped necks, Review tre evidence. and boils them to destroy any micro-organisms present. Notices that nutrient solutions do not go cloudy in flasks Collect extra evidence. with S-shaped necks. Breaks the neck of one of the flasks and observes that Test the explanation, the nutrient solution begins to ferment and turn cloudy. 2. In the table below, tick one box next to each statement to show whether the statement describes evidence, or whether the statement is an explanation. Statement Evidence Explanation ‘When a nutrient solution ferments, bubbles appear, ‘Yeast use nutrients for respiration and make carbon dioxide. Nutrient solutions turn cloudy when they ferment. If yeast fall into nutrient solutions they grow and reproduce, Boiled solutions stay clear in flasks with S-shaped necks. Boiling destroys micro-organisms. S-shaped necks stop micro-organisms falling into flasks. Boiled solutions go cloudy in flasks with broken necks, Yeast from the air can fal into flasks with broken necks, » Suggest how these predictions could be tested. Bubbles of carbon dioxide will appear faster if more yeast is added to fruit juice. { &Cells and organisms 1 Read the ‘allowing paragraph and fill in the gaps with words from the box below. Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at all. .-- andl water. To Broad is made by baking ... sna Which is a mixture of ...... make bread rise, .... .. can be added to the mixture, It uses nutrients from the flour for .» and releases bubbles of ..... +» gas. The gas bubbles make and spongy. 2 Two botties of milk were kept in a warm place. a One had extra bacteria added to it. The pH of each bottle of milk was measured atthe start and A after 4 hours. . Look at the evidence in the bar chart. 54 a How was the milk affected when extra bacteria. = & were added? 2 stat end start end b Explain how bacteria change the sugars in milk. Ladeetaboneed bide) = When yeast is added to sugar solutions they produce carbon dioxide. Nadia counted how many bubbles of gas were produced per minute at different temperatures. Temperature | Bubbles ¢O) per minute 30 60 35, 78 40 100 45 52. 50 5 FS mule of ox a Display these results on a 5 graph and draw a curve yeast and sugar through the points. solution Explain the shape of the graph.neni eal se ntkorn niin 1 Read the following paragraph and fil the gaps with words from the box below. ach word may be used once, more than once, or not at all. To plan an investigation we need to decide what to ... .-. to answer a », and what to ..... . to show the of the change. Other variables that could affect the results need to be ..... » Which means kept the . 2 Astudent placed yeast in four flasks of warm water. She added different nutrients to each flask. ‘Then she placed a balloon over the neck of each flask. After 30 minutes she measured the diameter of each balloon. balloon Nutrient | Diameter of added _| balloon (cm) glucose 95 flask lactose 2 suicrose 5 fructose 4 Sanita ‘wacin water a Which variable did the student change? b Which variable did she measure? ... : ¢_List three variables that needed to be kept the same ... Name the gas that fills the balloons, e Name the reaction that produces the gas. . f Name the nutrient that lets yeast respire fastest... When certain bacteria are added to milk they produce acid. This reduces the pH of the milk. Plan an investigation to. test how temperature affects the time it takes to reduce the milk’s pH to 5, Describe: a what you would change b what you would measure what equipment you would use d_ what you would control ‘e what results you would expect to obtain. ‘The reading on a pH meter droas as the ‘amount of acid increases.— eeneesnion 1. Draw lines to match each infectious disease to the correct cause, infectious disease Cause Athlete's foot Bacteria that infect the digestive system Typhoid Protozoa injected into the bloodstream by mosquitoes Malaria ‘Afungus that grows on skin Flu ‘Avirus that infects the liver Hepatitis AA virus that infects your lungs 2. Use their symptoms to decide which diseases these patients have. {have a headache and a fever. | have had diarrhoea for the past four days. b Ihave a fever and bad stomach pains. | feel tired all the time, The skin between my big toe and second toe is very itchy. dT have a fever and my muscles hurt. | get sucden chills. My head is very itchy and chunks of my hair have fallen out. 3. Write T next to the statements that are true. Write F next to the statements that are false. a Hepatitis C can spread from person to person in infected water, b_ Mosquitoes spread the bacteria that cause malaria. Some viruses can be spread by sharing contaminated needles. Typhoid is spread by a vector. Colds and flu are spread by virus particles inthe ait. Frequent hand-washing can reduce the spread of infectious diseases. 4. Malaria is common in many parts of Africa, Asia and South America. Suggest two reasons why the disease has been so hard to eradicate. The pathogen that causes typhoid is present in each victim's faeces. Suggest three things a government could do to reduce the spread of this disease. People infected with hepatitis C only develop symptoms after many years. Suggest why this makes it harder to control the spread of the disease.Oar ee tenes 1 Read the following paragraph and fill in the gaps with words from the box below. Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at al. All living things are made from .. Each cell uses energy from ... ++» for growth and .. to stay alive. It also uses .. Most plant cells can make their ‘own nutrients using .... - Animal cells need to absorb .... .. from their surroundings 3 Draw lines to match each cell component to its role in the cell. Cell component Role Cell membrane ‘Absorbs light and allows photosynthesis t take place, Chloroplast Controls what enters or leaves the cel Nucleus ‘Where most chemical reactions take place, Cell wall Controls the activities of the cell Gytoplasm Stops the cell bursting when its vacuole fils with water, ‘These structures are found in both plant and animal cells. They are mitochondria. Respiration takes place inside them. Some cells have more mitochondria than others. Which would you expect to contain most mitochondria: muscle cells or skin cells? Explain why. cmc ntsc thinset Siarrewanscemuacamnsere(eran rid 1. Read the following paragraph and fill in the gaps with words from the box below, Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at all aoae It In plants and animals, each type of cell is. secceeeto Suit the does, Cells specialise by having . ..and by having different 2. Link each specialisation to the correct cell type. Cell type Specialisation Red blood cell Contains fibres which can make themselves shorter, ‘Muscle cell Contain a large oil droplet which acts as an energy store. Fat cell Contains haemoglobin to transport oxygen around the body. Bone cell Has a long, thin side branch to absorb water and minerals. Root hair cell Produces fibres that attract minerals to make a rigid solid. 3. Identify these types of animal cell. a Itis small and flexible so it can squeeze through narrow blood vessels, {tis large and spherical so it is useful for storage. Cells like this can work together in large groups. They cause movement by making themselves shorter. 4 Around cell has a small surface area. Red blood cells and root hair cells both have large surface areas. Explain why each cell needs a large surface area, = Identify each of these types of plant cell. i As these cells get older they lose most of their components and formn hollow tubes which transport water from the roots to the leaves. i b> These cells form living tubes to transport sugar to any plant cells which cannot make thelr own, -¢ These cells have a very large surface area so they absorb water and minerals efficiently.Leto CesT een loree mia 1 Read the following paragraph and fill in the gaps with words from the box below, signals to your brain from veces and the ... Nerves ate made up of specialised . They carry .. + Cells like the sound-detecting cells in .. cells in your eyes. Your .... . converts these signals into sounds and ... «you can - ++ Signals from your brain to your understand. Nerves also camy .....- cause . 2. The diagram shows how nerves connect to muscles. a What type of signal is carried through the nerve cell at X? .. . b_ What carries a signal between a nerve and muscle call at? .. 3. A bladder is a muscular bag that stores urine. The diagram shows two pig's bladders in separate containers, When a nerve connected to bladder Ais stimulated, the bladder contracts. The liquid around bladder A is added to bladder B. Explain wiy bladder B contracts. ewe stimulated ‘to make bladder A bladder B contract contracts solution passed to bladder 8 4 Rahid is having a hearing test, He must raise his hand if he can hear a sound. Put the sentences below in order to describe what makes him raise his hand (label them 1-6). a Nerves pick up the chemical and send an electrical signal to Rahid’s brain. b The hairs on Rahid's sound-detecting cells vibrate. © Nerves in Rahid's arm release a chemical which makes muscles contract. The sound detecting cells release a chemical. Rahid's brain sends signals along nerves to his arm muscles 4 His muscles pull on bones to raise his arm,fer initemuae CL) 1 Read the following paragraph and fil in the gaps with words from the box below. Each word may be used once, more than once, of not at all Your body uses organs like yOUT .........0+ - todo different jobs. Each organ is made up of ceonees oA tissue is a group of similar... -The cells in each tissue are . to make them better at doing 2. Use lines to match each type of tissue to its function, Tissue Function Skin surface cel tissue Stores energy and reduces heat loss through the skin. Fatty tissue Gives support and structure to limbs. Bone tissue Keep out micro-organisms. Muscle tissue Brings nutrients and oxygen to other tissues. Blood tissue Causes movement. 3. Decide whether each statement describes a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system. Lungs carty out gas exchange. b Muscle contains cells which can contract. The mouth, stomach and intestines digest food, d_ The heart contains several different tissues. e Italways contains a nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm. 4 Your neck connects your head to the rest of your body. List four tissues that you would expect to find there, and explain their role. ‘Scientists are excited about stem cells. They could be used to grow new tissues and organs for people who need them. a When your body started to grow it only contained stem cells. What controls the way stem cells divide and differentiate? b What makes cells build different one and take on different shapes?DPT Terem anita PUTCO CS 1 Write ‘desert’ or ‘rainforest’ under each animal to show where it is most likely to be found, x» 2. Decide whether adaptations a to g would be useful in a desert, a rainforest or the Antarctic. Some may be useful in more than one place. aA thick layer of fat under the skin Ability to live in underground tunnels © Ability to climb easily d_ Large energy stores e Large ears. f 9 Strong arms. Wide feet 3 Write down three adaptations visible in this drawing and explain how they help the polar bear to survive. @ Design a new animal that would be well adapted to life in a desert. Draw a picture of the animal, label its main adaptations and explain why they are useful.Ron their environment 1. Draw lines to match each word to the correct definition. Word Definition Predator Eats other living things to obtain nutients Prey. Huis and eats other animals. Consumer 1s hunted and eaten by other animals, Producer Only eats plants. Herbivore Makes its own food. Carnivore Only eats animals that have already been killee, Scavenger Only eats animals. 2. The following food chain is found in many parts of America. maize > mice ~ snakes ~ wild dogs Name the producer in this food chain. Name a consumer which is also a herbivore. b Name a consumer which is both predator and prey. Explain why all the arrows in a food chain point away from the producer. e Adisease kills the mice. Explain how the maize harvest will be affected. 3. Food chains like the one below are found on many grasslands. producer — herbivore — carnivore Fill in the gaps to show what happens if the carnivores are hunted, The population of predators is reduced so they need less food. The herbivore population b The biomass of producers The herbivore population may fall f produces can't reqrow fast enough to fed them. Explain how the energy stored in a producers leaves gets passed along in a food chain such as } this one: acacia tree — giraffe — lion iaoa) PICS oa tnat rT 1 Use the words from the box below to complete the following paragraph. Humans upset natural food by destroying . , causing . and spreading invasive plants and ‘to new habitats, We can reduce this damage by growing more food on less Jand and reducing our use of 2 Complete the table below to show how each method can increase the mass of food grewn. Method used | How it can increase How it can damage the mass of food grown natural food chains Use of fertilisers Use of herbicides Use of insecticides 3. Label the diagram below to show why rice and fish both grow faster when they are grown together, 4 Any method that cuts pollution, or reduces the amount of land needed to grow crops, has a positive effect on natural food chains, Write P after the statements that are positive and MV after those that are negative, a. The human population is growing rapidly so we need to produce more food. 'b_ Micro-organisms can be grown in tanks to reduce the land used to grow crops. Insects can be spread around the wotld when crops are exported, d_ Plants can be grown in high-rise greenhouses to save land. Fish and rice can be produced together to improve their growth, ¥ Crops can be harvested from forests to avoid destroying them. Explain why world food shortages could be reduced by growing more algae. cn ss ena |Rca Pitoimoina eon cots 41. Use the words from the box below to complete the following paragraph «We rely on it for ‘The mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth is called the ., ‘our survival. Three .. have damaged the atmosphere. Chemicals called CFCs reduced the amount of «in-the upper atmosphere and allowed more harmful have light to reach the Earth. Acidic gases from burning ..... reduced the pH of .. and carbon dioxide has caused global 2% 2. The bar chart shows how the area of the ozone hole over Antarctica has changed. a Calculate the increase in its size between 1980 and 2000. b Describe what has happened to the hole since the year 2000. average sae of azne ole {mition square Klometers) Suggest a reason for this change. 1980” 19902000” 2012 3. Pavan collects rainwater near three different power stations and : ‘measures its pH. Rain is acidic ifthe pH is less than 7. Power station fuel_| pH of rainwater Coal 45 Coal with pollution 65 controls Gas 65. a Name two gases released when coal and gas burn. b Desctibe two ways of reducing acid rain. “The percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing, — a Explain how this will raise the temperature of the atmosphere, b_ Describe two ways this global warming could be reversed,ROR TTT onment 1 Draw lines to match each word to the correct definition. Word Definition Conservation ‘A place where species can be protected Sanctuary Breeding animals in zoos Captive breeding Preventing extinction 2. Suggest the best conservation method for each of these animals. Aird whose numbers dropped when rats invaded its island. b An animal with valuable fur that is hunted by poachers. © An animal threatened by deforestation d_ An animal that only survives in zoos. 3. Jaguars used to be common in South American forests. Many of these forests have beer cleared to make room for farms. The remaining jaguars are often hunted because their fur is very valuable. List two reasons why jaguar numbers have fallen in recent years. bb Suggest how the species could be conserved. 4 The Galapagos Islands contain many species that are not found anywhere else on Earth, such as the giant tortoise. In the past, goats were brought to the islands by sailors. The goats ate the same plants as the giant tortoise. a Suggest how the goats affected the tortoise population. b Tortoise numbers are growing on one island. Suggest why. © reine ‘turtles travel thousands of miles before they return to the beaches where they were born to mate. They feed mainly on jellyfish. Do some research, Find two reasons why these animals are endangered and one way they can be protected.41. Draw lines to match each energy term to the correct definition, Energy term Definition Biofuel Devices that use light to produce electricity Geothermal energy Energy sources that are constantly replaced Solar ces ‘A fuel made by living things Renewable energy Heat from hot rocks under the Earth's surface Choose the correct word to replace the incorrect ones used in the following sentences, Fossil fuels are non-renewable because they cannot be reused .. Renewable resources are never . replaced. Read statements a-g, Write T next to the true statements and F next to the false ones. ‘Then re-write any false statements correctly. Biofuels will soon run out. Solar cells produce a lot of electicity oil, gas and cow dung are all examples of fossil fuels. Energy from the Sun makes winds blow. Plants can be planted to produce biofuels as quickly as they are burnt. Geothermal energy could be used anywhere in the world. Fossil fuels were useful sources of energy in the past. awe ane Choose the best renewable energy source for places a to e. a Anisolated village in the desert. b A town in East Africa where there are hot rocks close to the surface. Amaize growing area that has lots of waste plant material. d_ Avillage near the coast where it is always windy. e Li A mountain village where it rains a lot ‘A large animal farmn in Europe, = The amounts of fossil fuels used for electricity generation is falling. Explain which renewable energy sources could be used to replace them in your country.PORT ne Perea) their environment 1 Choose the best words to complete the following sentences, Biofuels are ... - because they are made by living things, The two main biofuels are biodiesel, which is made from .. », and bioethanol, which is made from 2. Label the diagram to show why biofuels could be carbon-neutral. 3. When palm oll is used to make biofuels the process is not carbon-neutral. Describe two ways extra carbon dioxide is released, 4 Waste plant materials can be broken down to form sugars. Then these sugars can be turned into bioethanol, a Name a micro-organism that converts sugar to ethanol. b_ Which type of decomposer converts plant cell walls to sugar. ¢ Name the useful chemicals these decomposers produce. 5 Complete the table to compare the advantages and disadvantages of two biofuels. Fuel ‘Advantages Disadvantages Biodiesel from algal oil Bioethanol from sugar cane 6 Biodiesel can be made from palm oil or algal oll. At the moment, most biodiesel is made from palm cil. Write a paragraph to convince people to make it from algal oil instead.nee Reb snieuit 1 Choose words from the box below to complete the following sentences. Some of our features make us different from everyone else. These .... differences can be used to people, Features like our body sizes can take any value within a certain .......s+ They show ... - variation. Other features fall into a few distinct categories so they show variation, 2. Write C after the features that show continuous variation and D after the features that show discontinuous variation. Blood group Height Foot length Shoe size Body mass naoe 3 The table shows the distribution of blood groups in india. On a piece a graph paper, use the data to plot a frequency chart. Blood | Number of group | people(%) 0 39, A 23. B 32, AB 6 4. The table shows the distribution of test scores in a class. Use the data to plot a frequency chart on ‘graph paper. Score (%) Tally Frequency 0-20 a 1 21-40 HE s 41-60 AAA = 61-80 Wi 4 81-100 ul a "Passports often get stolen so that other people can use them, Many people have similar faces, so it ‘can be hard to identify people from their photographs. Explain why biometric data prevents the use of stolen passports. Suggest what biometric data would be best for use at airports.PORTO Variation and SECC EE Variation can be caused by the genes you inherit, the environment you experience or a combination of the two, Decide which features belong to each category and write their letters into the correct section of the Venn diagram. Blood group Height Behaviour First language inherited ‘environmental Body mass variation variation Eye colour Test scores Risk of disease retro anee Read statements a-g, Write T after the ones that are true and F after the ones that are false, Write the correct version of false statements on the lines below. a. Your genes control the activities of your cells, b We inherit genes from both parents so we inherit some of their features. ¢ Twins always have identical genes. d_ Identical twins develop differences when their environments differ. A poor environment can prevent your genes from keeping you healthy. Every cell in your body contains identical genes. g Cells specialise by switching on all their genes. Explain why the average height of students is increasing in many parts of the world. Scientists want to know whether your genes or your environment has the biggest influence on your behaviour. To answer this question they compare identical twins that were separated at birth with identical twins who grew up together. a Suggest why identical twins separated at birth are ideal for these studies. b. What results would you expect if inherited variation turned out to be more important than environmental variation in determining your behaviour?1 Choose the best words from the box below to complete the following sentences. AA species is a group of plants or animals that share many of their of the same . able to breed. Each species has been given a two-part all over the .... other. Those that do usually have offspring called .... Members ...can breed with each other and produce offspring tha: are also .+. ame thatis used . Members of different species do not usually breed with each 2. The two-part Latin name for a zebra is Equus zebra, Decide whether the animals below are from the sarne species, similar species or very different species from the zebra. Write their names in the correct columns in the table. Same species Similar species Very different species 3. Read statements a-£ Write T after the ones that are true and F after the ones that are false. Write the correct version of false statements on the lines below. 1 Variation between species is usually greater than variation within species. b Similar species share the same two-part Latin name. ¢ Members of the same species should produce fertile offspring. d_ Members of the same species always look similar. @ Abybrid is born when animals from different species breed. 4 Members of different species usually have fertile offspring if they breed. "A doo coss between ayak and domestic cow. is much stronger than either ofits parents and | - | b Yaks and teas can look quite similar. Suggest how scientists could stinguish See : cores sereinunenieonataercmasiaMEtinicoen PoP Morice erin 1 Choose the best words from the box below to complete the following sentences. Sclentists use similarities and +» to put living things into .......... «This is... - . The major groups of animals are vertebrates, which have ... and invertebrates which do not. Most animals are .. «» These are subdivided into smaller and smaller sub-groups with different .........- _The smallest sub-group 2 The diagram shows one animal from each invertebrate group. invertebrates Write the name of the group and the main characteristic that animals in that group share. 3. Most invertebrates are arthropods. The diagram below shows four groups of arthropods. arthropods Write the name of the group and the main characteristic that animals in that group share. The drawing below shows a type of invertebrate, | Write what type of invertebrate it is and explain how you can distinguish it from i other invertebrate groups. iReiarrie ic) PoRTsiiceri ia) 1 The diagram shows one animal from each vertebrates vertebrate group. Inthe space below each drawing, write the name of the group and two important characteristics that the animals in that group share. 2 Read statements ag. Write T after the ones that are true and F after the ones that are false. Write the correct version of false statements on ‘he lines below. a Vertebrates can be classified using their body coverings, the way they reproduce and the way they take in oxygen. Snakes are reptiles because they have hard scales. Reptiles can only reproduice where there is water. Birds and mammals keep theit bodies warm. Fish are the only vertebrates which have gills. Some animals do not share all their group's features. Whales are fish but feed their young on milk, e@rtnanes 3 The Echidna is a small vertebrate covered with hair and spines. Three weeks after mating, females produce an ‘egg. This is kept in a pouch. After 10 days the egg hatches and the baby echidna feeds on its mother’s milk. @ Which vertebrate group do echidna belong to? Describe two features this vertebrate group shares with echidnas. ¢ Describe one feature that makes echidnas different from the rest of the group. ‘The drawing shows an artist’s reconstruction of an extinct vertebrate called archeopteryx. It had claws, feathered wings, a long bony tail and a beak full of teeth, a. Give one reason why archaeopteryx is difficult to classify. 'b Which two vertebrate groups does archaeopteryx share features with?ation and classification 1. Complete this table to show the features the plants in each group share Type of plant moss ferns conifers flowering plants Roots and veins? Spores or seeds? Cones, flowers or neither? 2. Use the table to complete this key. dos it have roots and veins? yes|no does it make spores or seeds? a spores |seeds does it have > cones or flowers? cones [flowers fc la 3. Identify the groups plants A to D belong to. Algae are important in the oceans’ ecosystems. They produce nutrients to support food chains and add oxygen to the water. The largest algae are called seaweeds, Unlike plants, they cannot survive on land. Describe two differences between flowering plants and seaweeds that make flowering plants better adapted to life on land. blade ‘92s bladder stipe holdfastPETE 1. Read the following paragraph and fill in the gaps with words from the text box below, Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at all ‘The material living things are made of is called . Plants build new biomass: using .... . . During photosynthesis, light is absorbed. makes sores from the air react with .. sees from the soil. The products are glucose and ... _ Plant cells can release energy from ., oF use them for growth. afbon-doxide bi glucose molecules, using .. water 2 Decide whether the following statements refer to photosynthesis, respiration or both, Write each letter in the correct part of the Venn diagram. 1 Uses carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. b Can be used to produce starch. Takes place in all living cells. Releases energy. Releases oxygen. Stores energy. Uses oxygen from the atmosphere. —_— photosynthesis respiration eronn 3 Draw lines to match each part of a leaf to its role in photosynthesis. Part of leat Role in photosynthesis Palisade cells Hollow tubes that cany water up from the roots Stomata Contain most chloroplasts to absorb light Xylem vessels Form a spongy layer which gases can diffuse through Mesophyll cells Tiny pores which let gases in and out of leaves Fiona lives in Europe, where the summers are warm and sunny and the winters are cold and cloudy. Season Starch test results t ‘A geranium plant grows on the windowsill in her Summer | Leaf turns blue-black classroom. She tests one of its leaves for starch in Winter Leaf turns dark brown summer and repeats the test in winter. Explain why the results are different in winter and summer. 391 Read the following paragraph and fill n the gaps with words from the box below. Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at all. Scientific questions involve two .... , one that can be ..., to answer the question, and one that can be .. ‘to see what effect that change has. ‘There is usually . than one variable that can be measured, It is important to. the measurements to check that the results are an 2. Read the following statements. Write 5 next to the scientific questions and NS next to the ones which are not scientific, a Do plants with longer roots grow faster? b Are tall plants better for farmers? [sit worse for plants to have fewer leaves? d_ Does a plant gain mass faster in brighter light? e Cana thicker stem support more mass? 3 Raman wants to find out whether the volume of water a plant receives affects its growth. a What variable should he change? .... b What could he measure? ¢ List two variables he should keep the same. 4 Write B next to the results that should be plotted on a bar chart and £ after the ones that should be displayed as a line graph, a The number of petals on different types of flower, b The heights of several plant species found in one field. ¢ The height gain of plants grown at different temperatures. d_ The mass of fruit produced by plants with different numbers of leaves. The growth rates of plants with different numbers of stomata in their leaves. Sai wants to find out how the amount of carbon dioxide available affects the rate of photosynthesis, She has beakers of water containing different amounts of carbon dioxide, pondweed, beakers, | measuring cylinders and funnels, : | a. Describe how she should set up her apparatus. i b Predict what results she would obtain and give reasons for your answer. | eiBEST Gy 1. Read the following paragraph and fll n the gaps with words from the box below. Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at all and it Plants need a continual supply of .. «They use it for ,.. evaporates from their leaves. If plants lose more water than they can ... from the soil, their cell ... Shrink. This makes each . «» flaccid. Fleccid cells cannot . . themselves so they make the plant 3 Draw lines to join each observation about transpiration to the correct explanation, Observation Explanation Plants continually lose water to allow carbon dioxide to enter them ‘There ate pores on the undersides of leaves, Root hairs give plants a large surface area ‘0 help them absorb more water because their stomata close Water flows from the roots to leaves because it evaporates from their leaves because itis pulled up xylem tubes to Plants los at nl 5e less water at night replace the water that evaporates Many house plants die if they over-watered. The excess water fills the air gaps between soll particles and reduces the amount of oxygen roots can take in. ‘a Explain why root cells need oxygen to stay alive. ¢ b- How would a shortage of oxygen affect mineral uptake? i1 Draw lines to match each nutrient to the correct role, Nutrient Role Carbohydrates Used to build cell membranes and a good source of energy Fats Help chemical reactions take place in your cells Proteins Most of our energy intake should come from these Vitamins Help cells to function properly and strengthen bones and teeth Minerals Essential for growth and repairing cells 2 Write the names of the main nutrients each of these foods contain. Choose up to two nutrients from carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Sugar oil Chocolate Meat Cheese Banana Nuts Rice sateen ee 3 Rashid thinks that fat is bad for you. Give three reasons why we need fat in our diet. 4. Proteins, fats and starch are large molecules made by joining smaller molecules together Complete the table to show what is different about each of these small molecules, Nutrient ‘Small molecules joined to make them Starch Proteins Fats In many parts of the world, children eat mainly rice and vegetables. Which nutrient do they lack and what problems might this cause? ayiia Betas 1 Eniolais testing foods to see which one contains most energy. She uses the apparatus shown on the right. During the investigation, variables need to be ‘changed, ‘measured’, ‘controlled’ or calculated’. Write the correct choice next to variables a-g. a Type of food a shemmomter ¢ Volume of water d_ Distance between food and test tube LL © Water temperature hefore food bums — £ Water temperature after food burns g Temperature rise Sood 2. Eniola uses three measuring instruments during the investigation. Complete the table to show what each instrument measures and the units, ‘Measuring instrument Variable measured Units used ‘thermometer measuring cylinder electronic balance 3. When Eniola burned twice as much bread, the temperature rise of the water doubled. Give two reasons why Eniola should only bun small quantities of food. Eniola compared the energy content of bread, chicken breast and cheese. Food | Mass of food | Temperature | Temperature | Temperature | Temperature tise per tested (grams) _|_before(°q) _|_after(°) | tise (°c) | _gram(°C per gram) bread 15 2 31 chicken 1 22 68 : cheese 2 2 88 ‘ Complete the table of results and suggest a reason for the differences between the foods.Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at all, Abalanced diet contains every essential. include .... also need starchy carbohydrates like se essential 2 The table shows the fat contents of three types of nut. + in the correct .. + Vitamins and .... to supply Read the following paragraph and fil in the gaps with words from the box below. These You ‘Type ‘Total fat Saturated fat Unsaturated fat of nut (g /1009) (9/1909) (g 11009) brazil 63 16 coconut 36 29 almond 40 5 3 The table shows the nutrients in bars of milk chocolate. ‘i ‘Mass present Nutrient ° 1009) sugar 57 protein 8 fat (mostly saturated) 30 a Calculate how much unsaturated fat each type of nut contains and write it in the tatle. 'b Which nut would you recommend for a patient at risk of heart disease? Give two reasons why chocolate should not be your main source of carbohydrate. 4 Dev does not eat meat. He gets most of his protein from beans. Explain why he needs to add other sources of protein to his diet. "Assume that you need 800k) per day and only 25% should come from fat. Fal releases 37 ki/gram. Calculate how many grams of fat you should eat each day.1. Read the following paragraph and fill in the gaps with words from the box below. Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at all. In the past poor diets made many people .... minerals. When the missing .. why this happened. They suggested that illnesses lke... ... diseases. They were caused by a .....+..:1sss00, of essential were supplied, they recovered. 2. Draw lines to match each deficiency disease to the missing nutrient. Deficiency disease ‘Anaemia Kwashiorkor Scurvy Beri-beri Rickets Night blindness Missing nutrient Protein Vitamin C tron Vitamin A Vitamin Bt Vitamin D 3 Read what each patient says and decide which deficiency disease they have. a [eel tired all the time and my friends say I ook quite pale. b I can’t see in the evenings but my vision is fine in sunlight. My gums are bleeding and my teeth have started to fall out. _ | get confused and find it hard to move my legs. ['ve broken my arm and my legs bend outwards at the knee. f My legs are very thin but my tummy and feet are swollen. “* Hassina does not feel well. Her doctor tests her blood. The results are shown below. Vitamin / Normal blood | Hassina’s blood mineral (units) (units) Calcium 24 Vitamin C 02 tron 50.0-170.5, 30.7 Vitamin A 30.0-65.0 55.4 List any deficiency diseases Hassina may have. b What symptoms would you expect Hassina to have? Scientists used creative thinking to were +. OF1. Read the following paragraph and fill in the gaps with words from the box below. In most countries average ..... ++ Masses are rising and more people are becoming . Their diets supply more .... than they use and the excess is stored as ... « This can cause long-term health problems like ... cancer, » disease, pressure, and 2 Health workers want to improve peoples’ diets. Match each action they propose with the correct reason. Action Reason Make fatty and sugary foods more expensive 50 sugars and fats won't make them obese, Encourage people to exercise more 10 reduce demand for them. ‘Add extra nutrients to common foods 50 extra nutrients aren't need ‘Add extra genes to common crop plants 0 people automatically get a balanced diet 3. The table shows information about two types of food on sale in supermarkets. Food Chocolate biscuits Fresh berries Price (USS/kg) 2 6 Spedal offers /year 5 2 Sugar (gramsfkg) 290 100, Saturated fat (grams/kg) 130, 0 @ Write two reasons why people buy more chocolate biscuits than fresh berries. b- Suggest two reasons why eating a lot of the biscuits could cause health problems, 4 Many people suffer from deficiency diseases because they can't afford to eat a balanced diet. Describe ‘wo ways of increasing the amounts of vitamins and minerals they consume without changing their diets. ety4. Add labels to this diagram of the digestive system. 2 Read the following paragraph and fill in the gaps with words from the box below. Digestion breaks down food into small... that can enter your . salt happens in your gut (.. ). Teeth begin the process. Tey crush food into smalller .... .. help the large molecules in food to .. down. These enzymes are produced in your mouth, stomach, .. digested food and the from the waste products left behind. .- intestine, The small intestine .. removes Decicle whether statements a-f refer to mechanical digestion, chemical digestion or both. Digestion begins in your mouth. Teeth chew food to break up large pieces. Chewing increases the surface area of solid foods. Enzymes help large molecules to break down. Saliva contains an enzyme which breaks down starch. Digestion ends in your small intestine. ae ao ee 4. We cannot digest fibre. Explain why we still need to eat it. *. a flow chart to show what happens to the eal a al oe el fibre in a banana in each part of your1. The diagram shows what happens when food is digested. On the diagram, label the three large molecules found in food and the small molecules formed when they break down, b Add labels to each atrow to show the type of the enzyme involved and where these food molecules are digested. 2 Draw lines to match each word to the correct definition. Word Definition Enzyme Substance that emulsifies fats to increase thelr surface area Carbohydrase To break fats into smaller droplets which can mix with water Emulsify Biological catalyst used to speed up reactions Bile Enzyme like amylase which breaks down carbowydrates 3. Solid foods are broken down in the mouth. Explain how this aids digestion. *" Petros thinks that amylase will not work as well at high temperatures. Describe how he could collect evidence to support his idea, eects ren nietDTN Feros tCoal Draw lines to match each enzyme to one or more uses. Enzyme Use in the food industry Lipase Breaks down com starch to make it sweeter Carbohydrase Removes fats from meat or fish Protease Improves the flavour and texture of fatty foods Tums milk into a solid curd during cheese-making Write T after the true statements and F after those that are false. Then write corrected versions of the statements that are false. a. Enzymes from living organisms can be used to speed up reactions in industry. b The active site of an enzyme is the same shape in all enzymes. c_ Enzymes need to be replaced when they finish catalysing a reaction. The diagram shows an enzyme helping to break down sucrose. water wy wy a. Label the diagram to show how the enzyme speeds up the reaction. Explain why enzymes are only needed in small amounts. All the enzymes in your digestive system help large molecules to react with wate. Use diagrams to explain why more than one sort of enzyrne is needed.1 The diagram shows part of a blood smear. a Label the four main components of blood. b_ Explain why most cells in a blood smear look paler in the centre. 2. Statements a-f refer to the four main components of blood. Write the name of the correct component next to each statement. Carries oxygen around the body Needed to fight infections Packed full of haemoglobin The largest cells in your blood A pale yellow liquid Carties dissolved substances around your body Helps to form a clot when a blood vessel is damaged Has a biconcave shape to increase its surface area Seto aos 3. Capillaries carry blood past cells all over your body. a Label the diagram to show what happens as blood passes cells. b Explain what makes molecules move in and out of blood. Use a diagram to explain the symptoms of sickle cell anaemia.COran tie 1 Write T after the true statements and F after those that are false. Then write corrected versions of the statements that are false. a Anaemia can make you feel tired all the time. b- Anaemia prevents blood from carrying enough carbon dioxide, ¢ Anaemic blood contains fewer white blood cells than normal. dA patient with anaemia has less haemoglobin than normal. fe Ahigh packed cell volume shows that a patient has anaemia, f Anaemia can be caused by a lack of iron in the diet. g You can reduce the symptoms of anaemia by eating less red meat. 2 The table below shows the results of some blood tests. Patient | White blood cell count | Red blood cell count | Haemoglobin level Packed cell (billionsidm?) (billions/dm?) (gid?) volume (%) 0.007 46 a7 B 0.002 39 14 B c 0.007 2.6 ES) 2B Patient As blood contains 14.5 grams of haemoglobin per 100 cm?. Calculate their haemoglobin level in idm? (1 dm?=1000cm’). Write it in the table. bb Deduce which patient has anaemia and give two pieces of evidence to support your answer, Only one of the patients is male, Deduce which one and give your reasons. 3. Modern hospitals use machines so that they can test a lot of blood samples quickly, Describe how you could check for anaemia using only a microscope.1 Read the following paragraph and fill in the gaps with words from the box below. Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at all. Blood leaves your heart in .. sreseseey «The right side of your heart «The left side sends blood to every other . in every tissue bring blood close to all your pumps blood through your .. part of your 2. The diagram below shows the human circulatory system. (Ue Se i Label the left and right sides of the heart, lungs, sinall intestine and other tissues. Colour all of the blood vessels that are high in oxygen in red, and those that are low ir oxygen in blue, Label two veins entering your heart and two arteries leaving it 3. The diagram shows how blood vessels divide ESD to form capillaries in each of your organs. EB a Explain how blood changes as it passes > LOE vein through capillaries in your lungs. he CELI ‘The diagrams show open and closed valves, Describe ) 4 ] cone place where they are found and explain why they : are needed, Lal ‘ t |Enquiry Circulation 1. Read the following paragraph and fill n the gaps with words from the box below. Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at all. ‘Your heart beats harder and .... .. during exercise, Regular exercise makes your heart sooeens Fate and more -- your . your recovery «. 2. The table shows two athletes’ test results Gang renee | nae ene a Deduce which athlete is fittest. Athlete | (aeats per minute) | _ (seconds) b- Give two pieces of evidence to support A 6 125 your conclusion. B 4 457, 3. The table shows how an athlete's cardiac output changed as their heart rate increased. Heart rate Cardiac output (beats per minute) | _{clm? per minute) 40 5 80. 1B 120 24 160 28. a Use graph paper to display these results. Describe the relationship between the athlete's heart rate and cardiac output. Explain why an athlete’s heart rate needs to increase when they run faster. ~ Karis collected these results. Plot a graph to display Heart rate] Blood pressure the results. (beats per minute) (units) a_ Describe the correlation between her heart rate and her 82 118, blood pressure? 63 106 b Predict what her blood pressure would be if her heart 68 108 fate was 80 beats per minute. 86 16 B 14 90 1211 The diagram shows a partially blocked artery Label the diagram to show what is causing the blockage. Describe how blockages like this affect blood pressure. 2. The following statements describe how a poor diet can lead to a heart attack. Write the letters in the correct order on the line below. Start with statement C. Heart muscles die. His blood pressure increases. ‘The patient eats food high in saturated fat and salt. The plaque blocks an artery that supplies the heart with oxygen. Plaque begins to form in his artery walls, Pain spreads across the patient's chest and left arm. Some of the plaque breaks away from an artery wall. The patient may die. zatmmoawe 3. Three patients were asked to record what they ate. Patients Meal 7 F z Dinner fish, vegetables processed food chicken, rice Smack fruit biscuits nuts Drink ‘ruitjuice cola cola Which patient's diet increases their risk of having a stroke?.... Scientists compared the importance of different 20 heart attack risk factors. The bar chart shows some 3 of their results, i Write down three things an office worker could doto = reduce thei risk of heart disease, 2 Put the most important thing first. : 10 i 3 : os z | 00 | smoking high blood lack of pressute exercise risk factorSine Dennis 1 Add labels to the diagram below to show how we breathe in and out. 3. Read the following paragraph and fill in the gaps with words from the box below. between your ... rake air mave in and Your diaphragm, and ...... sess: It travels through the trachea, bronchi, and .... into the blood and carbon out of your... .. cin the alveoli, oxygen .... to. dioxide -This is gas «. @..,., why alveoli allow rapid diffusion between blood and ai. |1 Fill n the gaps in the following paragraph with words from the box below. Gas exchange means taking oxygen into you happens in your .. such as .. provide the extra « .Ithappens in all your ... .. «Respiration is the release of ., «- to provide your muscle cells with extra energy. Gas needed for respiration. - Respiration sos and releasing carbon dicxide. It -». from food molecules speeds up during 2 Complete the table to show the difference between breathed in and breathed out air. Breathed in | Breathed out Gas air (%) air (%) Oxygen 21 Carbon dioxide 0.03 Nitrogen and other gases, 2p 79. 3. The spirogram shows how the volume of air in a student's lungs changes as she breathes in and out, 10 20 time (seconds) a Calculate her breaths per mint ute, also speeds up to b What volume of air does she take in with each breath? ¢ Continue the graph to show how her breathing changes as she starts to cycle, The ventilation rate is the volume of air that enters the lungs per minute. Iti calculated by ‘multiplying the volume of each breath by the breaths per minute. The table shows how training at a high altitude affected one athlete's ventilation rate. Describe what happens during training at a high altitude to cause this effect. Average ventilation rate (diwiminute) Aativity Before training at | After training at a ahigh altitude | _ high altitude Standing 125 102 Running 1283, i144Deaton PLO UEELee 4. Complete the equations for aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic: glucose + > + Anaerobic: glucose + 2. The diagram shows an athlete's oxygen uptake before, ' during and after exercise. ' a Add labels to show what is happening in each part of ! the graph. b Explain why anaerobic respiration cannot be used all = & the time, i Explain why anaerobic respiration can produce a sudden burst of energy even though it only releases a small percentage of the energy in glucose. 3. Write T after the true statements and F after those that are false. Then write corrected versions of the statements that are false. Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen, ‘Aerobic respiration only provides short bursts of energy. ‘Anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid. ‘Anaerobic respiration releases the same percentage of the total energy in glucose as aerobic respiration, Anaerobic respiration is the main type used in marathons, Corrected versions of false statements: eance 4 Statements a-g refer to muscle fibres, Write the letter of each statement in the correct part of the Venn diagram, Specialise in aerobic respiration. Specialise in anaerobic respiration, Produce large forces. Contain more mitochondria. slow ‘Take in oxygen ata faster rate. ‘whee Can contract for longer periods of time. Can only contract for a short period of time. Contract to pull on bones. se se aneeen eet 1 The diagram below shows the cells that line your lungs, a Add labels to show how lungs are normally kept clean. List six changes that take place if you smoke, ¢ List two diseases that smokers are more likely to suffer from. 2_ Fill in the gaps in the following paragraph with words from the box below. Cigarette smoke contains many ..... chemicals. Tar paralyses .. and makes mucus build up in the lungs. ttis also carcinogenic so it can cause lung . . Carbon monoxide ... .. the amount of oxygen blood can carry. Nicotine ... .. smokers" blood pressure by causing blood vessels to become .. $0 it increases their risk of having - attack. also makes cigarettes .. Two friends run a 200m race, Neither do much exercise and one smokes 20 cigarettes per day. Their | results are shown in the table. i Race time q Runner (seconds) Imran 29 4 Mohamed 6 | Identify the smoker and explain why his race time is so different.41. Fill the gaps in the following paragraph with words from the box below. itis important to communicate findings ..... sesscses «Graphs, models, and . can make .,... - a. @asier to understand. We can keep explanations simple by leaving out . that are not .... 2. Explain the following scientific terms. a Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) b Asthma 3. Two students breathe out as fast as they can. 67 ‘A machine measures the volume of air they breathe out. The results are shown on the graph a Describe two differences between Lotanna and Maryam’s results. totanna volume breathed out (i time (seconds) =" A doctor explains why smokers get more lung infections. "The mucus in your bronchi normally traps the pathogens you inhale. Cilia then waft the trepped pathogens up your trachea. The tar from cigarette smoke paralyses the cilia and leaves the trapped pathogens in your lungs where they can cause infections." ‘a. Write one reason whty this explanation is unsuitable for patients with no scientific knowledge. b_ Rewrite the explanation to make it clearer. :Reproduction and ee vetereny itn 1 Fill the gaps in the following paragraph with words from the box below. Anew life begins when a sperm nucleus .... -. with an egg cell in an oviduct. This is .... . - The egg is released from an ovary and swept along the -» towards the uterus. Sperm are made in the and pumped out through the sperm duct and . They swim from the ... the oviduct to find the egg, 2 Match each part of a male or female reproductive system to its function. Body part Function Ovary Where fertilisation takes place Oviduct Where sperm enter a woman's body Vagina Where egg cells develop Uterus Sperm is produced here Testes Used to place semen in a woman's vagina Sperm duct Where the embryo implants and develops Penis Carries sperm past glands that add fluids to form semen 3. Label the male and female sex cells to show how they are suited to the jobs they do. Use diagrams to explain how two sex ces can join to form a new lifeReproduction and Freframitarsiyan cats Put the following sentences in order to show how a fetus develops. Start with statement G, The correct order is:. ntadepeaaseenn es A. The embryo becomes a hollow ball of cells. B The fetus has a full set of sense organs. C The fetus is mature enough to survive outside the uterus. D The fertilised egg cell begins to divide to form an embryo, £ The embryo's cells form tissues and organs and it becomes a fetus. F The embryo implants in the wall of the uterus and develops a placenta. G A sperm cell nucleus fuses with an egg cell nucleus during fertilisation. ‘The diagram below shows a fetus that is ready to be born. a Label the diagram. ‘the diagram represents the thin barrier between blood from the ae tea fetus and its mother’s blood in the placenta. blood of fetus {Add labels to the arrows to show which way these molecules move: oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, urea. Explain why pregnant women should not smoke or drink alcoholTST Kes peurenenernt) fetal development 1 Fill the gaps in the following paragraph with words from the box below. Non-identical twins form when two «+ fertilise . . eggs. into two. Conjoined twins form when Identical twins form when embryos twins do not . completely, Conjoined twins can be «if they don’t share too many 2. Draw lines to match each observation to the question it prompted. Observation Question Twins are more likely to die in their Could the birth mass of babies affect first month than single babies their survival? On average twins have lower Could more small babies be dying rth masses than single babies. because they are born too soon? "About one-third of babies die ‘What could be different about babies if their birth mass is below tkg. that are twins? 3 Babies that are bom too early need to be kept warm in an incubator. 2 umber of babies needing incubators (%) ‘win babies" single babies newborn babies a The bar chart shows data about a hospital's use of incubators, Calculate the percentage difference between twins and single babies needing incubators Suggest a reason for this difference. € The babies kept in incubators often cannot suck or breathe independently. Describe how they are helped to survive.UNM Remictarsnyontns Fill th gaps in the following paragraph with words from the box below. During puberty, sex .......-+sssseess++ Cause physical and... changes in boys and girls. Their height increases .... - and their ......... ... organs develop. This is also ‘the time when a girl's 11 and 15. 2 Staft cee _ usually occurs between the ages of Write B after changes that take place in boys, and G after those that take place in gis, Some take place in both boys and gils. a Their voices get deeper. b They undergo a period of rapid growth. Their hips get wider. Hair grows in their pubic region. 3 The diagram shows how the lining of a gif's uterus changes during her menstrual cycle, days of menstrual cycle — Add labels to the diagram to show what is happening in each part of the cycle. Estimate the time when making love is most likely to lead to fertilisation. ¢ Write two reasons why a woman's periods may stop. "During puberty changes take place in many organs at the same time, Explain how your brain makes all these changes happen at the same time. tsnareneromennneconemctenonehDrugs and disease 1 There are two sorts of drugs: pharmaceutical drugs and social drugs, Decide which each statement desctibes and add its letter to the correct section of the Venn diagram, a Used to treat diseases, Painkiller or antibiotics. Can be dangerous in high doses. Affect the way your body works. pharmaceutical ‘Always affect your nervous system. a Caffeine, nicotine or alcohol. so aas 2 Draw lines to link each drug to the correct type and effects. Drug ‘Type Effects Caffeine or nicotine Hallucinogen Slows reactions, Increases accidents Cannabis Depressant ‘Speeds up reactions Makes users feel alert. ‘Alcohol ‘Stimulant Changes the way users see and hear things. 3. Each of these people is suffering the side effects of a drug. Suggest which drug they have been taking. a I find it impossible to get to sleep at night... bb [keep getting into fights when | am out with friends I've been martied for years but | don't have any children. Use the information about the following drugs to classify them as stimulants, depressants, addictive drugs or hallucinogens. Some drugs go in more than one category. a Barbiturates are used! in sleeping pills These can be hard to give up. b Cocaine makes people feel more energetic but the effect gets weaker each time users cake it. If ‘they keep taking more, they may die from an overdose, ¢ Ecstasy increases users’ energy levels, makes them feel closer to other people and makes them more sensitive to touch, 64POTS Ure te 4 Draw lines to link each disease to the organisms that cause it and the symptoms, Disease ‘Organism ‘Symptoms. responsible Bilharzia Worm Blindness River blindness Bacteria Infertility ‘Anaemia, diarrhoea ee and liver damage Chlamydia or : gonorrhoea Fever and coughing 2 Doctors advise their patients to take these precautions, Name the disease each action will protect, them from. Do not stay in the same room as someone with a petsistent cough. bb Wear insect repellent and clothes that cover your arms and legs. © Do not have unprotected sex. d_ Make sure your food is not contaminated. Do not walk in infected lakes and ponds. 3 The World Health Organisation records the number of cases of tuberculosis every year. Use graph paper to display their results asa line graph. Year TB cases per 100 000 people 1990, 270 1995, 270, 2000 265, 2005, 220 2010 175 2013 170 a How many cases were there for every 100 000 people in 1990? b Calculate the fallin the number of cases between 1990 and 2013. ¢ Between which years was the fall in the number of cases most rapid? Explain why chlamydia and gonorthoea can only he passed to new victims during sex and during chilabirth,DTS OTIC Ome Lat 1 Read the following paragraph and fill in the gaps with words from the box below. . keeps most of them » Your. Harmful micro-organisms are called .. . blood cells. Some white blood out, Pathogens that invade your body are attacked by . -.. attach to pathogens and help white « «These ¥-shaped .. - them, cells make ........ blood cells to ....... 2 Draw lines to link each component of your immune system with its role. Defence Role Skin ‘Traps the pathogens you breathe in ‘Stomach acid Proteins which help white blood cells destroy pathagens Mucus Destroys pathogens in your food and drink Antibodies Keeps most pathogens out of your tissues Phagocytes White blood cells which ingest pathogens Other white blood cells Make antibodies 3. The HIV virus destroys one type of white blood cell called a helper T-cell. The graph shows how the numbers of these cells changed in a patient with the disease. 00 8 3 helper T-cells per mm? time (years) a_ Describe how the number of helper T-cells changes. Ten years after becoming infected with HIV, the patient caught tuberculosis and dled. Explain why they did not recover.1 Read the following paragraph and fill in the gaps with words from the box below. Pathogens reproduce Very ....ssiseecnsseeee White blood cells need to produce ....... antibodies for each pathogen. This takes .. su,50 You may fee il fora few days. Ifthe same a «evs invades again, your white blood cells ...........:..... antibodies quickly so you don't get il. pathogen. more different «= quickly” time 2. The graph shows how the number allpathogens of antibodies in the blood changes destroyed during an infection. Add a second fine to the graph to show what i you feel would be different ifthe same a Detter pathogen infected you a 3 antibodies ~~ a desty he second time. 2 ee ee) t time (days) pathogens invade 3. Decide whether each statement is true (7) or false (F). Write corrected versions of the false statements on the lines below. Vaccines contain dead or weak pathogens. Vaccines make wihite blood cells produce antibiotics. Vaccines stop you falling ill if the live pathogen enters your body. d_ Once you have been vaccinated you are immune to any disease. "Put the following steps in order to explain how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics. Start with step C, A Her doctor prescribes antibiotics. B The toughest bacteria continue to multiply. © Appatientis seriously il. She is infected with bacteria. D. The first few doses of antibiotics kill the weakest bacteria. E Their resistance to the antibiotic passes to future generations, F The patient feels better and stops taking the antibiotics. G The antibiotic is no longer effective.1 Complete the equation for photosynthesis. light energy ‘absorbed by chloroplasts 2 Add labels to the diagram below to show how eneray absorbed by plants keeps animals alive, +.—% —1 3 Add labels to the diagram below to show how water and carbon dioxide enter a leaf, where photosynthesis takes place, and what happens to the products made. 4 Abiola placed cress seeds on damp cotton wool in two dishes.He placed one dish in a dark cupboard and one in bright light.Draw the seedlings in the diagrams below. ee ‘grown in kept in grown in kept in sunlight, darkness sunlight darkness appearance after 2 days appearance after 7 days “Aphids feed by pushing pointed mouthparts into the phloem tubes in a plant's veins, a Explain what phloem tubes are and why plants need them. Suggest how the aphids affect the plants they feed on.Dattong berry 41. The four sentences below describe how Salma investigated photosynthesis, Write the letter at the start of each sentence in the comrect box on the diagram. a Salma measured the rate of photosynthesis under red, blue and green light. b Salma wondered whether the colour of light affected photosynthesis. The results showed that photosynthesis was faster under red and blue light Salma thought that plants could not use green light because they look green. ‘his suggests that they reflect green light and absorb red and blue. 7k qston Seagestan Teaitheexeraon) heremabea cm pta Chek he evince vost spor te expert? wo es The explanation is accepted 2. Link each piece of equipment Salma used to the job it does. Equipment Job Lamp Removes every colour from light except one. filter To measure how long leaf discs take to rise. syringe Provides dissolved carbon dioxide for photosynthesis Timer Produces white ight. Water Removes the air from lea discs. ‘Marc plans to repeat Salma’s experiment with a different plant. He checks his method. a_ Leaf discs 50cm from a lamp (in white light) take 47 minutes to rise. How should he change his method? Explain why this will improve his investigation. ‘¢ Marc tests his fitter with a light meter. The reading under the green and blue ones is 100 lux but under the red one if is 200 lux. How should he change his method? Explain why this will improve his investigation.1 Colour the leaves below to show how mineral deficiencies affect maize leaves. 5 re eect el phosphorous potassium nitrogen deficiency deficiency deficiency 2. Draw lines to link each statement on the left to one of the stages in developing a scienttfic explanation ‘on the right. What scientists did to lear more about a Stage in developing a mineral deficiency scientific explanation Compared the control and test batches of maize, ‘Ask a question about something ‘The leaves only tumn yellow in the test batch, that has been observed. ‘Suggested that the plants might be short of Use creative thought to suggest ‘magnesium because the green chlorophyll in a possible explanation, chloroplasts contains magnesium, ‘Wondered what makes maize leaves turn yellow Collect evidence to test the in some parts of the country. possible explanation, ‘Grew two lots of maize. Gave the control batch Check the evidence to see if ‘every mineral and the test batch every mineral it supports the suggested except magnesium. explanation. 3. Complete the sentences below to describe why each mineral is needed. Nitrogen is used to make ... Magnesium is used to make ... Photosynthesis and respiration rely on . and. Scientists compared maize grown using hydroponics 6 with maize plants grown using aeroponics, They measured how quickly they could take in minerals. The graph shows their results, ‘a. Describe the results in the graph. b Describe the main difference between hydroponics and aeroponics. ¢ Aeroponics lets roots take in more oxygen. Why is this gas needed? d_ How would the differences shown in the graph affect the growth of the plants? ‘ime (minutes)CCU THD Barry 1. Make up six sentences about plants and metals, Each sentence must use one word or phrase from each column of the table. You may need to use some words or phrases more than once. Plants need metals Only small amounts prevent Many metals can High metal concentrations to Hyperaccurnulators are absorb a lot af metal. ‘oxic in large quantities. build their cel plant growth. needed. used to clean soil. 2. Colour and label the diagram below to explain how a hyperaccurnulator can remove toxic netals from soil. 3. Scientists planted Chinese brake fems in pots of contaminated soil. The graph shows how the amount of arsenic in these plants changed. ‘a. Where was most of the arsenic accumulated? b When did the ferns take in most arsenic? Scientists plan to burn the ferns. The arsenic will be left in a small quantity of ash. Suggest one thing they could do with the ash, arsenic concentration (pm) 8000 6000 4000 2000 time (weeks)1 Label the diagram below to show the main parts of an insect-pollinated flower, 2. Name each of the following parts: a Where ovules containing female sex cells are produced b Where pollen containing male sex cells is produced © Where the pollen has to land for pollination to take place d_ The structure a pollen tube grows down to reach an ovule e The part that forms a seed after fertilisation ¥ The part that forms a fruit after fertilisation 3. Label the diagram on the right to show the events that take place between pollination and fertilisation. i) 4 Label the diagram below to show the main parts of a wind-pollinated flower, Ss ~ Many plants produce male and female sex cells in the same flower. They can produce seecs by self- pollination or cross-pollination. a. Describe the difference between these two processes. Explain why offspring show more variety when cross-pollination takes place.PETS 4 Read the following paragraph and fill in the gaps with words from the text box below Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at all. seed pods, wind, water or The Seeds can be spread by .... inside a seed can survive extreme... and lack dormant .......cseeesese . - They can travel long distances before they ... 2. Label each of the diagrams below to show whether the seeds are spread by exploding pods, wind, water or animals. 3. These diagrams show where seeds from two different aie plants were found. a Which plant uses the wind to spread its seeds? by Which plant's seeds are most likely to be spread ‘ : by animals? os wind direction rae Cynthia compares three types of seed with wings. Each type of seed has a different mass. she holds each seed up to a fan and lets it go. She measures the distance the seed travels before it reaches, the ground, She repeats the test 10 times for each seed type. The table shows Cynthia's results. Average Distance travelled (m) mass of | Less than | Between | More than seeds (9) 2 Zand 4 4 1 2 8 0 4 15 3 i 0 See Ze 2 8 2 0 ee oe a What conclusion can you make from Cynthia's results? Explain why itis useful for seeds to get a long way from the parent plant.CeO ent Paar 1. Read the following paragraph and fill in the gaps with words from the text box below. Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at all, .» that help an organism to «. Some adaptations are physical .. Most adaptations take many .. «+ in their and others are to develop. 2. Decide whether the following adaptations would be most useful to a predator, a prey animal or bath. Abard shell b The ability to run fast Sharp claws Camouflage e Poisonous skin £ Eyes on the sides of their heads 9 Tunnelling behaviour h 3 Th A smooth streamlined shape 1ese birds have adapted to eat different foods. a Which bird crunches hard seeds? Which bird pulls worms out of mud? 4 Opossurms hide in hollow trees during the day and feed at night. They eat almost anything ~ mainly smaller animals. They use their long wihiskers to fee! their way along the branches of trees. They have exceptional hearing and a good sense of smell. a_ List two adaptations that help them avoid predators. b List one adaptation that helps them find food. ™ Life on Earth has adapted to suit every possible habitat. Collect or draw images of five animals from your country. Label each animal to show the physical or behavioural adaptations that help it to find food or avoid predators. i