HARRISON COLLEGE ACCELERATED MATHEMATICS

BOOK 4: CSEC ADDITIONAL MATHS

INTRODUCTORY CALCULUS

1
Table of Contents
DIFFERENTIATION ................................................................................................................. 3
INTEGRATION ....................................................................................................................... 18
DIFFERENTIATION & INTEGRATION of TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS ................. 34

2
DIFFERENTIATION

Students should be able to:

 Use the concept of derivative at a point 𝑥 = 𝑐 as the gradient of the tangent to the curve
at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
 Define the derivative at a point as a limit.
 Use the 𝑓 / (𝑥) notation for the first derivative.
 Use the formula for the derivative of 𝑥 𝑛 where n is any real number.
 Use the formula for the derivative sin(x) and cos (x).
 Use the product and quotient rules to differentiate simple polynomials and
trigonometric function.
 Apply the chain rule in the differentiation of composite functions.
 Use the concept of the derivative as a rate of change.
 Use the concept of stationary (critical points) and determine the nature of staotionary
points.
 Locate stationary points, maxima and minima.
 Calculate the second derivative and use the sign of the second derivative to determine
the nature of stationary points
 Obtain equations of tangents and normal to curves.

3
Consider any curve y = f(x). Let A [x, f(x)] be any point on this curve.

Further, let 𝛿𝑥 be the increase in the x coordinate in moving from A to another point B i.e. B is
the point B[ (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥), 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) ] . Let 𝛿𝑦 be the corresponding increase in the y coordinate in
moving from A to B i.e 𝛿𝑦 = increase in y

= 𝑦𝐵 − 𝑦𝐴

= 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦′𝑠 𝛿𝑦 𝑓(𝑥+𝛿𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)

Now the gradient of the line segment AB = = =
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥′𝑠 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥

Now if 𝛿𝑥 is made smaller this gradient will change and as 𝛿𝑥 approaches 0, the gradient of the
line segment will approach that of the tangent to the curve at A. This condition is expressed as

𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥+𝛿𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
= lim
𝑑𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥

This is called the DERIVATIVE OF Y WITH RESPECT TO X and the process of obtaining it
is called DIFFERENTIATION. When the derivative is obtained by evaluating the resulting limit
expression then this is called DIFFERENTIATION FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES.

Unless specifically asked to differentiate from first principles, the derivatives of various
functions will be obtained by use of various rules and procedures other than the evaluation of
limit expressions.

The derivative is also expressed in the form 𝑓 / (𝑥) .

4
The POWER RULE FOR DIFFERENTIATION

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑛𝑎𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
Ex. 𝑦 = 6𝑥 8 = 48𝑥 7
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
Ex: 𝑦 = 6𝑥 =6
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
Ex: 𝑦=6 =0
𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑦 −3
Ex: 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 = 𝑥 −3 = −3𝑥 −4 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥4

Ex. 𝑦 = 3√𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑦 3 3
𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 = 2 𝑥 −2 = 2
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥

5
Gradients of tangents and normals to curves:

𝑑𝑦
Given the equation of a curve, when we find 𝑑𝑥 , we get a general formula for the gradient of
the tangent of the curve i.e. for any specified value of x. If we want the gradient at a specified
point, we substitute the value of x at that point.

(𝑥+2)2
Ex: If 𝑦 = find the gradient of the tangent to the curve at the point (1, 9).
𝑥3

𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4
Solution : 𝑦 = 𝑥3

𝑦 = 𝑥 −1 + 4𝑥 −2 + 4𝑥 −3
𝑑𝑦
= −𝑥 −2 − 8𝑥 −3 − 12𝑥 −4
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
So at x = 1 , = −21 (= gradient of the tangent to the given curve at (1, 9) )
𝑑𝑥

6
The normal to the curve at a specified point is a line perpendicular to the tangent to the curve at
the given point and passing through the point.
1
Remember that gradient of the normal = − 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡

8
Ex. The normal to the curve 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 𝑥 at the point (2, 12) cuts the x axis at A and at the y-
axis at B. Find the equation of the normal at (2, 12).

Solution:

normal to tangent y=f(x)

tangent at (2,12)

(2,12)

8 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 𝑥 so = 4 − 8𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
At (2, 12) x=2 so = 4 − 8 × 2−2 =2
𝑑𝑥

1
Gradient of normal at (2, 12) =− 2

1
Equation of normal is of the form y = mx + c i.e. From above 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 + 𝑐
1
To find c, substitute (x = 2, y = 12) ; 12 = = − 2 2 + 𝑐 therefore c = 13

1
So equation of normal 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥+13

7
Considering the sketch of the function y = f(x) shown above, from x = a to x = b, the function is
increasing i.e. as x increases in value f(x) is also increasing. The gradient of the tangent to the
𝑑𝑦
curve is positive i.e. 𝑑𝑥 is positive in value (> 0).

From x = b to x = c, the function is decreasing i.e. as x increases, f(x) is decreasing. The gradient
of the tangent to the curve is negative in value (< 0).

Note at B the function is said to be STATIONARY and B is called a stationary point. At a

stationary point the gradient of the tangent to the curve is equal to zero.

Ex. Find the values of x for which 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 + 1 is stationary

Solution: 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 + 1

𝑑𝑦
(a) = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 15= 0 (for stationary point)
𝑑𝑥

After dividing by 3 and factorising

𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5= 0

(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 5) = 0

𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 5

8
MORE ON STATIONARY POINTS.

C
A

The points marked A, B and C are called STATIONARY POINTS or TURNING POINTS or
CRITICAL POINTS. Points A and C are MAXIMUM turning points and point B is a
MINIMUM turning point.

Since C is the higher of the two maxima it is referred to as a GLOBAL MAXIMUM. If there
were more than one minimum point then the lowest one would be referred to as the GLOBAL
MINIMUM.

The tangent at a stationary point is always parallel to the x-axis and therefore always has gradient
equal to zero.

The STATIONARY VALUE of the curve is the y-coordinate of the turning point.

Ex. Find the coordinates of any turning points on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 .

𝑑𝑦
Solution: = 2𝑥 + 5 = 0 (for stationary point(s) )
𝑑𝑥

5 5 5 1
∴ 𝑥 = − 2 ; 𝑦 = (− 2)2 + 5 (2) + 6 = − 4 ;

5 1
So the coordinates of the stationary point = (− 2 , − 4)

In general if the equation of a curve is a polynomial of degree n then it will have (𝑛 − 1)

stationary points.

9
THE NATURE OF STATIONARY POINTS.

This refers as to whether the stationary point is a maximum, a minimum or a point of inflexion.

Points of Inflexion

The point P in the diagram is a point of inflexion. Even though the curve does not actually
change direction at P such a point is still considered a turning point because the sense in which
the curve is turning i.e. From clockwise to anticlockwise or vice versa.

To determine the nature of a stationary point there are two tests which can be used:

1. The second derivative test

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
The second derivative is denoted by 𝑑𝑥 2 (or f //(x) ) and is obtained by differentiating 𝑑𝑥 .

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
Ex : 𝑦 = 𝑥5 ; = 5𝑥 4 ; = 20𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

In general
𝑑2 𝑦
- if the value of at the stationary point is NEGATIVE then the point is a MAXIMUM
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑2 𝑦
- if the value of at the stationary point is POSITIVE then the point is a MINIMUM.
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑2 𝑦
- if the value of = 0 then the test FAILS and we must use the ALTERNATIVE TEST.
𝑑𝑥 2

10
2. The alternative test.

This test involves checking the value of y at points just before and just after the stationary points.
Ex. If the turning point occurs at x = 2 , check value of y at x = 1 and at x = 3.

If both y values are smaller than the y value at the turning point then the point is a maximum.

If both y values are larger than the y value at the turning point then the point is a minimum.

If one y value is larger and the other smaller than the y value at the turning point then the point is
a point of inflexion.

Ex: Find the coordinates of any turning points on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 18𝑥 2 − 27
and determine their nature. Given also that the curve cuts the x axis at 𝑥 = −1 , sketch the
curve,.

𝑑𝑦
Solution: = 4𝑥 3 − 24𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 = 0 (for stationary points)
𝑑𝑥

4𝑥(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9) = 0

4𝑥(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 3) = 0

So x = 0 or x = 3 and after substituting into given equation.

𝑦 = −27 and 𝑦 = 0 respectively so turning points are (0, −27) and (3, 0).

To determine the nature of the turning points:

𝑑2 𝑦
= 12𝑥 2 − 48𝑥 + 36
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑2 𝑦
At x = 0 , 𝑑𝑥 2 = 36 which is positive so (0, −27) is a minimum.

𝑑2 𝑦
At x = 3 , = 0 so the second derivative test fails.
𝑑𝑥 2

Alternative test:

At x = 2 , y =−3 and at x = 4 , y = 4 so since one is smaller and the other is larger

than the y value at the turning point, it is a point of inflexion.

11
Exercise

5
1. Find the gradient of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 at the point where 𝑥 = 4.

2. Find the gradient of the curve 𝑦 = 8√𝑥 + 𝑥 at the point whose 𝑥-coordinate is 9.

3. The curve 𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 3 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 passes through the origin 𝑂 and the point 𝑃(1, 2). The gradient of the curve
at 𝑃 is equal to 8
a. Calculate the values of the constants 𝑝, 𝑞 and 𝑟
b. Obtain the equation of the normal to the curve at 𝑃

4. A curve, defined for 𝑥 ≥ 0, has equation

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − √𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦
(i) Find
𝑑𝑥
(ii) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point where 𝑥 = 4.
1
3
Ans: (i) 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 (ii) 𝑦 = 5𝑥 − 12
2

3 𝑑𝑦
5. (i) For the curve 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 , find the value of
𝑑𝑥
when 𝑥 = 4
3
(ii) Find the equation of the normal to the curve 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 at the point where 𝑥 = 4
1
𝑑𝑦 1 50
Ans: (i) = 3𝑥 2 (ii) 𝑦 = − 𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥 6 3

6. The curve 𝐶 has equation

1 3
𝑦= 𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 3
3
The point 𝑃 has coordinates (3, 0)
(a) Show that 𝑃 lies on 𝐶.
(b) Find the equation of the tangent to 𝐶 at 𝑃.

Another point 𝑄 also lies of 𝐶. The tangent to 𝐶 at 𝑄 is parallel to the tangent to 𝐶 at 𝑃.

(c) Find the coordinates of 𝑄

1
Ans: (b) 𝑦 = −7𝑥 + 21 (c) (5, −15 )
3

7. For the curve 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3

𝑑𝑦
(i) Find
𝑑𝑥
(ii) Hence find the equation of the tangent at the point on the curve where 𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑦
Ans: (i) = 6𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 (ii)𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
8. Given that 𝑦 = 16𝑥 + 𝑥 −1 , find the two values of 𝑥 for which =0
𝑑𝑥
1
Ans: 𝑥 = ±
4

12
9. A curve is defined for 𝑥 > 0 by the equation
2 2
𝑦 = (1 + )
𝑥
The point 𝑃 lies on the curve where 𝑥 = 2
(a) Find the 𝑦-coordinate of 𝑃
2 2
(b) Expand (1 + )
𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(c) Find
𝑑𝑥
(d) Hence show that the gradient of the curve at 𝑃 is −2
(e) Find the equation of the normal to the curve at 𝑃, giving your answer in the form 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0,
where 𝑏 and 𝑐 are integers.
4 4 𝑑𝑦 4 8
Ans: (a) 𝑦 = 4 (b) 1 + + (c) =− − (e) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 6 = 0
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3

10. A curve has equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥

(i) Find the gradient of the curve at the point for which 𝑥 = 2
(ii) Find the equation of the normal to the curve at the point for which 𝑥 = 2.
(iii) Find the values of 𝑘 for which the line 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 − 4 is a tangent to the curve.
1 32
Ans: (i) 5 (ii) 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + (iii) 𝑘 = −3, 5
5 5

1
11. A curve has equation 𝑦 = + 48𝑥
𝑥3
𝑑𝑦
(a) Find
𝑑𝑥
(b) Hence find the equation of the two tangents to the curve that are parallel to the 𝑥-axis.
(c) Find an equation of the normal to the curve at the point (1, 49).
3 1 1 2206
Ans: (i) 48 − 4 = 0 (ii) 𝑥 = ± (iii) 𝑦 = − 𝑥 +
𝑥 2 45 45

13
INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS AND STATIONARY POINTS.

1. A curve has equation 𝑦 = 7 − 2𝑥 5

𝑑𝑦
(a) Find
𝑑𝑥
(b) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point where 𝑥 = 1
(c) Determine whether 𝑦 is increasing or decreasing when 𝑥 = −2
𝑑𝑦
Ans: (i) = −10𝑥 4 (ii) 𝑦 = −10𝑥 + 15 (iii) decreasing
𝑑𝑥

2. A curve has the equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3. Find

(i) the 𝑥 −coordinate of the minimum point,
(ii) the equation of the normal to the curve at the point where 𝑥 = 2.

4 𝑑𝑦
3. (i) Given that 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 + 2 , find .
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(ii) The curve 𝐶 has a minimum point 𝑀. Find the coordinates of 𝑀.
(iii) Find the equation of the normal to 𝐶 at the point (1, 6)
𝑑𝑦 8
Ans: (i) = 1− (ii) (2, 4) (iii) 𝑥 − 4𝑦 = −41
𝑑𝑥 𝑥3

4. A curve has equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 𝑘, where 𝑘 is a constant.

𝑑𝑦
(i) Write down an expression for
𝑑𝑥
(ii) Find the 𝑥-coordinates of the two stationary points on the curve.

(iii) Hence find the two values of 𝑘 for which the curve has a stationary point on the 𝑥-axis.

Ans: (i) 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 9 (ii) 𝑥 = −3, 1 (iii) 𝑘 = 5, −27

5. A curve, drawn from the origin 𝑂, crosses the 𝑥-axis at the point 𝑃(4, 0)
The normal to the curve at 𝑃 meets the 𝑦-axis at the point 𝑄, as shown in the diagram.

The curve, defined for 𝑥 ≥ 0, has equation

1 3
𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
(i) Find
𝑑𝑥
(ii) Show that the gradient of the curve at 𝑃(4, 0) is −2
(iii) Find the equation of the normal to the curve at 𝑃(4, 0)
(iv) Find the 𝑦-coordinate of 𝑄 and hence find the area of the triangle 𝑂𝑃𝑄
(v) The curve has a maximum point 𝑀. Find the 𝑥-coordinate of 𝑀
1 1
𝑑𝑦 3 1 4
Ans: (i) = 2𝑥 −2 − 𝑥 2 (iii) 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 (iv) 𝑦 = −2, Area = 4 units 2 (v) 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2 2 3

14
DIFFERENTIATION OF BRACKETS

𝑑𝑦 𝑛−1
Let y = (𝑓(𝑥))𝑛 then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛(𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑓 / (𝑥) in words, we treat the expression inside the
brackets as if it was a single ‘x’ and differentiate as before and multiply the result by the
derivative of the expression.

𝑑𝑦
Ex. If 𝑦 = 4(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥)3 find .
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
Solution: 𝑑𝑥 = 3 × 4(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥)2 × (3𝑥 2 + 2) = 12(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥)2 (3𝑥 2 + 2) [ note we could have
expanded the expression and then differentiated the resulting polynomial]

DIFFERENTIATION OF PRODUCTS AND QUOTIENTS

Consider a function 𝑦 = 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 where u and v are both functions of x. It can be shown that the
derivative of such a function is given by

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 [THE PRODUCT RULE]

=𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
Ex: Find if 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)6
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
Solution: = (𝑥 2 − 1) ∙ 6 ∙ (𝑥 + 2)5 + (𝑥 + 2)6 ∙ 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑢
Consider the function 𝑦 = 𝑣 where u and v are functions of x. It can also be shown that the
derivative of y with respect to x is given by :

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2

[THE QUOTIENT RULE]

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥+1
Ex: Find if 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +3
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 2 +3)2 −(2𝑥+1)(2𝑥) 6−2𝑥 2 −2𝑥

Solution: = =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 +3)2 (𝑥 2 +3)2

15
THE CHAIN RULE

𝑑𝑦
Let y = f(x) and x = f(t) then we can find 𝑑𝑡 (the derivative of y with respect to t) by use of the
chain rule i.e
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= × note: the and other derivatives behave like
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
fractional quantities.

This result is useful in solving rates of change problems.

Ex. A spherical balloon is being inflated at a constant rate of 250 cm3 per second. Find the rate of
increase of the radius when the radius is 2 cm.
4
Solution: Volume of Sphere = 3
𝜋𝑟 3

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
= 4𝜋𝑟 2 now = 250 (given)
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑟 1 𝑑𝑟 1
So = 𝑑𝑣 × 𝑑𝑡 and = 𝑑𝑣 so when r = 2 , = 4𝜋22
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑟

𝑑𝑟 1
= × 250 = 4.974 𝑐𝑚/𝑠
𝑑𝑡 16𝜋

16
Exercise 𝜋, the rate at which the volume is increasing
at the instant when the volume is 36𝜋 cm3 . [4]
1. The perimeter of a rectangle has a constant Ans: 72𝜋
value of 40 cm. one side of length 𝑥 cm, is 9. The surface area of a sphere is increasing at a
increasing at a rate of 0.5 cms −1 . Find the rate rate of 6 cm2 s −1 . Given that the surface area of
at which the area is increasing at the instant a sphere of radius 𝑟 is 4𝜋𝑟 2 and that the
when 𝑥 = 3. [4] 4
volume is 𝜋𝑟 3 , find the rate of increase of
3

2. The radius, 𝑟 cm, of a circle is increasing in (i) the radius,

such a way that the rate of increase of the area (ii) the volume,
of the circle is 𝜋𝑟 cm2 s −1 . Calculate the rate of
at the instant when the radius if 5 cm. [5]
increase of the radius. [3]
10. The volume, 𝑉cm3 , of liquid in a bowl, when
3. The circumference of a circle is increasing at
the depth of liquid is 𝑥 cm, is given by
the rate of 3 cms −1 . Find
𝑉 = 2(𝑥 + 4)2 − 32
i. The rate of increase of the radius
Given that liquid enters the bowl at a rate of
ii. The rate of increase of the area, at the
50 cm3 s −1 , find
instant when the radius is 100 cm
(i) the rate of increase in the depth of liquid
when 𝑥 = 16, [4]
4. The surface area of a sphere is increasing at a
(ii) the value of 𝑥 when the rate of increase of
constant rate of 6 cm2 s −1 . Given that the
the depth of liquid is 0.8 cms −1 . [2]
surface area of a sphere of radius 𝑟 is 4𝜋𝑟 2
4
and that the volume is 𝜋𝑟 3 , find the rate of (3𝑥−2)10 𝑑𝑦
3 11. Given that 𝑦 = , find the value of
increase of 1
6 𝑑𝑥

i. the radius when 𝑥 = .

3
ii. the volume 1
The rate of increase of 𝑥, when 𝑥 = , is 2
3
units per second. Calculate the corresponding
5. At the instant when the radius is 5 cm. The
rate of change of 𝑦. [4]
radius, 𝑟 cm, of a circle is increasing in such a
Ans: −10 units/s
way that the rate of increase of the area of the (3𝑥−4)5
circle is 𝜋𝑟 cm2 s −1 . Calculate the rate of 12. A curve has equation 𝑦 = . Find
16
increase of the radius. (i) an expression for
𝑑𝑦
[2]
𝑑𝑥
(ii) the equation of the tangent to the curve at
6. A spherical balloon is released from rest and
the point where 𝑥 = 2. [2]
expands as it rises. After rising for 𝑡 seconds
its radius is 𝑟 cm, and its surface area is 𝐴 cm2 , A particle 𝑃 moves along the curve. When 𝑃 is
where 𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 .
at the point where 𝑥 = 2, the 𝑥-coordinate of
The initial radius of the balloon is 16 cm.
given that the rate of increase of the radius is 𝑃 is increasing at the rate of 0.02 units per
constant and has value 0.8 cms −1 , find the second. Find the corresponding rate of change
rate of increase of 𝐴 when 𝑡 = 5. [5] of the 𝑦-coordinate of 𝑃. [2]

15
7. A sector of a circle of radius 𝑟 has an angle of (i) (3𝑥 − 4)4 (ii) 𝑦 = 15𝑥 − 28, 0.30 units/s
𝜋 16
radians. Given that 𝑟 is increasing at a
6
constant rate of 5 cms −1 , calculate, correct to 13. When the height of liquid in a tub is 𝑥 metres,
two decimal places, the rate of increase, when the volume of liquid is 𝑉 m3 , where
𝑟 = 6 cm, of 𝑉 = 0.05[(3𝑥 + 2)3 − 8]
(i) the area of the sector, (i) Find an expression for
𝑑𝑉

(ii) the perimeter of the sector. [6] 𝑑𝑥

(ii) The liquid enters the tub at a constant rate of
0.081 m3 s −1 .
8. The radius 𝑟 cm of a sphere is increasing at a
(iii) Find the rate at which the height of the
constant of 2 cms −1 . Given that the volume of
4 liquid is increasing when 𝑉 = 0.95. [6]
a sphere of radius 𝑟 is 𝜋𝑟 3 , find, in terms of Ans: 0.02 ms −1
3

17
INTEGRATION

Students should be able to:

 Recognise integration as the reverse process of differentiation
 Use the notation  f ( x) dx
 Show that the indefinite integral represents a family of functions which differ by
constants
 Use simple rules of integration
 Integrate functions of the form ax  b  where a, b, n are real and n  -1
n

 Find indefinite integrals using formulae and integration theorems

 Integrate simple trigonometric functions
 Compute definite integrals
 Formulate the equation of a curve given its gradient function and a point on the curve
 Apply integration to (i) find the area of the region in the first quadrant bounded by a
curve and the lines parallel to the y-axis (ii) find volumes of revolution about the x-
axis, for polynomials up to and including degree 2

[note c is called the constant of integration]

In words this is reads as “the integral of 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 with respect to x.” Such integrals are called
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS.

Ex: Find

Solution:

18
 =

Ex. Find =

Ex. Find = =

EQUATION OF A CURVE GIVEN ITS GRADIENT

Integration can be seen as the reverse of differentiation.

Ex. For a curve, it is known that and the curve passes through the point (2, 1).
Find the equation of the curve.

Solution: integrating both sides

= =

To find c, substitute (2, 1) into the integrand and solve for c, 1 = 2(2)2 + 3(2) + c

c = −13

So equation of curve is:

Note that an equation with a differential coefficient in it is called a differential equation.

19
Exercise

1. (i) Find ∫(4𝑥 − 5)𝑑𝑥.

𝑑𝑦
(ii) The gradient of a curve is given by = 4𝑥 − 5. The curve passes through the point (3, 7). Find the
𝑑𝑥
equation of the curve.
𝑑𝑦
2. A curve is such that = (3𝑥 − 2)2 . Given that the curve passes through (1, 2), find its equation.
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
3. Find the equation of the curve which passes through (3, 6) and for which = 2𝑥(𝑥 − 3).
𝑑𝑥
2
Ans: 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 15
3
𝑑𝑦
4. A curve, for which = 2𝑥 − 5, passes through the point 𝑃(4, −2).
𝑑𝑥
Find
(i) the equation of the normal at 𝑃,
(ii) the equation of the curve.

𝑑𝑦
5. A curve is such that = 15𝑥 2 − 12𝑥. Given that it passes through (1, 3), find its equation. The point
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑃(3, 7) lies on the curve for which = 4𝑥 − 5. Find
𝑑𝑥
i. the equation of the tangent at 𝑃
ii. the equation of the curve

𝑑𝑦
6. The curve for which = 𝑘𝑥 − 5, where 𝑘 is a constant, passes through the points (1, 0) and (0, 6).
𝑑𝑥
Find the equation of the curve.

7. The gradient at any point (𝑥, 𝑦) on a curve is √1 + 2𝑥. The curve passes through the point (4, 11). Find
(i) the equation of the curve,
(ii) the point at which the curve intersects the 𝑦-axis.
𝑑𝑦
8. A curve is such that = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1. The curve passes through the point (1, 5).
𝑑𝑥
(i) Find the equation of the curve
(ii) Find the set of values of 𝑥 for which the gradient of the curve is positive.
1
𝑑𝑦
9. A curve is such that = 3𝑥 2 − 6 and the point (9, 2) lies on the curve.
𝑑𝑥
(i) Find the equation of the curve
(ii) Find the 𝑥-coordinate of the stationary point on the curve and determine the nature of the stationary
point.
𝑑𝑦
10. A curve is such that = 4𝑥 − 7. The line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 meets the curve at the point 𝑃. Given that the gradient
𝑑𝑥
of the curve at 𝑃 is 5, find
(i) the coordinates of 𝑃
(ii) the equation of the curve

𝑑𝑦 12
11. A curve is such that = (2𝑥+1)2 and 𝑃(1, 5) is a point on the curve.
𝑑𝑥
(i) The normal to the curve at 𝑃 crosses the 𝑥-axis at 𝑄. Find the coordinates of 𝑄.
(ii) Find the equation of the curve.
(iii) A point is moving along the curve in such a way that the 𝑥-coordinate is increasing at a constant rate
of 0.3 units per second. Find the rate of increase of the 𝑦 −coordinate when 𝑥 = 1.

20
 𝑑𝑦
12. A curve is such that = 𝑎𝑥 − 3, where 𝑎 is a constant. Given that the gradient of the normal at the point
𝑑𝑥
1
(2, −1) on the curve is − , find
5
(i) the value of 𝑎
(ii) the equation of the curve.

16
13. The gradient at any point on a particular curve is given by the expression 𝑥 2 + 2 , where 𝑥 > 0. Given
𝑥
that the curve passes though the point 𝑃(4, 18), find
(i) the equation of the normal to the curve at 𝑃,
(ii) the equation of the curve.

Find the coordinates of the point on the curve where the gradient is a minimum and calculate this
minimum value.
1 4 1 16 2 14
Ans: 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + 18 (ii) = 𝑥 3 − + , (2, − ) , 8
17 17 3 𝑥 3 3

21
INTEGRATION WITH LIMITS / DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Ex. Evaluate

Solution: = =

= =

AREAS and INTEGRATION

The area bounded by the curve y = f(x), the ordinates x = a and x = b and the x-axis, i.e. the
shaded area in the sketch above is given by the definite integral:

22
Ex. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , the lines x = 0, x = 1 and the x-axis.

Shaded area =

= units2

Ex. Find the shaded area shown in the diagram below.

Shaded area = area 1 + area 2

Area 1 =

Area 2 =
1
ignore the negative sign, so shaded area = 2

23
1. The curve with equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 10𝑥 2 + 28𝑥 is sketched below.

The curve crosses the 𝑥-axis at the origin 𝑂 and the point 𝐴(3, 21) lies on the curve.
𝑑𝑦
(a) (i) Find .
𝑑𝑥

(ii) Hence show that the curve has a stationary point when 𝑥 = 2 and find the 𝑥-coordinate of the
other stationary point.

(b) (i) Find ∫(𝑥 3 − 10𝑥 2 + 28𝑥) 𝑑𝑥,

(ii) Hence show that

3
1
∫(𝑥 3 − 10𝑥 2 + 28𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 56
4
0
(iii) Hence determine the area of the shaded region bounded by the curve and the line 𝑂𝐴.

2. The curve with equation 𝑦 = 3𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 + 5 is sketched below.

The curve cuts the 𝑥-axis at the point 𝐴(−1, 0) and cuts the 𝑦-axis at the point 𝐵.

(a) (i) State the coordinates of the point 𝐵 and hence find the area of the triangle 𝐴𝑂𝐵.

(ii) Find ∫(3𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥.

(iii) Hence find the area of the shaded region bounded by the curve and the line 𝐴𝐵.

(b) (i) Find the gradient of the curve with equation 𝑦 = 3𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 + 5 at the point 𝐴(−1, 0).

(ii) Hence find an equation of the tangent to the curve at the point 𝐴.

24
3. The curve with equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 − 5 is sketched below.

The curve cuts the 𝑥-axis at the point 𝐴(1, 0) and the point 𝐵(2, 11) lies on the curve.

(i) Find ∫(𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 − 5) 𝑑𝑥.

(ii) Hence find the area of the shaded region bounded by the curve and the line 𝐴𝐵.

4.

The diagram shows part of the curve with equation

3
𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 10, 𝑥 ≥ 0

The curve passes through the point 𝐴(1, 6) and has a minimum turning point at 𝐵.

(a) Show that the 𝑥-coordinate of 𝐵 is 4. [4]

(b) Find the exact value of the shaded area, bounded by the curve and the straight line 𝐴𝐵.

25
 8
5. The figure below shows part of the curve 𝐶 with equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + − 5, 𝑥 > 0.
𝑥2

The points 𝑃 and 𝑄 lie on 𝐶 and have 𝑥-coordinates 1 and 4 respectively. The shaded region is bounded
by 𝐶 and the straight line joining 𝑃 and 𝑄.

(a) Find the exact area of the shaded region.

(b) Use calculus to show that 𝑦 is increasing for 𝑥 > 2.

6.

The diagram shows part of the curve 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 3)2 intersected by a straight line at 𝐴(0, 9) and 𝐵(4, 1).
Evaluate the area of the shaded region.
2
Ans: 10
3

26
 3 1
7. The diagram shows a sketch of the curves with equations 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 8𝑥 2 .

The curves intersect at the origin and the point 𝐴, where 𝑥 = 4.

3
(a) (i) For the curve 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 find the value of
𝑑𝑦
when 𝑥 = 4.
𝑑𝑥

3
(ii) Find an equation of the normal to the curve 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 at the point 𝐴.
1
(b) (i) Find ∫ 8𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

(ii) Find the area of the shaded region bounded by the two curves.

8.

9
The diagram shows parts of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 and 𝑦 = 11 − 2 , which intersect at (1, 2) and (3, 10).
𝑥
Use integration to find the exact value of the shaded region enclosed between the two curves.
1024
Ans: 𝜋
15

27
9. The diagram below shows part of the curve 𝑦 = 8 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 8, which
intersect at the points 𝐴 and 𝐵.

(i) Find the coordinates of 𝐴 and 𝐵.

(ii) Calculate the shaded area.

1024
Ans:(i) 𝐴(0,8), 𝐵(4,8) (ii) 𝜋
3

AREA BETWEEN A CURVE AND THE Y AXIS

Exercise

1. Find the area enclosed by the 𝑦-axis, the indicated curve and the indicated lines.
a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑦 = 4
b. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑦 = 1, 𝑦 = 3
1
c. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 , 𝑦 = 2, 𝑦 = 4

2. Find the area of the shaded region.

28
3. Calculate the area of the shaded region.

29
VOLUME OF A SOLID OF REVOLUTION

Case 1: revolution about the x axis

When the area bounded by the curve y = f(x), the ordinates x = a and x = b and the x-axis (i.e the
shaded area ) is rotated 360 o about the x axis, a solid is formed as shown in the diagram. The
volume of this solid is given by:

𝑘
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑗 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 [note y 2 must expressed in terms of x]

30
Exercise 5.

1. Find the volume of revolution when the

region bounded by the indicated curve, the 𝑥-
axis and the indicated lines is rotated 360°
about the 𝑥-axis. State your answers in terms
of 𝜋.
(a) 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 3
1
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 1)2 , 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 2
2 2
(c) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4, 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 2
2
(d) 𝑦 = , 𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = 4
𝑥
4 12
Ans: (a) 183𝜋 (b) 𝜋 (c) 9𝜋 (d) 𝜋 The diagram shows part of the curve 𝑦 = .
3 𝑥
Points 𝑃(2, 6) and 𝑄(6, 2) lie on the curve.
2. Find the volume generated when the region
9 Find
bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + , the 𝑥-axis (i) the equation of the line 𝑃𝑄.
𝑥
and the lines 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 3 is rotated (ii) the volume generated when the region
through 360° about the 𝑥-axis. [6] enclosed by the curve and the line 𝑃𝑄 is
Ans: 504.75 rotated through 360° about the 𝑥-axis. [7]
3. Find
(i) the area of the region bounded by the 6.
6
curve 𝑦 = 2, the 𝑥-axis and the lines 𝑥 =
𝑥
1 and 𝑥 = 2. [3]
(ii) the volume obtained when this region is
rotated through 360° about the 𝑥-axis. [4]
21
Ans: (i) (ii) 𝜋
2
4.

The diagram shows part of the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 4

3
and of the curve 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + intersecting at the
𝑥
points (1, 5) and (3, 7). Find, in terms of 𝜋, the
volume generated when the shaded region is
rotated through 360° about the 𝑥-axis. [7]
The diagram shows part of the curve 𝑦 2 = 6𝑥 Ans: 8𝜋
and the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥. Calculate the volume
obtained when the shaded region is rotated
through 360° about the 𝑥-axis.

31
7. The diagram shows the line 𝑦 = 3 − 𝑥 The diagram shows part of the curve 𝑦 = 4√𝑥,
2
intersecting the curve 𝑦 = at (1, 2) and and the line 𝑂𝐴 where 𝑂 is (0, 0) and 𝐴 is
𝑥
(2, 1). Calculate the volume generated when (4, 8). Find the volume, in terms of 𝜋, when
the shaded region is rotated through 360° the shaded region is rotated through 360°
about the 𝑥-axis. about the 𝑥-axis. [6]

Volume about the 𝑦 – axis

Exercise

1. The diagram shows part of the curve 3𝑦 =

5(𝑥 2 − 1). Calculate the volume generated
when the shaded region is rotated through
360° about the 𝑦-axis.

8.

2. The diagram shows part of the curve 𝑦 = 4 −

𝑥 2 . The line 𝑦 = 3 meets this part of the curve
at the point (1, 3). Calculate
The diagram shows part of the curve 𝑦 2 = i. the area of the shaded region.
10𝑥 − 𝑥 2 intersected by the straight line 𝑦 = ii. the volume obtained when this shaded
2𝑥. Calculate the volume of the solid of region is rotated through 360° about the
revolution when the shaded region is rotated 𝑦-axis
through 360° about the 𝑥-axis. [6]
20𝜋
Ans:
3
9.

32
3. The diagram shows part of the curves 𝑦 = (ii) the volume generated when the shaded
2𝑥 2 + 5 and 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 1, intersecting at region is rotated through 360° about the
(2, 13). Find 𝑦-axis [7]
Ans: (i) 5.33 (ii)

(i) the area of the shaded region [5]

33
DIFFERENTIATION & INTEGRATION of TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

𝑑𝑦
If 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 then = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
If 𝑦 = sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) where a and b are real numbers then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)

𝑑𝑦
If 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 then 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑑𝑦
If 𝑦 = cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) where a and b are real numbers then = −𝑎 sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑑𝑠

NOTE: whenever we are working with trigonometric functions and calculus the unit of measure
is RADIANS.

Given that indefinite integration is the reverse process of differentiation, the following results are
obtained:

1
∫ sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = − cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑎

1
∫ cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑏

34