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STUDY ON GROUND WATER QUALITY OF KARWI CITY CHITRAKOOT (U.P.) A

Dissertation report submitted for partial fulfillment for degree of M. Sc.
(Environmental Science)

Research · September 2019

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.17860.37761

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DOI: https://doi.org./10.24163/ijart/2017/3 Available online at http://www.ijart.info/

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY

ISSN 2519-5115

STUDY ON GROUND WATER QUALITY OF KARWI

CITY CHITRAKOOT (U.P.)
A Dissertation report submitted for partial fulfillment for degree of
M. Sc. (Environmental Science)
By

Dharam Raj Singh

Under the supervision of

Dr. S. K. Tripathi
Associate Professor
Department of Energy and Environment
Faculty of Science & Environment
MAHATMA GANDHI CHITRAKOOT GRAMODAYA VISHWAVIDYALAYA
CHITRAKOOT, SATNA (M.P.) – 485334

2017

2018
DOI: https://doi.org./10.24163/ijart/2017/3 Available online at http://www.ijart.info/

egkRek xk¡/kh fp=dwV MAHATMA GANDHI CHITRAKOOT

GRAMODAYA VISHWAVIDYALAYA
xzkeksn; fo'ofo|ky; fp=dwV] ft-
CHITRAKOOT, DISTT. - SATNA (M.P.) 485 334
lruk ¼e-iz-½ 485 334

Ref-………
Date……….

Certificate
This is to Certify that Mr. Dharam Raj Singh has done his dissertation entitled “Study on ground water
quality of Karwi city Chitrakoot (U.P.)” at M.G.C.G.V.Chitrakoot under the supervision of me Dr. S. K.
Tripathi for the partial fulfilment of the award of degree of Master of Science in ENVIROMENTAL
SCIENCE of Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidhyalaya, Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.). It is
further certified that it embodies work of the candidate himself and is up to standard both in respects of
its contents and literary presentation for being referred to the examiners.

Date: 17/06/2017
Place: Chitrakoot Dr. S.K. Tripathi
Associate Professor
Department of Energy & Environment Sciences
Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidhyalaya
Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) .

Forwarded by
Dr. Sadhana Chaurasia Prof. I.P. Tripathi

Head Dean

Deptt. of Energy & Environment Sciences Faculty of Science and Environment

Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidhyalaya Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidhyalaya,
Chitrakoot,Satna(M.P.) Chitrakoot,Satna(M.P.)

Examined and Approved by External Examiner

2018
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DECLARATION

I am Mr. Dharam Raj Singh a bonafide student of M.Sc. in Environmental Science in Mahatma Gandhi
Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P) would like to declare that the
dissertation entitled “Study on ground water quality of Karwi city Chitrakoot” submitted by me in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE is my original work.

I further declare that to the best of my knowledge, this report does not contain any part of any
work which has been submitted for the award of any degree either in this university or any
other university / Deemed university without proper citation

Date: 17/06/2017 (Dharam Raj Singh)

Place: Chitrakoot M.Sc. (Environmental Science) 4th sem
M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot M.P.

2018
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Sincerely I am grateful to Prof. N.C. Gautam, Vice Chancellor, Mahatma Gandhi

Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot (M.P.) for providing me this opportunity
and their kind support in every step of making this project a great success.
I express my gratitude to Prof. I.P. Tripathi, Dean Faculty of Science and Environment
and Dr. Sadhana Chaurasia, Head, Department of Energy & Environment for their valuable
support.
I am virtually grateful to my guide Dr. S.K. Tripathi, Associate Professor Department of
Energy & Environment Sciences, M.G.C.G.V., Chitrakoot (M.P.), for providing me the
necessary guidance at each and every step of my work but also his constructive criticism with
sustained positive approach has sustainably employed me pondering in my whole work.
Compromising quest for excellence significantly ship shaped the project work. Immensely I am
grateful to him for his insurmountable help, suggestions and advices throughout the course of
this project work.
.
I am very grateful to my entire faculty member for granting permission to attend this
training programme and accomplish the project work. I am also thankful to my senior and junior
members for moral support and encouragement of above work and further also thankfully
acknowledged to all my colleagues for their help and encouragement during the project work.
At last but not the least I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my Parents and all
my family members for continuous and unconditional support of all my undertaking, scholastic,
and otherwise. Their pure courage and assurance have and will always inspire me.

Date: 17/06/2017 (Dharam Raj Singh)

Place: Chitrakoot M.Sc. (Environmental Science) 4th sem
M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot M.P.

2018
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INTRODUCTION
GENERAL INTRODUCTION -

Water as a universal solvent has the ability to dissolve many substance be it organic and
inorganic compound. The quality of groundwater depends on various chemical constituents and
their concentration. Which are mostly derived from the geological data of the particular regions,
Ground water are the major sources of drinking water in both urban and rural areas of India.

Water is an essential constituent for all types of life on earth. About the 60% of the
human body is made up of water, and any reduction in this percentage can be disastrous. A man
can live without food for about two months, but he can hardly survive for three or four days
without water. Water is also essential for food production and many other uses on home and
outside. The earth is the only planet where water can exist in all three states (i.e. solid, liquid,
and vapour) in substantial quantities. Without water we cannot imagine any kind of life on earth,
thus protection of water of water sources is essential for our survival. Most of earth’s surface is
in the ocean and seas. The high salts content makes its unsuitable for drinking purpose. Only 1%
available is fresh water (river, lakes, streams, ground water) for domestic, agriculture, industrial
uses. Water is the most precious natural resources expected to be free from pollution. Safe
drinking water is essential for life. Access to safe drinking water has improved over the last
decades in almost in every part of the world but approximately one billion people still lack
access to safe water and over 2.5 billion lack accesses to adequate sanitation. Approximately
70% of the fresh water used by human goes to agriculture

Water is the one of the most significant and precious gift of nature. ¾ parts of our earth
are covered by water, but only approximately 1.0% of the total water is fresh and useable for
drinking, bathing, irrigation, and other domestic purpose. Water is an essential natural resource
and absolute necessity for sustainable life. Water is not only the most valuable constituent of all
animals, plants, and other organisms but it is also pivotal for the survivability of the mankind in
the biosphere. It is the lifeblood of the environment. Hunan being solely depends upon the
availability of fresh water for living and livelihood and in its natural state it is a ‘savior of life.
One can hardly live without water even for a few days. Today, by ignoring these facts, man is
indiscriminately polluting water and unknowingly providing nature a complex situation.

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Types of water

1- Surface water-

The quantity of water remaining on the earth’s surface after losses due to evaporation,
percolation, and transportation, etc. is known as runoff, it forms the sources for all surface water.
The most important sources of surface water are lakes, ponds, rivers, and storage reservoirs.

2- Ground water-

The sources of water which supply water from below the earth’s surface are known as sub
surface or ground water or underground water sources. Rain water or melted snow infiltrate into
the ground and its movement below the ground is called as percolation. Ground water is
generally clear and colourless and free form bacteria and other organisms as they are filtered out
during percolation through sub-soil. Underground water sources are springs, wells, and
infiltration galleries.

In India, about 70% of total populations rely heavily on groundwater for drinking purposes

Ground water is generally considered to be much cleaner than surface water. However, several
factors such as discharge of industrial, agricultural and domestic wastes, land use practices,
geological formation, rainfall patterns and infiltration rate affects the ground water quality and
once contamination of ground water in aquifers occurs, its persists for hundreds of years because
of very slow movement in them. Ground water often can be used without treatment. However,
limited groundwater resources, decreasing level of ground water due to over-abstraction and
increasing cost of pumping, are not in tune with the environmental obligations for future
generation.

Groundwater is water that accumulates underground. It can exist in spaces between loose
particles of dirt and rock, or in cracks and crevices in rocks. Different types of rocks and dirt can
contain different amounts of water. The saturation zone is the portion of the soil and rock that is
saturated with water, while the unsaturated zone is the portion of the soil and rock that is not
saturated. The top of the saturated zone is called the water table. When it rains, the water
infiltrates the soil and percolates downwards until it reaches the water table. Some types of soils

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allow more water to infiltrate than others. Permeable surfaces, such as sand and gravel, allow up
to 50 percent of precipitation to enter the soil. Rainwater can take years or even decades to reach
the water table. Due to the immense volume of groundwater, once rainwater reaches the water
table, it often remains there for an extremely long period of time. Some water that is currently
stored in the ground may be rain that fell hundreds or thousands of years ago. Groundwater and
surface water use reveal the worldwide importance of groundwater.

Recently the WHO report that 65% of rural and 35% urban Indians were without access to pure
drinking water. Ground water is the one of the most useful water sources. Water is second to
oxygen as being essential for life. Water is an essential compound of the environment and it
sustains life on the earth. Human being depends on water for their survival. Water is also a raw
material for photosynthesis and there for in important for the crop production.

Ground water quality depends on the quality of recharged water atmospheric precipitation inland
surface water and sub-surface geochemical process. Temporal change in the origin and
constitution of the recharged water, hydrologic and human factors may cause periodic change in
ground water quality. Water pollution not only affects water quality but also threats human
health, economic development and social prosperity. Ground water is a source of drinking and
even today more than half of the world population depends on ground water for survival. The
assessment of water quality is very important for knowing the suitability for various purposes.
Assessment of ground water for drinking and irrigation has become a necessary and important
task for present and future ground water quality monitoring and evolution for domestic and
agriculture activities around the world. Water is prime need for human survival and industrial
development for many rural and small communities ground water is the only sources of drinking
water.

Water pollution-

Water pollution may be define as, ‘’alteration in physical, chemical and biological characteristics
of water which may cause harmful effects on human, animals, plants, or aquatic biota.”

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Ground water Pollution-

 Domestric
 Industrial
 Agricultural etc.

Ground water pollution is occurs when pollutants are released to the ground and make their way
down into groundwater. It can also occur naturally due to the presence of a minor and unwanted
constituents, contaminant, or impurity in the groundwater, in which case it is more likely referred
to as contamination rather than pollution.

Importance of Ground water:

We all know that water is good for us, but often the reasons are a little fuzzy. However, there are
some powerful reasons to drink lots of water every day.
 Water is one of the best tools for weight loss.
 Water has no fat, no calories, no carbohydrate and no sugar.
 Drinking a good amount of water control lower our risk of a heart attack
 Drinking water can clear up our skin and people often report a healthy glow after drinking
water.
 Water is used by the body to help plush out toxins and waste product from the body.
Surface water occurs in Rivers, ponds, lakes and reservoir where as ground water occurs bellow
ground surface under favorable condition. The formation which can hold and yield water is
defined as aquifer.
Safe drinking water is essential to sustain life. Therefore, water intended for human consumption
should be both safe and whole some i.e. free from pathogenic agents, free from harmful chemical
substances, pleasant to the taste (free from color and odor) and usable for domestic purposes
(Park, 2007). Water has the ability to dissolve most substances, and all living organisms depend
on it in their living whether these organisms are plants or animals (Abdel Magid and EL Hassan,
1986). Most of the world's available freshwater exists as ground water. This ready supply of
relatively clean and accessible water has encouraged use of this resource, and in many regions
ground water provides drinking water of excellent quality (Chorus and Bartram, 2005).

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Groundwater is the cheapest and most practical means of providing water to small communities
and it is superior to surface water, because the ground itself provides an effective filtering
medium (Park, 2007). Therefore, ground water is generally preferred as source for municipal and
industrial water supplies (McGhee, 1991). Wells are drilled to tap underground water supplies,
however, not all wells produce enough or good quality water (Reid, 2004). Surface pollutants,
dissolved in water, percolate down through the soil. Shallow groundwater that is closest to the
surface is most easily contaminated. How much pollutants reach groundwater depends on soil
type, pollutant characteristics, and the distance to groundwater? Contamination sources include
many types of runoff, Agricultural and urban, chemical and oil spills, and landfill leachate and
anything that may percolate through the soil into groundwater. Pathogens, especially viruses can
percolate into groundwater. The quality of drinking water in the Sudan has recently received
some attention from environmentalists and water scientists. The rural population of the country,
constituting about 80% of the total population, uses untreated water coming from traditional
surface wells, deep bores, rivers, intermittent rainy season streams (khors), turbid water from
natural rain ponds, and artificial rainwater catchments (Hafirs) during most of the year (Abdel
Magid et al., 1984).

For groundwater monitoring, of hand pumps are one of the important tool for evaluating
ground water quality. Considering these aspects of water pollution the present study of ground
water monitoring was undertaken to investigate physic-chemical characteristics of some ground
water sample from different location in karwi city chitrakoot

STUDY AREA –

Karwi is a town of district chitrakoot in the state utter Pradesh India. Karwi
chitrakoot is geographically located at coordinated 25020’ N latitude and 80055’ E longitudes.
Total area of Chitrakoot Dham Karwi District is 3216 km2 and population 57402 censuses (2011)
of karwi city chitrakoot. Karwi is district head quarters and a municipal board in chitrakoot
district in state of utter Pradesh India.

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Fig-1 Map of karwi city, District. Chitrakoot U.P. India

Objective –
The main objective of this study was:
1. To evaluate the physico-chemical characteristics of water samples collected from different
ground water sources in Karwi City.
2. To compare the results with national and international standards

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The ground water occurs under unconfined condition in phreatic zones and under confined
condition in deeper zones. The sediment logical constitution of the subsurface granular zones
shows remarkable variation in the depth and the nature of occurrence. Groundwater pollution is
one of the most serious crises that we are facing today. Due to the increased urbanization and
industrialization surface and groundwater pollution has become a crucial problem .The major
problem with the ground water is that once contaminated, it is difficult to restore its quality .A
good quality, unpolluted and safe drinking water is the right of citizen, which will ensure better
quality of life for the citizens.

Dohare et.al, 2014, analysis of ground water quality parameters: A review showed that most of
the water quality parameters slightly higher in the wet season than in the dry season. Correlations
the physic-chemical characteristics water pollutants by appropriate statistical method.

Ackah et.al, 2011, studied Assessment of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation: the
case study of taiman –Oyarifa Community, Ga east municipality, Ghana and observed that
groundwater in the study area were mostly acidic. Most of the water samples recorded TDs value
less than WHO maximum allowable levels. Sodium ion concentration was generally high
compared to other cations. The amounts of iron in the water samples were higher than
recommended maximum allowable levels, iron is a major component of the entire well and
probability originated from the present rock. The measured concentrations of zink in all the
water samples were below WHO maximum permissible levels.

Ramakrishnaiah et.al, 2009, reported that Assessment of water quality index for the
groundwater in tumkur Taluk, karnatka state,india the water quality index for 269 samples
ranges from 89.21 to 660.56. Almost ninety nine percent of the samples exceeded 100, the upper
limit for drinking water. The high value of WQI at these stations has been found to be mainly
from the higher values of iron, nitrate, TDS, Hardness, Fluoride, Bicarbonate, Chloride, and
Manganese in groundwater. About the 63.5% of water samples are poor in quality. In this part,
the groundwater quality may improve due to inflow of fresh water of good quality during rainy

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season. Magnesium and chloride are significantly interrelated and indicates that the hardness of
the water is permanent in nature. The analysis reveals that the groundwater of the area needs
some degree of treatment before consumption, and it also need to be protected from the perils of
contamination.

Dwivedi and Tripathi, 2016, Studied quality assessment of ground water and surface water
sample collected from two different zone of central India and showed that the temperature (100C
to 400C), pH (6.0to 9.5), turbidity (0.01to 12.8 NTU), total hardness (122 to 960 mg/l), TDS
(23.0 to 542.0 mg/l), DO (0.6 to 8.0 mg/l) BOD (1.0 to23.2 mg/l), COD (1.3 to118.0 mg/l),
nitrate (0.01 to 17.3), sulphate (0.003 to 200 mg/l) and Phosphate (0.001 to 3.0 mg/l).The
temperature of all the water samples of study area were found between100C to 400C , the
highest temperature was recorded in summer season in the industrial area of west zone central
India.TDS, nitrate and sulphate of all the samples of study area were found below the
recommended level. Slightly exceeded value of pH, turbidity, hardness, BOD, COD and
phosphate were reported at some locations of study area.
Asheberom et.al, 2016, Obtained from the study have been compared with those labeled on the
bottles, Ethiopian and WHO standards, mainly. The pH values of all the samples are close to
each other and well within the permissible limits. The conductivity of the samples has been
found in the range 14.5μS/cm to 158.2μS/cm. The calculated magnitude of TDS for each sample,
though, higher than the company’s claimed on the bottle-wrappers but still within the controlled
limits of WHO. The concentration of Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4 ions were found very low than
prescribed by Ethiopian and WHO standards, but to the higher side of reported values on the
bottles.
Abdel et.al 2014, Studied assessment of drinking water quality in AL Hawata wadelageili
Gadarif state Sudan, and revealed that 97.5% of the samples comply with the permissible
drinking water limits set by local, regional and international standards and guidelines, 10% of the
samples were found above the upper level (2.3 NTU) set by the SSMO for turbidity. The
concentrations of ions (with the exception of Ca+2, Mg+2 and Fe+2) were below the upper level set
by the various standards and guidelines. Bacteriological analysis indicated that 35% of the
drinking water samples examined were contaminated with coliform bacteria, 7.5% of the
samples were contaminated with E-coli, indicating the presence of fecal contamination. Some of

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the obtained data were in good agreement with the respective standards while others are either
above, below or do not meet local, regional and international standards and guidelines limit for
drinking water quality.
Chaurasia and Gupta 2012 studied that ground water quality for drinking and agriculture use in
the Banda district. The ground water samples were analyzed to measure physic-chemical and
biological parameters for agriculture and domestic use. The entire ground water samples were
from suitable for irrigation purposes based on irrigation quality parameters.

Maruthi et al.2012 reported that water represents the basic elements supporting life and the
natural environment, a primary component for industry, a consumer item for humans and
animals, and a vector for domestic and industrial pollution. In order to find out the relationship
amongst different physico-chemical parameters of water samples, correlation coefficient are
worked out and the large number of significant correlations are obtained. The result obtained
from 25 water samples were found that though the quality of water in most places in
Visakhapatnam is acceptable there are also few places where water needs to properly treat before
consumption.
Narsimha.et al. 2012 assessed the suitability of water quality for drinking purpose in the
Hanamkonda area by measuring physic-chemical parameters, including major cation and anion
compositions, On the basis of nitrate concentration it is illustrated that 61% of samples are
suitable for drinking purpose. The chloride content in 27.7% of groundwater samples is above
the WHO standard. Chaudhari et al. 2013 studied fifteen water samples from different villages
for assessment of ground water.
Nath et al.2013 studied ten different wells around Neyyattinkara Taluk, Kerala. Parameters like
pH, EC, TDS, Sulphate and Free carbon-dioxide were measured for a period of four months from
March 2012 to June 2012 using standard methods. The parameters like pH, EC, Sulphate and
Free carbon-di-oxide were within the permissible limits recommended by WHO.
Kalra et al. 2012 determined water quality in five blocks (Udwantanagar, Tarari, Charpokhar,
Piro and Sahar) that lays in southern parts of district Bhojpur district of Bihar, where from each
block ten ground water samples are under studied for Physico- chemical status of ground water.
In Physico-chemical analysis, also all parameters were compared with ICMR standards of water
quality; also in present research paper classification of water samples of five blocks.

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Sarala and Ravi 2012 reported that water and environment has become an emotive issue with
the people and policy makers. The chief causes for the pollution of water and environment are
anthropogenic activities of human beings. The bore wells data is collected from the study area
for two seasons i.e., post monsoon and pre monsoon in December 2007 and June 2008. The
groundwater contour analysis is done by using Arc GIS software. The study reveals that the
concentration of major constituents are well within the permissible limits of IS (10500-1994),
except in few cases where total hardness and fluoride concentrations are high. From the analysis
it has been observed that the groundwater is polluted in the entire study area. Due to this reason
during the monsoon seasons the rainwater drains into the solid waste polluting the land leachate
existing in the surrounding areas and in the low lying areas.
Mulla et al. 2011 report the ground water quality of Babalgaon Dist. Latur, the water samples
were collected from four sampling sites and their physico‐chemical parameters such as pH,
conductivity, chloride, sulphate, temperature, turbidity, DO, TDS, COD etc. the water quality
was found good in some cases but some of the parameters were above the permissible limit.
Dhakad et al. 2007 deals with the determination of Water Quality Index of ground water
(GWQI) of Jhabua town (M.P.) in order to ascertain the quality of water for public consumption.
The perusal of the results revealed that the water is safe for drinking and domestic purposes.
Yadav et al. 2013 studied physico-chemical characteristics of Ujjain city water during Jan 2011-
Dec 2011. Samples were collected from 15 locations of Ujjain city from various ground water
sources for seasonal variations in water quality parameters in rainy, winter and summer seasons.
The results indicates excellent status of water during rainy and winter seasons, however very
good status was reported during the summer season.

Manjare et al. 2010 studied of the physico-chemical parameters of Tamadalge water tank in
Kolhapur District, Maharashtra. Monthly changes in physical and chemical parameters were
analyzed for a periods of one year. The results indicate that the tank is non-polluted and can be
used for domestic, irrigation and pisciculture.
Longeand Balogun 2010 The current research examined the level of groundwater contamination
near a municipal landfill site in Alimosho Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria.
Water quality parameters (physico-chemical and heavy metals) of leachate and groundwater
samples were analyzed. The results show insignificant impact of the landfill operations on the
groundwater resource.
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Gupta.et al. 1995 reported that groundwater is precious water resource. There is an acute
shortage of surface water in many parts of India. Ground water is a dependable source of water
supply for domestic and industrial purposes and is also being subjected to severe pollution.
Ahmad and Mishra 2014 reported that groundwater depends on a large number of individual
hydrological, physical, chemical and biological factors. Generally higher proportions of
dissolved constituents are found in groundwater than in surface water because of greater
interaction of ground water with various materials in geologic strata. The contamination of
groundwater by heavy metals has assumed great significance during recent years due to their
toxicity and accumulative behavior. These elements, contrary to most pollutants, are not
biodegradable and undergo a global eco-biological cycle in which natural waters are the main
pathways.

Njoroge, et al. 2014 reported that the borehole and well water in Makuyu Division in Maragua
District in central Kenya is not polluted and can be consumed readily. The level of various
parameters was low compared to recommended limits. The chemical properties monitoring
showed no significant heavy metal pollution in groundwater. The values obtained showed no
significant heavy metals pollution in groundwater. The trace metal concentrations in filtered
water were below the maximum permissible limits for drinking water as given by the World
Health Organization (1993).
Reddy and Prasad 2005 studied the chemistry of groundwater in and around the Tadpatri,
Anantapur Distric, The data obtained are used to know hydrochemistry of waters and to
determine the quality. The analytical results of the water samples show that Mg, Na, Cl, HCO3
and SO4 are slightly excess in pre-monsoon period than those found in post-mansoon period.

Naik and Prasad 2004 reported that water samples collected from the bore wells shows that few
of the parameters are higher than the maximum permissible limits when compared with the
prescribed Indian Standard limits for drinking water.

Sivasankaran et al.2005 studied 42 bore wells in Pondicherry region ,for three seasons during
the year 1994-95..The temporal variation in the concentrations of the major ions exhibits an
increasing trend towards pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from summer seasons. The
study reveals that (i) the water in the alluvial aquifer system has been deteriorated due to sea
water intrusion, (ii) the upper layer of the tertiary aquifer is affected to some extent by seawater

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intrusion and carbonate mineral dissolution and (iii) the characteristics of water in the cretaceous
aquifer are mainly due to dissolution of carbonate minerals.

Lalitha et al.2004 The ground water samples were put to physico-chemical and biological
analysis and the results were compared with WHO, BIS, and CPHEEO standard values.

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MATERIALS AND METHOD

Ground water samples were collected for a period of three months from 20, March to 20, May
2017 from 7 hand pumps of Karwi city. The sample was collected from the hand pumps after
drawing water for ten minutes by pumping out. After the collection, the bottles were tightly
closed, marked and labeled. The samples were brought to the laboratory for the chemical
analysis. The sampling was done at fortnight interval. The water sample was analyzed for
physical and chemical parameters. The physical parameter includes temperature, pH,
conductivity, TDS, and Turbidity. The chemical parameters include Alkalinity, hardness,
calcium hardness, Ca, Mg, Cl-, NO3-, F-, All the parameters were analyzed as per standard
methods APHA, NEERI, AWWA, WPCF 2005 etc.

Details of the sample stations are given in table.

Table-1 details of sampling stations

S.N Sampling station Station code Sources Location Longitude/latitude

1. J.I.C Karwi S1 Hand pump Sankar Bajar 25⁰ 13.3 N 080⁰ 55.1 E
2. G.B.I.C Karwi S2 Hand pump Kasahai road 25⁰ 13.2 N 080⁰ 55.6 E
3. Govt. Hospital S3 Hand pump Sonepur 25⁰ 11.7 N 080⁰ 54.7 E
4. Tahsil Campus S4 Hand pump Tahsil 25⁰ 12.8 N 080⁰ 55.4 E
Campus
5. Railway Station S5 Hand pump Station Camp. 25⁰ 13.04 N 080⁰ 55.3 E
6. S.D. memorial S6 Hand pump Gokulpuri 25⁰ 13.4 N 080⁰ 55.2 E
7. Bus stand S7 Hand pump Bas stand 25⁰ 12.7 N 080⁰ 54.3 E
cam.

Temperature pH, conductivity, and turbidity were measured directly by instrumental methods.
Colour:

Pure water exhibits a light blue colour which may be alerted by the presence of organic matter to
greenish blue, green, yellow or brown.
Colour is removed to make water suitable for general and industrial application coloured
industrial waste water may require colour remove before discharge in to water sources. Colour
used here is true colour that is the colour of water from which turbidity has been removed.

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Odour
Odour is checked by nose as sensitive organs.

Temperature: Measured by thermometer in degrees Celsius (º C).

pH: Measured by digital pH meter.
Turbidity: Measured by Nephelo-metric turbidity meter in NTU.
Conductivity: Measured by conductivity meter in (umhos/cm) or micro siemens per centimeter
Total solids: TDS was measured by gravimetric method following standard method

ALKALINITY:

Reagents-

1. Standard sulphuric acid (0.02N) - Prepare the 0.1 N H2SO4 by diluting 30 ml conc.
H2SO4 to 1 litre distilled water. Standardized it with standard sodium carbonate Na2CO3
0.1N. Dilute appropriate volume of sulphuric acid, approximately 100 ml to 500 ml to
obtained standard 0.02N H2SO4.
2. Phenolphthalein indicator solution (alcoholic, pH 8.3) - dissolve 5 gm phenolphthalein in
500 ml 95% ethyl alcohol. Add 500 ml distilled water.
3. Methylorange indicator- 0.05 gm methylorange diluted 10 100 ml with distilled water.

Method- Take 100 ml sample in volumetric flask add 2-3 drops of Phenolphthalein indicator. If
pink clour develops titrate with 0.02N H2SO4 till a colour disappears. Note the volume of
sulphuric acid used. Add 2-3 drops of Methylorange indicator to the same flask and continue
titration till yellow colour changes to orange. Note the volume of sulphuric acid used.

Formula- Calculate total (T), Phenolphthalein (P) and Methylorange (M) alkalinity as follows
and express in mg/l as CaCO3.

Phenolphthalein alkalinity (mg/l as CaCO3) = A x N x 1000/ volume of sample

Total alkalinity (mg/l as CaCO3) = B x N x 1000/ volume of sample

Methylorange alkalinity (mg/l as CaCO3) = (B-A) x 1000/ volume of sample

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TOTAL HARDNESS:

Requirements- Volumetric flask, conical flask, burette, pipette, measuring cylinder, burette
stand, pipette stand and wash bottle etc.

Reagents-

(a) Buffer solution- Dissolve 16.9 gm NH4Cl in 143 ml conc. NH4OH. Add 1.25 gm
magnesium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) and dilute to 250 ml with
distilled water. Store in a plastic bottle stoppered tightly for no longer than one month.
(b) Eriochrome Black T solution (as indicator)- dissolve 0.5 gm dye in 100 ml
triethanolamine or 2 ethylene glycol monomethyl ether. The salt can also be used in dry
powder form by grinding 0.5 gm dye with 100 gm NaCl.
(c) Standard EDTA titrant (0.01M)- weight 3.723 gm di-sodium salt of EDTA, dehydrate,
dissolve in distilled water and dilute to 1000 ml. Store in polyethylene bottle.
(d) Standard calcium solution- weight 1 gm anhydrous CaCO3 in a 500 ml flask. Add 1 + 1
HCl slowly through a funnel till all CaCO3 is dissolved. Add 200 ml distilled water and
boil for a few minutes to expel CO2. Cool and adds a few drops of methyl red indicator
and adjusts to the intermediate orange colour by adding 3N NH4OH or 1 + 1 HCl, as
required. Transfer quantitatively and dilute to 1000 ml with distilled water, 1 ml-1mg
CaCO3.

Method-

Standardize the EDTA titrant against standard calcium solution:

Take 50 ml sample in a conical flask add 2 ml buffer solution and 2 drops EBT
indicator solution, wine red colour appears. Titrate with EDTA till the colour changes to blue.
Note the volume of EDTA used. Calculate the total hardness by following formula-

Formula- Total Hardness (EDTA) mg/l= A x B x 1000/ volume of sample

Where,A= ml EDTA used, B= mg CaCO3 equivalent to 1 ml EDTA

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Ca & Mg Hardness

Reagents-

(a) Buffer solution- Dissolve 16.9 gm NH4Cl in 143 ml conc. NH4OH. Add 1.25 gm
magnesium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) and dilute to 250 ml with
distilled water. Store in a plastic bottle stoppered tightly for no longer than one month.
(b) Standard EDTA titrant (0.01M)- weight 3.723 gm di-sodium salt of EDTA, dehydrate,
dissolve in distilled water and dilute to 1000 ml. Store in polyethylene bottle.
(c) Standard calcium solution- weight 1 gm anhydrous CaCO3 in a 500 ml flask. Add 1 + 1
HCl slowly through a funnel till all CaCO3 is dissolved. Add 200 ml distilled water and
boil for a few minutes to expel CO2. Cooland adds a few drops of methyl red indicator
and adjusts to the intermediate orange colour by adding 3N NH4OH or 1 + 1 HCl, as
required. Transfer quantitatively and dilute to 1000 ml with distilled water, 1 ml-1mg
CaCO3.
(d) Sodium hydroxide (1N) - 4 gm NaOH dissolved in 100 ml distilled water.
(e) Murexide (ammonium purpurate) indicator- 75 gm of the indicator is dissolved in 50 gm
absolute ethylene glycol.

Method- take 50 ml sample in conical flask raise the pH to 12-13 by adding 2 ml NaOH. Add 1-
2 drops of indicator and titrate with EDTA until solution becomes purple from pink.

Calculation- Calcium hardness as CaCO3 (mg/l) =A x B x 100 x 1000/ volume of sample

Where A= ml EDTA used, B= mg CaCO3 equivalent to 1 ml EDTA

Magnesium hardness

Magnesium hardness is determined by subtraction of Ca hardness from the total hardness

Magnesium hardness (mg/l) = total hardness - calcium hardness

Calcium

Calcium is determined by multiplying the Ca hardness by 0.4 i.e. calcium as

Ca (mg/l) = calcium hardness x 0.40

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Magnesium

Magnesium is determined by multiplying the magnesium hardness by 0.243 i.e.

Magnesium as Mg (mg/l) = magnesium hardness x 0.243.

CHLORIDE

Reagents-

(a) Potassium chromate indicator solution-

(b) AgNO3

Method- take 100 ml sample in conical flask 1 ml K2CrO4 indicator, titrate with AgNO3 and
point will be pinkish yellow. Repeat the titration with distilled water blank.

Calculation- Cl (mg/l) = (A-B) x N x 35.45 x 1000/ volume of sample

Where A= ml AgNO3 used for sample B= ml AgNO3 used for blank N= Normality of AgNO3

NITRITE- NITROGEN (Spectrophotometric method)

Reagents-

(a.) Colour reagents- 100 ml 85% phosphoric acid and 10 ml sulphanilamide mix in 800 ml
water. After dissolving add 1 gm N-1- naphthylethylenediaminedihydrochloride. Mix to
dissolve, then dilute to 1000 ml with distilled water. (Solution is stable for one month
when stored in dark in refrigerator).
(b.)Sodium oxalates (0.05N) - Dissolve 3.350 gm Na2C2O4 primary standard grade in water
and dilute to 1000 ml.
(c.) Stock nitrite- Dissolve 1.232 gm NaNO2 in water and dilute to 1000 ml (1 ml= 250 µg
N). Preserve with 1 ml chloroform (CHCl3. Standardize by pipetting in order 50 ml 0.01
M KMnO4, 5 mlconc. H2SO4 and 50 ml stock NO2- solution in to a glass stoppered flask.
Shake well and warm to 70-800C. Discharge permanganate colour by adding 10 ml
portions of 0.025 M sodium oxalate. Titrate excess oxalate with 0.01 M (0.05N) KMnO4
to faint pink end point.

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Calculation Nitrite content of stock solution-

A= [(B x C) – (D x E)] x 7 / F

Where A= NO2--N/ml in stock solution (mg)

B= total KMnO4 used (ml)

C= normality of KMnO4

D= total oxalate added (ml)

E= normality of oxalate

F= stock nitrite taken for titration (ml)

(d.)Standard nitrite solution- Dilute 10 ml intermediate NO2- solution to 1000 ml with water
(1 ml = 0.500 µg NO2--N, prepare daily).
(e.) Standard potassium permanganate solution (0.05N) - Dissolve 1.6 gm KMnO4 in 1 liter
distilled water. Allow ageing for 1 week then decant supernatant. Standardize this
solution frequently as follows-

Weigh to nearest 0.1 mg several 100 to 200 mg samples for anhydrous sodium oxalate in
beaker. To each beaker add 100 ml distilled water, 10 ml 1+1 H2SO4 and heat rapidly to 90 to
950C. Titrate with permanganate solution to a slight pink end point that persists to at least 1 min.
Do not allow temperature to fall below 850C. Run a blank on distilled water +H2SO4.

Normality KMnO4 = Na2C2O4 (gm) / (A-B) x 0.33505

Where,
A= titrant for sample (ml)
B= titrant for blank (ml)

Average the result of several titrations.

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Procedure-

(a.) Add 2 ml colour reagent to 50 ml sample, or to a portion to 50 ml and mix. After this
measure absorbance at 543 nm. Wait between 10 minute and 2 hours after addition of
colour reagent before measurement. Prepare standard curve by diluting 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ml
of standard nitrite solution to 100 ml to give 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 µg/l concentration,
respectively.

Fluoride (Spands-Zirconium colorimetric method)

Reagents-

(a.) Zirconyl acid reagents- Dissolve 0.133 gm (ZrOCl2.8H2O) zirconium oxi chloride in 25
ml distilled water. Transfer in a 500 ml volumetric flask and add 350 ml conc. HCl and
dilute to the mark with distilled water keep in refrigerator.
(b.)Spands Reagent- Dissolve 0.958 gm spands in 500 ml distilled water in a volumetric
flask 0f 500 ml capacity. Keep in refrigerator.
(c.) Reference solution for setting instruments zero- add 10 ml spands solution to 100 ml
distilled water, dilute 7 ml HCl to 10 ml & mix both solutions (total vol. 120 ml). Use
this solution for setting instruments zero before analysis.
(d.)Sodium arsenite 0.5% solution- Dissolve 0.50 gm sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) in 100 ml
distilled water.
(e.) Concentrate H2SO4 1liter (2 x 500 ml)
(f.) Concentrate HCl 1 liter (2 x 500 ml)
(g.) Silver sulphate crystals (Ag2SO4)
(h.)Fluoride reference solution- Dissolve 0.221 gm previously dried (1050C for 2 hours)
sodium fluoride (NaF) in 1 liter volumetric flask. Level as stock reference (100 ppm).
(i.) Fluoride working reference solution- Dilute 10 ml of stock refence F-solution in a 100 ml.
volumetric flask dilute to the mark. This will give a solution of 10 ppm fluoride.

Colour Development- Take the sample directly for colour development if sample do not has
interferences in higher concentrations and turbidity otherwise sample is distilled after
distillation proceed as below-

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(1.) Take 50 ml capacity nessler’s cylinder with stopper mark on the cylinder as blank 1, 2, 3-
--- 10.
(2.) Take reference fluoride solution in the cylinders for colour development for preparation
of calibration curve as below-
(3.) B-S= Blank absorbance – Sample absorbance.
(4.) After taking the volumes of reference solution make up the volume to 50 ml in each
cylinder.
(5.) Add 5 ml spands solution and 5 ml zirconyl chloride solution and shake well to mix and
let stand for 2 minutes.
(6.) Mean time put on the spectrophotometer for warm up.
(7.) Set instruments 0 with reference solution.
(8.) Now measure the absorbance of blank and note the reading of blank comes in the range
of 0.250 to 5.00 absorbance.
(9.) Prepare standard graph (calibration curve) on a graph paper- taking difference of
absorbance (B-S) at x-axis and concentration (ppm) at y-axis. The curve comes almost
linear.

= f (factor)

The concentration of fluoride in the sample = absorbance (B-S) x f (factor) mg/l or ppm.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The present investigation ground water quality of 7 different hand pumps or different sites of
Karwi city, district Chitrakoot. Understanding the ground water quality is important as it is the
main factor determining its suitability for drinking; Domestic, Agricultural, and industrial
purpose. Table- illustrates the physico-chemical parameters of groundwater in Karwi city,
indicating the average values.
Temperature

The temperature value varied from 27.3-28.6. The temperature play important role for quality of
water.

Turbidity

Suspension of particles in the water interfering with passage of light is called turbidity.
Higher turbidity increases water temperatures because suspended particles absorb more heat.
This, in turn, reduces dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations because warm water holds less DO
than cold water. The turbidity was found ranged from 4.4-5.2 NTU. The minimum turbidity was
observed 4.4 NTU at S6 and maximum was observed 5.2 NTU at S5. All selected stations were
found within the limit prescribed by BIS (10 NTU)
TDS
TDS includes ionized and nonionized matter. The total dissolved solids were found
ranged from 511.6-1158.6 mg/l. The minimum value was observed 511.6 mg/l S3 and maximum
was observed 1158.6 mg/l at S7. All selected stations were found within the permissible limit
prescribed by WHO (2000 mg/l).
pH
The pH were observed ranged from 7.40-7.76. The minimum value was observed 7.40 S4 and
maximum was observed 7.76 at S3. All selected stations were found within the permissible limit
prescribed by WHO (6.5-8.5). The study showed that the groundwater of the selected station was
generally neutral to slightly alkalinity. Althose pH has no direct effect on the human health, it
shows close relationship with some parameters of water.

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Total Hardness

The total hardness is the measure of the capacity of water to precipitate soap the hardness
is more than 50 mg/l cause the RENAL CALCULI formation of kidney store. Hardness levels
have a bearing on the toxicity of some metals. In general, these toxic effects are markedly less in
waters with significant degree of hardness. The total hardness was found ranged from 125.0-
342.6 mg/l. The minimum value was observed 125.0 mg/l S3 and maximum was observed 342.6
mg/l at S2. All selected stations were found within the permissible limit prescribed by BIS (600
mg/l).
Calcium Hardness-
The calcium hardness range was observed 62.0-225.0 mg/l. The minimum value was
observed 62.0 mg/l S3 and maximum was observed 225.0 mg/l at S2.
Magnesium-

Magnesium is abundant and a major dietary requirement for humans (0.3-0.5 g/day). It is
the second major constituent of hardness. Magnesium sulphate is used medicinally as "Epsom
Salts," a laxative.The Magnesium was found ranged from 16.7-56.9 mg/l. The minimum value
was observed 16.70 mg/l S7 and maximum was observed 56.9 mg/l at S2. All selected stations
were found within the permissible limit prescribed by BIS (35 mg/l) except S2 and S4.
Calcium
Calcium value where observed in the range of 30.2-101.1 mg/l. The minimum value was
observed 30.2 at S4 while maximum value was observed 101.1 mg/l at S5. All selected stations
were found within the permissible limit prescribed by BIS (200 mg/l)
Chloride

The chloride was found ranged from 81.0-259.5mg/l. The minimum value was observed
81.0 at S1 while maximum value was observed 259.5 mg/l at S7. All selected stations were
found within the permissible limit prescribed by BIS (1000 mg/l)
Fluoride
From the health report says that addition of fluoride to water supplies in levels above 0.6
mg/l. Fluoride leads to a reduction in tooth decay in growing children and that the optimum
beneficial effect occurs around 1.0 mg/l. It should be noted that fluoride levels in fluoridated
public water supplies in Ireland are legally restricted to the range 0.8-1.0 mg/l. The fluoride was

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found ranged from 0.4-1.2 mg/l. The minimum value was observed 0.4.0 at S6 while maximum
value was observed 1.2 mg/l at S5. All selected stations were found within the permissible limit
prescribed by BIS (1.5 mg/l). Fluoride is one of the main trace element in ground water, which
generally occurs as a natural constituent, (Tiwari et.al, 2014)
Nitrate

Relatively little of the nitrate found in natural waters is of mineral origin, most coming
from organic and inorganic sources, the former including waste discharges and the latter
comprising chiefly artificial fertilizers. However, bacterial oxidation and fixing of nitrogen by
plants can both produce nitrates. Interest is centered on nitrate concentrations for various
reasons. Most importantly, high nitrate levels in waters to be used for drinking will render them
hazardous to infants as they induce the "blue baby" syndrome (methaemoglobinaemia). Then
titrate itself is not a direct toxicant but is a health hazard because of its conversion to nitrite
which reacts with blood hemoglobin to cause methaemoglobinaemia. The nitrate was found
ranged from 29.7-87.0 mg/l. The minimum value was observed 29.7 at S1 while maximum value
was observed 87.0 mg/l at S2. All selected stations were found within the permissible limit
prescribed by BIS (100 mg/l)

Alkalinity

The alkalinity of natural water is generally due to the presence of bicarbonates formed in
reactions in the soils through which the water percolates. It is a measure of the capacity of the
water to neutralize acids and it reflects its so-called buffer capacity (its inherent resistance to pH
change). Poorly-buffered water will have a low or very low alkalinity and will be susceptible to
pH reduction by, for example, "acid rain." At times, however, river alkalinity values of up to 400
mg/l CaCO3 may be found; they are without significance in the context of the quality of the
water. The total alkalinity was found ranged from 427.0-713.3 mg/l. The minimum value was
observed 427.0 at S6 while maximum value was observed 713.3 mg/l at S4. All selected stations
were found within the permissible limit prescribed by BIS (100 mg/l) except S2 and S4.
Electrical Conductivity (EC)
The electric conductivity is the capacity of water to carry an electrical current and varies both
with number and types of ions the solution (dohare et.al, 2014). The total EC was found ranged

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from 390.7-569.3 mg/l. The minimum value was observed 390.0 at S5 while maximum value
was observed 569.3 mg/l at S2. All selected stations were found within the permissible limit
prescribed by BIS (800 mg/l). Electric conductivity value use can be used to estimate the
dissolved solids concentration which may affect the test of water and suitability for various uses.
Higher the conductivity value indicates higher the dissolve solid in water (Tiwari et.al, 2014

Table-4: Physico-chemical characteristics of Ground water of Karwi city on

01 March, 2017.
S.N. Parameter S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7
1. Water Temp. 27 28 27 26 26 28 27
0
C
2. Colour Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean
3. Odour Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless
4. Turbidity 4.0 4.6 4.0 5.4 3.8 4.2 4.8
(NTU)
5. TDS (mg/l) 635 1130 494 915 820 822 1250
6. pH 7.8 7.5 7.7 7.3 7.5 7.4 7.4
7. T.Hardness 162 370 114 312 208 140 216
(mg/l)
8. Ca Hardness 84 260 56 184 126 74 121
(mg/l)
9. Mg. (mg/l) 19.032 55.64 14.64 42.464 20.984 17.08 13.66
10. Ca (mg/l) 67.3 48.9 43.2 25.0 101.20 56.1 64.2
11. Cl – (mg/l) 75.21 72.5 121.3 115.8 220.5 70 265.2
12. F- (mg/l) 1.0 0.5 0.2 1.2 1.0 0.3 0.4
13. NO3- (mg/l) 25 100 50 65 35 25 10
14. Alkalinity 420 720 520 760 572 400 580
(mg/l)
15. EC (μ/cm) 441 616 426 586 466 450 513

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Table-5: Physico-chemical characteristics of Ground water of Karwi city on

01 April, 2017.

S. Parameter S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7
N.
1. Water 28 27 29 28 28 29 27
Temp. 0C
2. Colour Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear
3. Odour Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless
4. Turbidity 5.2 5.4 4.7 5.2 5.0 4.8 5.3
(NTU)
5. TDS 674 1208 527 795 796 764 1168
(mg/l)
6. pH 7.7 7.6 7.8 7.5 7.5 7.6 7.5
7. Total 164 350 126 295 241 155 225
Hardness
(mg/l)
8. Ca 82 215 62 192 132 82 132
Hardness
(mg/l)
9. Mg (mg/l) 21.70 39.52 18.71 35.21 17.80 22.86 17.42
10. Ca (mg/l) 62.5 51.7 46.4 33.0 106.8 63.4 75.1
11. Cl – (mg/l) 85.38 118.5 126.1 135.4 205.9 82.0 261.8
12. F- (mg/l) 1.2 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.6 0.5 0.7
13. NO3- 36 83 57 69 43 35 40
(mg/l)
14. Alkalinity 451 716 487 708 577 445 602
(mg/l)
15. EC (μ/cm) 346 520 399 512 436 391 482

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Table-6: Physico-chemical characteristics of Ground water of Karwi city on

01May, 2017

S.N. Parameter S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7
1. Water Temp. 29 28 29 30 28 29 28
0
C
2. Colour Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear
3. Odour Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless
4. Turbidity 4.4 5.2 4.8 5.0 5.0 4.2 5.4
(NTU)
5. TDS (mg/l) 648 1098 514 832 800 732 1085
6. pH 7.8 7.5 7.8 7.4 7.6 7.5 7.4
7. Total 176 308 135 287 218 157 186
Hardness
(mg/l)
8. Ca Hardness 95 200 68 157 138 85 120
(mg/l)
9. Mg (mg/l) 20.47 75.64 17.72 53.07 21.38 20.52 19.21.
10. Ca (mg/l) 57.2 53.6 49.3. 32.6 95.26 48.14 57.24
11. Cl – (mg/l) 82.37 97.2 102.9 150.0 198.1 125 251.6
12. F- (mg/l) 0.8 0.6 1.0 1.4 1.1 0.5 1.2
13. NO3- (mg/l) 28 78 52 61 57 32 65
14. Alkalinity 418 610 535 672 398 436 614
(mg/l)
15. EC (μ/cm) 385 572 537 563 458 474 550

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Table-7: Average value of physico-chemical characteristics of Ground water

at Karwi city.
S.N. Parameter S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7
1. Water Temp. 28 27.6 28.3 28 27.3 28.6 27.3
0
C
2. Colour Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear
3. Odour Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless
4. Turbidity 4.53 5.06 4.5 5.2 4.6 4.4 5.16
(NTU)
5. TDS (mg/l) 652.3 1145.3 511.6 847.3 805.3 772.6 1158.6
6. pH 7.76 7.53 7.76 7.4 7.53 7.5 7.43
7. Total 167.3 342.6 125 298 222.3 150.6 209
Hardness
(mg/l)
8. Ca Hardness 87 225 62 177.6 132 80.3 124.3
(mg/l)
9. Mg (mg/l) 20.40 56.93 17.02 43.58 20.05 20.15 16.76
10. Ca (mg/l) 62.33 51.4 46.3 30.2 101.09 55.88 65.51
11. Cl – (mg/l) 80.98 96.07 116.76 133.73 208.17 92.33 259.53
12. F- (mg/l) 1.0 0.56 0.66 1.2 1.23 0.43 0.76
13. NO3- (mg/l) 29.66 87 53 65 45 30.66 38.66
14. Alkalinity 429.66 682 514 713.3 515.6 427 598.6
(mg/l)
15. EC (μ/cm) 390.66 569.33 454 553.66 453.33 463.66 515

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Fig.2. Water quality of ground water

35

30

25
Concentration

20
Water Temp. 0C
15
pH

10 Turbidity (NTU)

0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7
Stations

Fig.3. Water quality of ground water

1400

1200

1000
Concentration

800

600 EC (μ/cm)
TDS (mg/l)
400

200

0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7
Stations

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Fig.4. Water quality of ground water

800

700

600
Concentration

500

400 Total Hardness (mg/l)

300 Ca Hardness (mg/l)
200 Alkalinity (mg/l)

100

0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7
Stations

Fig.6. Water quality of ground water

300

250
Concentration

200

Mg (mg/l)
150
Ca (mg/l)

100 Chloride (mg/l)

NO3- (mg/l)
50

0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7
Stations

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Fig.7. Water quality of ground water

1.4

1.2

1
Concentration

0.8

0.6
F- (mg/l)
0.4

0.2

0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7
Stations

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 DOI: https://doi.org./10.24163/ijart/2017/3 Available online at http://www.ijart.info/

CONCLUSION

Total seven groundwater sample were selected for study of physico-chemical quality of water at
Karwi city. From the study it was conclude that all ground water samples were observed within
the limit prescribed by BIS/WHO except Ca hardness at S2 (225.0 mg/l) & S4 (177.6 mg/l) and
alkalinity at S2 (682.0 mg/l) & S4 (713.3 mg/l). Hence, these samples of water absolutely fit for
drinking propose sum essential treatment needed to Ca hardness & alkalinity to convert in
drinkable water.

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