Name Selma Bahy Date 3/29/23 Class

CHAPTER 15 STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY

Solutions
Section 15.1 What are solutions?
In your textbook, read about the characteristics of solutions.

Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.

immiscible liquid soluble solution

insoluble miscible solute solvent

Air is a(n) (1) solution of oxygen gas dissolved in nitrogen

gas. The oxygen in air is the (2) solute , and nitrogen is the
(3) solvent . Because oxygen gas dissolves in a solvent, oxygen gas
is a(n) (4) soluable substance. A substance that does not dissolve is
(5) insoluable . (6) Liquid solutions are the most common
type of solutions. If one liquid is soluble in another liquid, such as acetic acid in water, the
two liquids are (7) miscible . However, if one liquid is insoluble in another,
the liquids are (8) immiscible .
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Read about solvation in aqueous solutions in your textbook.

The diagram shows the hydration of solid sodium chloride to form an aqueous solution.
Use the diagram to answer the following questions.

Cl Na
Cl

Cl Na Cl

Na Cl Na

Cl

 
H H Cl
Na O


9. Hydration is solvation in which the solvent is water. What is solvation?

Solvation is when a solute is dissolved in a solvent to create a homogeneous solution.

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Section 15.1 continued

10. As sodium chloride dissolves in water, what happens to the sodium and chloride ions?
Na+ and Cl- split because they are surrounded by H2O.

11. Explain the orientation of the water molecules around the sodium ions and chloride ions.
The negatively charged oxygen atoms of water face the sodium ions, and the positively charged hydrogen
atoms face the chloride ions.

12. How does the strength of the attraction between water molecules and sodium and
chloride ions compare with the strength of the attraction between the sodium ions
and chloride ions? How do you know?
The attraction between the water molecules and the sodium and chloride ions is weaker because
water can be separated from the ions in disassociation.

13. List three ways that the rate of solvation may be increased.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Stir, increase surface area, heat up the solvent.

In your textbook, read about heat of solution, solubility, and factors that affect solubility.

For each statement below, write true or false.

T
14. The overall energy change that occurs when a solution forms is called the
heat of solution.
F
15. Solubility is a measure of the minimum amount of solute that dissolves in
a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature and pressure.

F 16. Solvation continues as long as the solvation rate is less than the
crystallization rate.
T 17. In a saturated solution, solvation and crystallization are in equilibrium.
T 18. Additional solute can be dissolved in an unsaturated solution.
T 19. The solubility of a gas dissolved in a liquid decreases as the temperature
of the solution increases.

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Section 15.2 Solution Concentration

In your textbook, read about expressing concentration and using percent to describe
concentration.

Data related to aqueous solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl) and aqueous solutions of
ethanol (C2H5OH) are provided in the table below. Use the table to answer the following
questions. Circle the letter of the choice that best answers the question.

Mass (g) Volume (mL)

Solution NaCl H2O Solution C2H5OH H2O
1 3.0 100.0 5 2.0 100.0
2 3.0 200.0 6 5.0 100.0
3 3.0 300.0 7 9.0 100.0
4 3.0 400.0 8 15.0 100.0

1. What is the percent by mass of NaCl in solution 1?

a. 0.030% b. 2.9% c. 3.0% d. 33%

2. Which of the following solutions is the most dilute?

a. Solution 1 b. Solution 2 c. Solution 3 d. Solution 4

3. What is the percent by volume of C2H5OH in Solution 5?

a. 0.2% b. 1.9% c. 2.0% d. 22%
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

4. Which of the following solutions is the most concentrated?

a. Solution 5 b. Solution 6 c. Solution 7 d. Solution 8

In your textbook, read about molarity and preparing molar solutions.

Read the following problem and then answer the questions.

An 85.0-mL aqueous solution contains 7.54 g iron(II) chloride (FeCl2). Calculate the molarity
of the solution.
7.54 g
5. What is the mass of the solute?

6. What is the volume of the solution? 85.0 mL

7. Write the equation that is used to calculate molarity.

mols of solute/L of solution

8. In what unit must the amount of the solute be expressed to calculate molarity? mole

9. In what unit must the volume of the solution be expressed to calculate molarity? liter

10. Write the expression needed to convert the volume of the solution given in the problem

to the volume needed to calculate molarity. 85/100 = 0.85 L

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Section 15.2 continued

11. What quantity must be used to convert the mass of the solute given in the problem to the
amount of solute needed to calculate molarity?
# of moles/molar mass

12. Write the expression used to calculate the amount of solute.

7.54/126.75 g

13. Calculate the molarity of the solution. Show all your work.

0.700 M
In your textbook, read about molality and mole fractions.

Answer the following questions.

14. How does molality differ from molarity?

They have the same numerator but different denominators. Molarity --> Liters of solution,
molality --> Kilograms of solvent.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

15. Calculate the molality of a solution of 15.4 g sodium bromide (NaBr) dissolved in 125 g
of water. Show all your work.

16. What is mole fraction?

solute moles/total moles of solute + solvent

17. Calculate the mole fraction of HCl in an aqueous solution that contains 33.6% HCl by
mass. Show all your work.

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Section 15.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions

In your textbook, read about electrolytes and colligative properties, vapor pressure low-
ering, boiling point elevation, and freezing point depression.

Use the table to answer the following questions.

Solution Density (g/L) Boiling Point (°C) Freezing Point (°C)

1.0m C2H5OH(aq) 1.05 100.5 1.8
1.0m HCl(aq) 1.03 101.0 3.7
1.0m NaCl(aq) 1.06 101.0 3.7
2.0m NaCl(aq) 1.12 102.1 7.4

1. Which properties in the table are colligative properties?

boiling point and freezing point

2. What can you conclude about the relationship between colligative properties and the
number of ions in solution from the 1.0m NaCl(aq) and 2.0m NaCl(aq) solutions?
Colligative properties depend on the number of electrolytes in a solution.

3. What can you conclude about the relationship between colligative properties and the type
of ions in solution from the 1.0m HCl(aq) and 1.0m NaCl(aq) solutions?
The type of electrolytes do not matter in relation to colligative properties.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Suppose that in a simple system, a semipermeable membrane is used to separate a

sucrose-water solution from its pure solvent, water. Match the descriptions of the system
in Column A with the terms in Column B.
Column A Column B
d 4. Cannot cross the semipermeable membrane a. osmotic pressure
b 5. Can cross the semipermeable membrane b. water molecules
f 6. The side that exerts osmotic pressure c. semipermeable membrane
e 7. The diffusion of the solvent particles across the d. sugar molecules
semipermeable membrane from the area of higher solvent
concentration to the area of lower solvent concentration e. osmosis

c 8. The barrier with tiny pores that allow some particles to f. solution side
pass through but not others g. pure solvent side
g
9. The side from which more water molecules cross the
semipermeable membrane
a
10. A colligative property of solutions

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Section 15.4 Heterogeneous Mixtures

In your textbook, read about suspensions and colloids.

For each statement below, write true or false.

Ffalse 1. A solution is a mixture containing particles that settle out of the mixture if
left undisturbed.
Ttrue
2. The most abundant substance in a colloid is the dispersion medium.
Ffalse 3. A colloid can be separated by filtration.
Ttrue 4. A solid emulsion consists of a liquid dispersed in a solid.
Ttrue
5. Whipped cream is an example of a foam.
F
false 6. In an aerosol, the dispersing medium is a liquid.
T
true 7. Brownian motion results from the collisions of particles of the dispersion
medium with the dispersed particles.
T
true 8. Dispersed particles in a colloid do not tend to settle out because they have
polar or charged atomic groups on their surfaces.
false
F 9. Stirring an electrolyte into a colloid stabilizes the colloid.
true
T 10. Colloids demonstrate the Tyndall effect.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

The table below lists the characteristics of particles in colloids, solutions, and suspen-
sions. Place a check in the column of each mixture whose particles have a particular
characteristic.

Characteristics of Particles Colloid Solution Suspension

11. Less than 1 nm in diameter ✔

12. Between 1 nm and 1000 nm in diameter ✔
13. More than 1000 nm in diameter ✔
14. Settle out if undisturbed ✔
15. Pass through standard filter paper ✔ ✔
16. Lower vapor pressure ✔
17. Scatter light ✔ ✔

90 Chemistry: Matter and Change • Chapter 15 Study Guide for Content Mastery