Name: ______________________________ Date: _________________ Period: _______________

Ch.10- Cell Growth and Division

10.1 Cell Growth, Division
and Reproduction
Limits to Cell Size  The larger a cell becomes, _________________________________
 Larger cells are _________________ at moving wastes and nutrients
across the cell membrane
Information “Overload” –
 DNA stores _________________________________
 As the cell gets bigger, the DNA does not
 A “crisis” could occur if there was not enough DNA to serve the growing
cell
Exchanging Materials
 Cell size is _______________ also because food, water, oxygen and
wastes need to move across the ________________________
 As the cell grows, the surface area __________________________ as
the volume does
Division of the cell
 Before it gets too large, a cell will ______________________________
 The process is called __________________________
 Before a cell can divide, it has to copy all of its ____________
 Each daughter cell gets _______________________ of the DNA
 Cell division is caused by an ____________ in the ratio of surface area
to volume for each daughter cell.
Cell Division and Asexual Reproduction
Reproduction  Cell division is the only form of _________________ for many
_________________________________ organisms
 Population size can increase ________________________
 Cell division produces ____________________________________ the
cells that produced them
 Can also occur in many multicellular organisms
Sexual Reproduction
 Requires the _______________________________________________
 Offspring produced inherit _____________________ from each parent
Comparing Sexual and Asexual reproduction
 Species survive by _____________________
 The better suited a species is to its environment,
________________________________________________________
 Asexual reproduction is a ______________ for single celled organisms
 They reproduce quickly
 ___________________________________ is an advantage as long as
conditions remain favorable
 _______________________________ requires finding a mate and
growth and development of offspring
 Sexual reproduction requires ________________________
  It is an advantage for species that live in areas with seasonal changes
 Provides more _____________________________
 The right combination of genetic information may make an individual
more likely to ________________________________________
 Some organisms use both ____________ and _________ reproduction

10.2 The Process of Cell Chromosomes

Division  Cells make a ___________________________________________
(DNA) before cell division begins
 DNA is _____________________ in comparison to the cell
 Genetic information is bundled into packages of DNA called
_________________________________
Prokaryotic Chromosomes
 Prokaryotic cells lack ______________________
 Their DNA molecules are found ______________________________
 Most contain a _________________________________________ that
contains nearly all the cell’s genetic information
Eukaryotic Chromosomes
 Have much more DNA than ___________________________
 Contain multiple ______________________________ (human cells
have 46, fruit flies have 8, carrots have 18)
 _____________________ – chromosome and protein (histone)
 Chromosomes make it possible to _____________________________
_________________________________________________________
The Cell Cycle Cells ___________, _______________, and ________ to form 2 daughter cells

The Prokaryotic Cell Cycle- ______________________________

 Can take place ___________________ under ideal conditions
 Begin to _________________________ when they get to a certain size
 When replication is complete, they ____________________________
 The two different _________________________ attach to different
regions of the cell membrane
 Network fibers form between them stretching from _______________
________________________________________________________
 Fibers pinch the cell, dividing the _____________________________
_______________________between two newly formed cells.
 The result is two ______________________________ cells
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
 Consists of four phases:
o G1 Phase – _______________________
 G- stands for “gap”
 Increase in ___________________ new proteins and
organelles
 G phases are periods of intense ___________________
o S Phase – DNA Replication
 “S” stands for synthesis the forming or building of a
more complex substance or compound from elements or
simpler compounds.
 New DNA is synthesized when the _________________
______________________________
 Cell contains __________________________ at the end
of the S phase
o G2 Phase – __________________________________________
 The shortest of the of all three phases of interphase
 Many _______________________________________
required for cell division are produced
o M Phase – _____________________________________
 “M” stands for mitosis
 Follows interphase and produces __________________
 Interphase takes a long time, but mitosis occurs ______
 2 main stages of mitosis
1. _________________, division of the cell nucleus
2. __________________, division of the cytoplasm
- The two stages can overlap
Mitosis Consists of four phases and can last from a few minutes to several days PMAT
_______________________________
 Genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the duplicated
chromosomes become visible
 Duplicated strands of DNA are attached at the ___________________
 Each DNA strand in the chromosome is referred to as a ____________
 The cell starts to build a _______________ that will help separate the
duplicated ____________________________
 ____________________ extend from an area called the centrosome
where tiny paired structures called ___________________ are located
 The centrioles start to move toward ____________ or poles of the cell
 The ___________________________ breaks down
______________________________
 Centromeres of duplicated chromosomes _______________________
________________________________________________________
 Spindle fibers connect the _________________________________ to
the ________________________________________
_______________________________
 Begins when sister ________________ separate and begin to _______
_______________
 Each sister chromatid is now considered a _____________________
 The chromosomes move along spindle fibers to opposite ends of the
cell
Telophase
 The chromosomes, which were distinct and condensed, begin to
_________________________________________________________
 A _________________________ around each cluster of chromosomes
 The _____________ breaks apart and the _______________ becomes
visible in each daughter cell
Cytokinesis Completes the process of cell division – ______________________________

In Animal Cells
 The cell membrane is _____________ until the cytoplasm is pinched
into ___________________________________
 Each part contains its own __________ and _____________________
In Plant Cells
 Cell wall is ___________________ to bend inward
 A _______________ forms halfway between the divided nuclei
 The cell plate eventually develops into ________________________
that separate the daughter cells
 Then a _____________ forms
10.3 Regulating the Cell
Cycle
Controls on Cell Division  When cells divide, they will usually stop dividing when they
____________________________________________________
 If cells are scraped away, neighboring cells will divide until they come in
contact with other cells again
 When skin is cut or a bone breaks,
 _________________________________________________________
 When healing is almost complete, cell division slows down until the
______________________________________
The Discovery of Cyclins
 In the 1980’s, scientists discovered ___________________
 Cyclin is a protein found in cells during ___________________
 It regulates the _____________________________ in eukaryotic cells
Regulatory Proteins
 The cell cycle is controlled by regulatory proteins both inside and
outside the cell
Internal Regulators
 Respond to events _____________________________________
 Allow the cycle to proceed only when certain events have occurred
inside the cell itself
 Ex. cyclins make sure a cell does not enter mitosis until the
______________________________________________
External regulators
 Proteins that respond to events ___________________________
 Direct cells to __________________________________ the cell cycle
 Prevents _______________________________ and keeps body tissues
from disrupting each other
Apoptosis
 __________________________________
 The cell and its chromatin ______________
 Parts of the cell membrane ______________
 Neighboring cells clean up the cell’s remains
 Plays a key role in development by
_________________________________________________________

Cancer: Uncontrolled Cell Cancer – _______________________________________________________

Growth
 Cancer cells do not respond to
________________________________________________________
 As a result, the cells divide _________________________________
 Cancer cells form a mass of cells called a ________________________
 Not all tumors are cancerous (_____________________)
 Benign tumors _______________________ to other parts of the body
 Cancerous tumors are _________________________________
  Malignant tumors ____________________ surrounding healthy tissue
 As cancer cells spread they:
1. ____________________________________________
2. __________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________
What causes cancer?
 ___________________________ that regulate cell growth and division
 Sources include:
o ________________________________
o ________________________________
o ________________________________
o ________________________________
 Control over the cell cycle is broken down
Treatments for Cancer
 Can be removed by ___________________ (ex. Skin cancer)
 __________________________________
 ________________________________ –
o chemical compounds that kill cancer cells or slow their growth
o interfere with division of normal healthy cells