Scissors

Scissors are hand-operated shearing tools. A pair of scissors

consists of a pair of metal blades pivoted so that the sharpened
edges slide against each other when the handles (bows) opposite to
the pivot are closed. Scissors are used for cutting various thin
materials, such as paper, cardboard, metal foil, cloth, rope, and
wire. A large variety of scissors and shears all exist for specialized
purposes. Hair-cutting shears and kitchen shears are functionally
equivalent to scissors, but the larger implements tend to be called
shears. Hair-cutting shears have specific blade angles ideal for
cutting hair. Using the incorrect type of scissors to cut hair will
result in increased damage or split ends, or both, by breaking the
hair. Kitchen shears, also known as kitchen scissors, are intended
for cutting and trimming foods such as meats. A pair of standard scissors

Inexpensive, mass-produced modern scissors are often designed

ergonomically with composite thermoplastic and rubber handles.

Terminology
The noun scissors is treated as a plural noun, and therefore takes a plural verb (e.g., these scissors are).
Alternatively, the tool is referred to by the singular phrase a pair of scissors. The word shears is used to
describe similar instruments that are larger in size and for heavier cutting.

History
The earliest known scissors appeared in Mesopotamia 3,000 to
4,000 years ago. These were of the 'spring scissor' type comprising
two bronze blades connected at the handles by a thin, flexible strip
of curved bronze which served to hold the blades in alignment, to
allow them to be squeezed together, and to pull them apart when
released.[2]

Spring scissors continued to be used in Europe until the 16th Han dynasty scissors
century. However, pivoted scissors of bronze or iron, in which the
blades were pivoted at a point between the tips and the handles, the
direct ancestor of modern scissors, were invented by the Romans around 100 AD.[3] They entered common
use in not only ancient Rome, but also China, Japan, and Korea, and the idea is still used in almost all
modern scissors.

Early manufacture
During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, spring scissors were
made by heating a bar of iron or steel, then flattening and shaping
its ends into blades on an anvil. The center of the bar was heated,
bent to form the spring, then cooled and reheated to make it
flexible.

The Hangzhou Zhang Xiaoquan Company in Hangzhou, China,

has been manufacturing scissors since 1663.[4]

William Whiteley & Sons (Sheffield) Ltd. was producing scissors

by 1760, although it is believed the business began trading even
earlier. The first trade-mark, 332, was granted in 1791.[5] The
company is still manufacturing scissors today, and is the oldest
company in the West to do so.

Pivoted scissors were not manufactured in large numbers until

1761, when Robert Hinchliffe of Sheffield produced the first pair
of modern-day scissors made of hardened and polished cast steel.
His major challenge was to form the bows; first, he made them
solid, then drilled a hole, and then filed away metal to make this These shears are thought to date to
large enough to admit the user's fingers. This process was the 2nd century A.D. and come from
laborious, and apparently Hinchliffe improved upon it in order to a Roman settlement in Trabzon,
increase production. Hinchliffe lived in Cheney Square (now the Turkey. The style of the
site of Sheffield Town Hall), and set up a sign identifying himself "Egyptianizing" metal inlay designs
as a "fine scissor manufacturer". He achieved strong sales in suggests that they were made to
London and elsewhere.[6] imitate actual Egyptian art. When
closed, the dog and cat figures at the
During the 19th century, scissors were hand-forged with tips come face to face.[1]
elaborately decorated handles. They were made by hammering
steel on indented surfaces known as 'bosses' to form the blades.
The rings in the handles, known as bows, were made by punching a hole in the steel and enlarging it with
the pointed end of an anvil.

In 1649, in Swedish-ruled Finland, an ironworks was founded in the village of Fiskars between Helsinki
and Turku. In 1830, a new owner started the first cutlery works in Finland, making, among other items,
scissors with the Fiskars trademark.

Modern manufacturing regions

China

The vast majority of global scissor manufacturing takes place in China. As of 2019, China was responsible
for 64.3% of worldwide scissors exports. When combined with Chinese Taipei exports, this rises to
68.3%.[7] The primary scissors producing region in China is in Guandong Province.
The Hangzhou Zhang Xiaoquan Company, founded in 1663, is one of the oldest continuously operating
scissor manufacturers in the world. The company was nationalized in 1958 and now employs 1500 people
who annually mass-produce an estimated 7-million pairs of inexpensive scissors that retail for an average of
US$4 each.[8]

France

In the late 14th century the English word “scissors” came into usage. It was derived from the Old French
word, “cisoires” which referred to shears.[9]

There are several historically important scissor-producing regions in France: Haute-Marne in Nogent-en
Bassigny, Châtellereault, Thiers and Rouen.[10] These towns, like many other scissor-producing
communities, began with sabre, sword and bayonet production, which transitioned to scissors and other
blades in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.[11]

Thiers, in the Puy-de-Dôme department of Auvergne, remains an important centre of scissor and cutlery
production. It is home to both the Musée de la Coutellerie, which showcases the town’s 800 year history of
blade-making,[12] as well as Coutellia, an industry tradeshow that advertises itself as one of the largest
annual gatherings of artisanal blade-makers in the world.

Germany

Germany was responsible for manufacturing just under 7% of global scissors exports in 2019.[13] Often
called “The City of Blades”, Solingen, in North Rhine-Westphalia, has been a center for the manufacturing
of scissors since medieval times. At the end of the 18th century it’s estimated that there were over 300
scissorsmiths in Solingen.[14]

In 1995 the City of Solingen passed The Solingen Ordinance, an update to a 1930s law that decreed “Made
in Solingen” stamps could only be applied to products almost entirely manufactured in the old industrial
area of Solingen. In 2019 this applied to approximately 150 companies making high-quality blades of all
kinds, including scissors.[15]

Freidrich Herder, founded in Solingen in 1727, is one of the oldest scissors manufacturers still operating in
Germany.[16]

Italy

Premana, in Lecco Province, has its origins in ironworks and knife manufacturing beginning in the 16th
century. In 1900 there were ten scissor manufacturing workshops, 20 in 1952 and 48 by 1960.[17] Today,
Consorzio Premax, an industrial partnership, organizes over 60 local companies involved in the
manufacture of scissors for global markets.[18] In 2019 Italy exported 3.5% of scissors manufactured
globally.[19]

One of the oldest Premanese scissor manufacturing firms still in operation is Sanelli Ambrogio, which was
founded in 1869.[20]

Japan
Scissormaking in Japan evolved from sword making in the 14th
century.[21] Seki, in Gifu Prefecture, was a renowned center of
swordmaking beginning in the 1200s. After citizens were no longer
permitted to carry swords, the city’s blacksmiths turned to making
scissors and knives.[22] There are many specialized types of
Japanese scissors, but sewing scissors were introduced by
American Commodore Matthew Perry from the United States in
1854.[23]

The Sasuke workshop in Sakai City south of Osaka is run by

Yasuhiro Hirakawa, a 5th generation scissorsmith. The company
has been in operation since 1867.[24] Yasuhiro Hirakawa is the last
traditional scissormaker in Japan, making scissors in the traditional
style where the blades are believed to be thinner, lighter and sharper
than European scissors.[25] In 2018 he was profiled in a
documentary that featured a pair of his bonsai snips which retailed
for $35,000 USD.[26] Classic Italian-style kitchen
scissors, often used to cut food. The
two halves can be detached in order
Spain to be cleaned.

In Solsona, Spain, scissor manufacturing began in the 16th century.

At the industry’s peak in the 18th century there were 24 workshops, organized as the Guild of Saint
Eligius, the patron saint of knife makers.[27] By the mid-1980s there were only two, and by 2021, Pallarès
Solsona, founded in 1917 by Lluìs and Carles Pallarès Canal, and still family-operated, was the town’s sole
remaining artisanal scissor manufacturer.[28]

United Kingdom

Sheffield was home to the first mass production of scissors beginning in 1761. By the 19th century there
were an estimated 60 steel scissor companies in Sheffield. However, since the 1980s, industry globalization
and a shift towards cheaper, mass-produced scissors created price deflation that many artisanal
manufacturers could not compete with. The Sheffield scissor industry consisted of just two local companies
in 2021.[29]

The two remaining Sheffield scissor manufacturers are William Whiteley, founded in 1760,[30] and Ernest
Wright, which was established in 1902. Both now focus on high-end/niche crafting of “products for life”
rather than mass production.[31] Between these two firms it is estimated that there are no more than ten
“Putter-Togetherers” or “Putters” who are the master-trained craftspeople responsible for high quality
Sheffield scissor assembly.[32] In 2020, Ernest Wright was recognized with the Award for Endangered
Crafts by the British Heritage Crafts Association.[33]

Description and operation

A pair of scissors consists of two pivoted blades. In lower-quality scissors, the cutting edges are not
particularly sharp; it is primarily the shearing action between the two blades that cuts the material. In high-
quality scissors, the blades can be both extremely sharp, and tension sprung – to increase the cutting and
shearing tension only at the exact point where the blades meet. The hand movement (pushing with the
thumb, pulling with the fingers) can add to this tension. An ideal example is in high-quality tailor's scissors
or shears, which need to be able to perfectly cut (and not simply tear apart) delicate cloths such as chiffon
and silk.

Children's scissors are usually not particularly sharp, and the tips of the blades are often blunted or
'rounded' for safety.

Mechanically, scissors are a first-class double-lever with the pivot acting as the fulcrum. For cutting thick or
heavy material, the mechanical advantage of a lever can be exploited by placing the material to be cut as
close to the fulcrum as possible. For example, if the applied force (at the handles) is twice as far away from
the fulcrum as the cutting location (i.e., the point of contact between the blades), the force at the cutting
location is twice that of the applied force at the handles. Scissors cut material by applying at the cutting
location a local shear stress which exceeds the material's shear strength.

Some scissors have an appendage, called a finger brace or finger tang, below the index finger hole for the
middle finger to rest on to provide for better control and more power in precision cutting. A finger tang can
be found on many quality scissors (including inexpensive ones) and especially on scissors for cutting hair
(see hair scissors pictured below). In hair cutting, some claim the ring finger is inserted where some place
their index finger, and the little finger rests on the finger tang.

For people who do not have the use of their hands, there are specially designed foot-operated scissors.
Some quadriplegics can use a motorized mouth-operated style of scissor.

Right-handed and left-handed scissors

Most scissors are best suited for use with the right hand, but left-
handed scissors are designed for use with the left hand. Because
scissors have overlapping blades, they are not symmetric. This
asymmetry is true regardless of the orientation and shape of the
handles: the blade that is on top always forms the same diagonal
regardless of orientation. Human hands are also asymmetric, and
when closing, the thumb and fingers do not close vertically, but
have a lateral component to the motion. Specifically, the thumb
pushes out from the palm and the fingers pull inwards. For right-
handed scissors held in the right hand, the thumb blade is closer to
the user's body, so that the natural tendency of the right hand is to
force the cutting blades together. Conversely, if right-handed
scissors are held in the left hand, the natural tendency of the left
hand would be to force the cutting blades laterally apart.
Furthermore, with right-handed scissors held by the right hand, the
shearing edge is visible, but when they are used with the left hand, Left-handed (left) and right-handed
the cutting edge of the scissors is behind the top blade, and one (right) sidebent scissors
cannot see what is being cut.

There are two varieties of left-handed scissors. Many common left-handed scissors (often called “semi” left-
handed scissors) simply have reversed finger grips. The blades open and close as with right-handed
scissors, which forces users to pull the blades apart as they are cutting. This can be challenging for
craftspeople as the blades still obscure the cut. “True” left-handed scissors have both reversed finger grips
and a reversed blade connection; they are basically mirror images of right-handed scissors.[34] If someone is
accustomed to using semi-left handed scissors they may find using true left handed scissors difficult at first
as they may have learned to rely heavily on the strength of their thumb to pull the blades apart vs. pushing
the blades together in order to cut.[35]
Some scissors are marketed as ambidextrous. These have symmetric handles so there is no distinction
between the thumb and finger handles, and have very strong pivots so that the blades simply rotate and do
not have any lateral give. However, most "ambidextrous" scissors are in fact still right-handed in that the
upper blade is on the right, and hence is on the outside when held in the right hand. Even if they cut
successfully, the blade orientation will block the view of the cutting line for a left-handed person. True
ambidextrous scissors are possible if the blades are double-edged and one handle is swung all the way
around (to almost 360 degrees) so that the back of the blades become the new cutting edges. U.S. Patent
3,978,584 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US3978584) has been awarded for true ambidextrous scissors.

Specialized scissors
Among specialized scissors and shears used for different purposes are:

Gardening, agriculture and animal husbandry

Type Image Description/purpose

Hedge trimmers for trimming hedges

Grass shears for trimming grass

Averruncators for trimming high branches

Pruning shears or secateurs for trimming small branches

Loppers for cutting through large branches

Blade shears for cutting an animal's fleece to harvest wool

Food and drug

Type Image Description/purpose

 For food preparation, but often used for a variety of other purposes.
Kitchen Today, kitchen scissors are usually made from stainless steel for
scissors or food hygiene and oxidization-resistance reasons. They often have
kitchen kitchen functionality (other than cutting) incorporated, such as bottle-
shears cap, to fish scale, to crack nuts and bottle-openers built into the
handles.

Poultry
to cut poultry
shears

Cigar cutter specialized scissors with concave blade edges to cut cigars

Grooming

Type Image Description/purpose

Hair-cutting
for trimming hair
shears

Thinning
for thinning thick hair to avoid a bushy look
shears

Hair clippers for cutting hair by barbers, hairdressers, and pet groomers

Nail scissors for cutting finger- and toenails

Moustache
for trimming moustaches
scissors
 small scissors for nostril hair, blunt-ended to protect the sensitive
Nose scissors
interior of the nose (may also be used for the interior of ears)

Metalwork

Type Image Description/purpose

Snips for cutting through sheet metal

Tin, or tinner,
snips

Compound
action snips

Pipe and duct

snips

for cutting heavy sheet metal, often in traffic collisions.

Hydraulic
Sometimes referred to by the genericized trademark "Jaws of
cutters
Life".

Throatless
for cutting complex shapes in sheet metal
shears

Medical

Type Image Description/purpose

 for use in emergency medical response and rescue should it be
Trauma shears,
necessary to cut off clothing. The rounded tips are designed to
or "tuff cuts"
slide across the patient's skin without causing injury.

Dissection
for cutting flesh in dissection
scissors

Surgical scissors for cutting flesh in surgery

Iris scissors for ophthalmic surgery

Metzenbaum
for delicate surgery
scissors

Tenotomy
for delicate surgery
scissors

Mayo scissors often for cutting fascia

Bandage
for cutting bandages
scissors

Ceremonial

Type Image Description/purpose

Ceremonial scissors giant scissors used for ceremonial ribbon-cutting events

Sewing and clothes-making

 Type Image Description/purpose

With long blades and pointy tips, designed to cut long, straight,
All purpose,
smooth cuts in a variety of materials, as well as to get into small
or Crafting
areas with the tips. In sewing applications they are primarily used for
scissors
non-fabric cutting applications, such as cutting out paper patterns.

An offset handle and paddle-shaped blade pushes away the bottom

Applique layer of fabric, for controlled cuts close the stitching. Designed to
scissors cut/trim close to the fabric while protecting it from damage, and
used for applique work and rug-making.

Button hole Adjustable, short-bladed, heavy-duty scissors for opening button

scissors holes.

Dressmaker's shears have a long blade (typically 7–10"), to facilitate

cutting out fabric. Blades are tapered, with one pointed and one
rounded tip; the blunt tip prevents fabric from snagging on seams
Dress-
and threads. Blades have a "knife edge": the top blade is set at an
maker's
acute angle which allows them to cut through fabric easier than
shears
scissors. More heavy-duty than general scissors, the bottom blade
sits flush on the table – making it easier to cut accurately through
fabric. This photo is of a left-handed pair of shears.

Small scissors which have fine sharp pointy tips, designed to get
Embroidery
close to the fabric to effectively snip threads, without damaging the
scissors
material.Embroidery scissors are often elaborately decorated.

Pinking for cutting cloth and producing a serrated edge so that the fabric
shears does not fray.

Chatelaine is a French term meaning 'mistress of a castle, chateau

or stately home' that dates back to the Middle Ages. It refers to an
ornamental clasp or hook from which chains were hung from the
Sewing waist, holding perhaps, a purse, watch, keys, scissors or thimble
chatelaine case. The sewing chatelaine became a popular ornamental
scissors appendage worn by Victorian ladies at their waist, but disappeared
when fashion changed and skirts were no longer full and long.
Sewing chatelaines are now produced and worn as pendants around
the neck.

Designed to cut through heavy-duty materials like leather or multiple

Tailor's layers of fabric. Generally shorter in length (5″ blades are typical),
scissors with thicker blades that feature precision-ground knife-edges which
cut all the way to the tip.
In popular culture
Due to their ubiquity across cultures and classes, scissors have numerous representations across world
culture.

Art

Numerous art forms worldwide enlist scissors as a tool/material with which to accomplish the art. For cases
where scissors appear in or are represented by the final art product, see Commons:Category:Scissors in
art.

Film
Dead Again is a 1991 film starring Kenneth Branagh and Emma Thompson in a thriller
revolving around repressed memories of scissors.
Edward Scissorhands is a 1990 film starring Johnny Depp as a young man who has hands
made of multiple pairs of scissors.
Running with Scissors is a 2006 film based on the memoir of the same title.
Us is a 2019 psychological horror film directed by Jordan Peele about a family confronted by
their scissor-wielding doppelgängers.

Games
The game Rock paper scissors involves two or more players making shapes with their
hands to determine the outcome of the game. One of the three shapes, 'scissors', is made by
extending the index and middle fingers to mimic the shape of most scissors.
In the horror video game franchise, Clock Tower, there is a character called Scissorman.
Although the identity is usually taken by multiple individuals throughout the series,
Scissorman is usually portrayed as a demonic serial killer with a giant pair of scissors, and
kills anyone without showing any signs of mercy or remorse.
An anthropomorphic pair of scissors appears as a boss in Paper Mario: The Origami King.
Various additions of scissor related activity appear as well, such as a variation of Rock
paper scissors.[36]

Literature

Heinrich Hoffmann's 1845 children's book Struwwelpeter includes Die Geschichte vom Daumenlutscher
("The Story of the Thumb-Sucker") in which a child continues to suck his thumbs despite his mother's
warnings about The Great Tall Scissorman.

Augusten Burroughs' 2002 memoir Running with Scissors spent eight weeks on the New York Times best
seller list. The book was later adapted into a film.

Music
Running with Scissors is the title of a 1999 album by "Weird Al" Yankovic.
 The song "The Tailor Shop on Enbizaka ( 円尾坂の仕立屋 Enbizaka no Shitateya)" from
Vocaloid producer Akuno-P tells a story about a tailor that kills a man and his family, whom
she mistakes for her unfaithful lover and his three mistresses, using her sewing scissors.
The XTC song "Scissor Man", later covered by Primus.
"Save Your Scissors" – song by City and Colour.
The song "Scissors" by American Rock Band "Slipknot"

Sport

The term 'scissor kick' may be found in several sports, including:

Scissor kick (strike), a generic martial arts term for any of a number of moves that may
resemble the appearance or action of a pair of scissors.
Bicycle kicks in football are sometimes known as 'scissor kicks'.
Swimming strokes including the sidestroke incorporate a leg movement often known as a
'scissor kick'.

Superstition

Scissors have a widespread place in cultural superstitions. In many cases, the details of the superstition may
be specific to a given country, region, tribe, religion or even situation.

Africa
In parts of North Africa, it was held that scissors could be used to curse a bridegroom.
When the bridegroom was on horseback, the person enacting the curse would stand
behind him with the scissors open and call his name. If the bridegroom answered to his
name being called, the scissors would then be snapped shut and the bridegroom would
be unable to consummate his marriage with his bride.[37]
Asia
In Pakistan, some believe that scissors should never be idly opened and closed without
purpose; this is believed to cause bad luck.
Western Europe
As iron was believed to ward off fairies, British parents traditionally hung a pair of iron
scissors over cradles to keep fairies away. Sometimes the scissors were kept open to
make the shape of a cross for extra protection.[38]
North America
United States
In New Orleans, some believed that putting an open pair of scissors underneath your
pillow at night was a sound method for sleeping well, even if one is cursed.[39]
Eastern Europe
In some Eastern European countries, it is believed that leaving scissors open causes
fights and disagreements within a household.
China
 In China, it is believed that to give scissors to a friend or loved one is to be cutting ties
with them.

Science

Scissors have been used in the sciences for various purposes, including descriptions of animals or natural
features.

Nature

Animals named after scissors include:

Birds
The scissor-tailed flycatcher of North and Central America.
The scissor-tailed hummingbird
The scissor-tailed kite, a bird that is widespread throughout Africa.
The scissor-tailed nightjar of South America.
Fish
 The scissor-tail rasbora, several species of fish that are commonly used for freshwater
aquariums.[40][41]

Gallery

Chinese scissors, A pair of iron Fiskars scissors embroidery scissors

early to mid-Tang scissors dating from 1967 in the form of a
dynasty the Han Dynasty crane

A pair of shears Scissors for cutting These scissors are Scissors Pre 1850s
carpet pile used in Japan to cut iron from Norway,
threads in sewing. used to cut cloth.

Chinese-style
scissors seen in a
Hangzhou museum

See also
Hemostat resembles a pair of scissors, but is used as a clamp in surgery and does not cut at
all.
Nippers cut (break) small pieces out of tile.
 Pliers used for holding and crimping metal or wire.
Tijeras Canyon a geological feature in New Mexico, USA and Tijeras a village in the same
canyon, after "scissors" in Spanish.

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External links
Media related to Scissors at Wikimedia Commons

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