CHEMICAL BOND :

I
Force of attraction which bind
together atoms ,
ions ,
molecules etc .

Known as chemical bond .

Chemical Bond :

It to
Bond
primary Bond Secondary
( Bond Energy 42147mn)
÷
>

t t
1) Ionic Bond / Eleltrovalent
bond Hydrogen Bond Vander -

Wahl
(B E 8151042kt/ fork
mop
- -

2) Covalent Bond

ln
lBE< 8451mn)
3) Metallic Bond

t t
Intermolecular Intramolecular
With "
Introit between Hydrogen Bond Hydrogen Bond
→
Inter
 → Dipole dipole attraction

/
-

→ ☐ " Pole -

induced dipole attraction

Vanderwaal -

Forte .

µ Ion -
induced dipole attraction

↳ Instantaneousdipole -
induced

of dipole attraction ④
Two
poles
cnn.se
✗ Ii Ii
London force ⑤ Dispersion force .

called molecule .

St g- so
dipole
It 7- F
→ polar covalent bond .

↳ polar bond
↳ " -
F ,
H -
u
, tgoet .

[ polar molecule)
polarity ↳ Nonpolar covalent
covalent bond bond .

/
H H
-

, Kl U -

Alkane , Nz etc .

Base on sharing of
electron .

÷
Equal sharing of e- unequal sharing of e- .

bond
single covalent coordinate Bond / Dative
•
•

•
Double covalent bond or bond .

Triple covalent bond .

•
Bark Bonding / Dative
IT bond .
 Strength of chemical Bond .

Ionic bond > covalent bond > Metallic bond >

Hydrogen bond 7 Ion dipole 7 dipole dipole

-

> Ion -
induced dipole > dipole -

induced dipole

> London fork .

 Reason for chemical Bonding :

① Minimization Energy concept :

of
All -

to this concept ,
element in

atomic state has more energy .

When atom
of 2 same or
different
element approach each other ,
chemical
bond is
formed .

During bond
formation
bone amount of is released
energy
which is called Bond Energy .

Not
Bond formation → always Exothermic

i.e. Enessy released : Electrical p f- toes

-

si ¥
.
:
stability Bes .

p E
K-9iy
-
=

( attractive
Kqj
=
-

Force)
dominate
= + Khok ( Repulsion Force dominate
→
?⃝
 PE = K 91.92
T

# If attraction force dominate

I
PE
K¥z
=
9, 92
-

If r trees .
'

P E
-
tses ,
attraction Aces
= - -

# If Repulsion Force dominate , +08-+0

pt
⑨
at PET
>
-0-0
repulsion * Ses
 r -_ internuclear distance
attractive
of 2 atom .

④→④
repulsive
Fire
Tve
Repulsive
dominate e- with
-

having
TO bond length orbital "
"""
= .

two
""
T
? other .

each

are """ ""

/
r→ "

⇐
( KJ / mol having

,÷÷am↳
as
→ ra

me e- won

go.o.li Fa > Fr opposite spin)

BYE
- ve f

" "a- : µ
o.o
dominates
.

±
Morse p E
/
-
- - .

Diagram .

F-A -_
FR
B. E minimum p E Fa force attraction
of
-

to maximum stability Fr = Force of Repulsion .

Bmd chemical Bond formed

Energy
=
② Inert
Tendency to acquire gas
electronic
configuration .

i.e ne npb (Except He )

③ Rossel and Lewis concept ( octet Rule)

to element
Alkording octet rule

has a
tendency to maintain 8 electron

in its valence Shell ,

so that they can

inert electronic
acquire gas configuration .

8 electron in outer shell be

can

auheived by following 2 ways

.

atom
By sharing valence e-
of one

valence e- atom
.

Due to
with
of other

this covalent bond is formed .

By transferring valence e- from one

atom to valence Shell Other

of
atom .

Due to this ions are formed .

lie cations and Anions,

Electrostatic force which exist ,
between

oppositely charged ions are called ionic

bond ( or electro valent bond ) .
 COVALENT BOND .

Force
of
attraction develops between
atoms
2 due to mutual Sharing
of electrons is called covalent
bond .

Lewis
symbol :

no Valente e- dots atom

of no
Of on
.
.
= .

i) Li
.

ez
=D Li
, , ,

Ii ) c can,
.

:c .

Iii ) N
12,5 ) =D .

? .

Lewis structure
of simple molecule .

A T
i)
Hz → ④• ④
circle represent
valence shell
f,

⑧ H -

H
-

2e Re
-
 lone pair e- also called as nonbinding electron .

o.
is
II
'

:
→
012,6)
Bonding e- = 4 Se -

re
-

⑤
lone pair e- = 4 =
:O
.

nonbinding e- =8

i
iii " '

in
:z÷n : →

N ( 2,5 so
) ⑧ . .
se-

e .

N EN

'

ii) CO2

Chiu ,
: :c : :
&
° ""
④ c
se
.

go go

ii
) Cz Hy µ
% H H
\
=L
o @

se
-
*
.

0120 c
C : :C
'
H
.

ee I
•
'
H
①
p

H H
-

re se
-
 Note :

i
) when 2 e- Shared between
Single bond is drawn
2 atom =p

Ii) when u e- shared between

Double bind is drawn
2 atom

iii) when 6 e- shared between

zahm =D Triple bond is drawn
 RULES TO DRAW LEWIS STRUCTURE OF

POLYATOMIC ION l COMPOUND .

Lewis structure → Structure in which

e-
all
bonding and
nonbinding are

shown is called Lewis structure .

Ryley calculate total e-

of valence
:
no .

of given compound lion .

' -0 ④
eg ① Wz ii
)NHy iii)
Hgpoy
t, I 4

={ ICC ) -1310) } -12 ={ICN) -14411 }

2341411137+4107={1141-13163}-12
-
I

3114115 ) -1416)
-1115 ) -1441}
=
-
I

8
=
3-15-124
= valence e-
= 24 Valence e- .

= 32 Valente e-
 I

Ruleii) Decide central atom in

given species .

Generally central atom are

Less in number
a)
b) form maximum covalent bond

c) H & F never art as central atom

like U , Br , I can
NOI : Halogens act as

central atom as
they can make

more than one covalent bond due

to it orbital
presence of .

Rule iii Draw skeletal structure & draw

bond between
single atoms .

# Avoid O_0 direct linkage , except

in 02 , 03 Koz Nava etc -

, ,

*
If H & 0 present then connect them

by covalent bond .
 Distribute e-
Rule iii)
remaining valence

on each terminal arm till its

octet
gets completed ( except H) .

Rule it If any valence e- left then place

it on central atom .

Rule iii For

Getting final structure .

CLSLI central belongs to 2nd period

If
:
atom

( C, N, them
0 .
) in
final structure

octet of central atom must be complete .

caste ! if central alum

belong to 3rd
CU
period onwards , Br , Xe , I -

)
In Suen Case Formal Charge

gets priority ann to get

.

final structure cancel out unlike

formal charge from adjacent atom

by drawing bond between them .

 This is repeated till all unlike charge
gets cancel out .

Formal
=( No
of Valerie e-
) (
"

4) (bonding ) og non
-
.

charge in Binds e-
-

free spa ,e
-

after bonding
④

=(
No

e-
-

of
in
valence

free ) -
{( no -

e-
of bond
)
state

-
2 ( no -

of lone
pair e)

'