TECH SKILLS - MJFA Reviewer

Robots
- machine that replaces human effort. may or may not look human-like.
mechanical : virtual intelligent agent

• perform tasks automatically or with guidance : remote control.

• electromechanical machine guided : computer and electronic programmed

Can perform preprogrammed physical tasks:

• direct human control
• control of a preprogrammed computer.

Robots do some or all of the following:

• move around
• operate a mechanical limb
• sense and manipulate their environment
• exhibit intelligent behavior — mimic humans or other animals.

The Shadow Dexterous Hand - humaniform

robot hand system : the Shadow Robot Company : London.
- comparable to human hand in size and shape : reproduces all of its degrees of
freedom.

ASIMO - a service robot (Japan)

• operate : real-world environments
• ability to walk or run (two feet) : speeds up to 3.7 mph (6km/h).

Etymology
Robot
Josef Čapek : Originator
– A Czech painter and writer

Karel Čapek : Used

– robot : play R.U.R (Rossum's Universal Robots) :: 1920.
“Robot”
- Czech word robota : drudgery, hard work, labor or servitude.

robota :: work of a period a serf (laborer) give for his lord : 6 months a year.

Etymology
Robotics : Isaac Asimov
- coined by sci-fi writer Isaac Asimov : “Liar!”, 1941.
Isaak Yudovich Ozimov : Russia
• Three Laws of Robotics : Runaround
- mentioned in 1942

Three Laws of Robotics (General Idea):

1. A robot may not inflict harm to a human being or allow a human being to
come to harm.
2. A robot must obey given orders except when orders would conflict with first
law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as protection would not
conflict with the First or Second Law.

Ancient Beginnings
• Washstand automaton reconstruction, : Philo of Byzantium (Greece, 3rd
century BC).

•Al-Jazari's programmable automata

• Su Song's astronomical clock tower showing mechanical figurines : chimed

the hours.

• Al-Jazari's elephant clock

Early Modern Developments

• Leonardo's robot : a humanoid automaton
designed by Leonardo da Vinci : 1464. Leonardo was 12 years old.
- could stand, sit, raise its visor and independently maneuver its arms.
- robotic system : pulleys and cables.

• Karakuri : Tea-serving with mechanism.

(Tokyo National Science Museum)

Modern Developments
• Gakutensoku : biologist Makoto Nishimura (1883-1956).
* "learning from the laws of nature"
- the first robot : built in Japan, created
Osaka : 1929.
- change its facial expression, move its head and hands : air pressure
mechanism.

• TOPIO ("TOSY Ping Pong Playing Robot")

- bipedal humanoid robot : play table tennis
against a human being. developed 2005 : TOSY, robotics firm in Vietnam.

Types of Robot According to:

• Mobility/locomotion
• Service Provided
• Gender

5 Main types of Robots: ***di ko sure i2

- Stationary Robot
- Mobile Robot
- Swarm Robot
- Modular Robot
- Service Robot

Stationary Robots
• stays in place : performs an interesting action (moving limbs or appendages).
- used in assembly and manufacture

Example:
Squirmer
- a BEAM (Biology, Electronics, Aesthetics, Mechanics) robot

Mobile Robots
• move around in their environment : not fixed to one physical location.
Example: automated guided vehicle or automatic guided vehicle (AGV).
– AGV mobile robot follows markers or wires in the floor, or uses vision or
lasers.
**Specific Example:
• A spying robot (mobile robot) : capable of movement in a given environment.

Swarm Robots
- inspired by colonies of insects such as ants and bees.

***Researchers models behavior of swarms of thousands of tiny robots :

together perform a useful task :: finding something hidden, cleaning, or spying.

Modular robot
- Modular self-reconfiguring robotic systems or self reconfigurable modular
robots : morphology.
- sensing and control found in fixed-morphology robots able to change
shape rearranging the connectivity of their parts : to adapt to new
circumstances, perform new tasks, recover from damage.

Service Robot
- perform services useful : well being of humans and equipment, excluding
manufacturing operations

Service Robots Examples

1. At Home (Examples)
• Roomba : domestic vacuum cleaner robot : a single, menial job :: vacuuming.

• ASIMO : introduced 2000 : helper to people, by Honda.

::: acronym for "Advanced Step in Innovative MObility".

2. In industry (Examples)

Industrial Robots
• have fixed robotic arms and manipulators : for production and distribution of
goods.

Unimate
- first industrial robot - Inland Fisher Guide Plant :::: 1961.
• Created by George Devol : 1950s - original patents.

Unimation
- first robot manufacturing company : Joseph Engelberger | George Devol.

3. In the military (Examples)

• Telerobot : detonate device. (EOD)
Specific Examples:
**F6 Series, HD Series, Titus, ANDROS™ Unmanned Ground
Vehicles, Wolverine 6X6 robot, Taurus

• SWORDS : Special Weapons Observation Reconnaissance Detection System

- a weapons system : TALON chassis.

• BigDog : quadruped military robot created 2005 : Boston Dynamics with

Foster-Miller, and Harvard University Concord Field Station.
::: funded by DARPA = shelved : loud for combat.

4. In medicine (Example)
• A laparoscopic robotic surgery : Da Vinci

5. In Pharmacy (Example)
• McKesson’s ROBOT-Rx® : healthcare robotic : helps pharmacies dispense
thousands of medications little or no errors.

6. In healthcare (Example)
• The CareProviding Robot FRIEND : assists the elderly and disabled with
common tasks.

7. In science (Example)
• The ANATROLLER ARI-100 : modular mobile robot : cleaning hazardous
environments

8. In space exploration (Example)

• A rover (or sometimes planetary rover) :
****Specific Examples;; Sojourner, Spirit and Opportunity, Curiosity,
and Perseverance.
- space exploration vehicle designed move across surface : astronomical body.

9. In Education (Example)
• Elias - education robot can teach languages.

10. Uncategorized
• Nanorobotics : creating machines or robots components microscopic scale of
a nanometer (10−9 meters).

• Nanorobots (a.k.a. "nanites―) : constructed from molecular machines.

Locomotion
- ability of a robot to move

1. Rolling or Wheeled robots

- Segway : Robot museum, Nagoya.

2. Walking
- iCub robot : RobotCub Consortium

3. Hopping
- hopping; similar to a person on a pogo stick : mimicking jumping.

4. Flying
- RQ-4 Global Hawk : unmanned aerial vehicle

5. Snaking
- Two robot snakes : 64 motors
(with 2 degrees of freedom per segment)

6. Swimming
―RoboTuna designed based on fish (animal)
biology and behavior : spine and vertebrae : muscles made of electro-active
polymers, fins and tail turn the robot’s motion into propulsion. Used in sea
researches.

7. Climbing
- Stickybot : quadruped robot capable climbing smooth surfaces - as glass,
acrylic and whiteboard using directional adhesive ; inspired : morph study of
best climber, Gecko lizard.

8. Brachiating
• The brachiating robot : dynamically moves : like long-armed ape, swinging in
pendulum.

Gender
Humanoid
- A robotic entity resemble human.

• Android - A humanoid robot : male.

• Gynoid - A humanoid robot : female.

EXAMPLES:
• Actroid
- humanoid robot : strong visual humanlikeness by Osaka University ::
manufactured by Kokoro Company Ltd. (animatronics division of Sanrio).

• Repliee Q2
- mimic human functions blinking, breathing speaking, ability to recognize and
process speech and touch, and respond.

• SOPHIA
*first robot receive citizenship of any country;
- social humanoid robot developed by Hong Kong comp. : Hanson Robotics.
- first activated ::: February 14, 2016.
- first public appearance ::: mid-March 2016 in Austin, Texas, United States.
- October 2017 : "became" a Saudi Arabian citizen

ADDITIONAL INFO (ROBOT SAMPLES FROM VID LECTURE)

(Service Robots)
• Emo
• Moxie
• Unitree go1
• Bot handy
• Amazon astro
CYBORGS

Hawking suffers : amyotrophic lateral

sclerosis (ALS) motor neurone disease in UK, paralysed him. communicates :
single cheek muscle speech-generating attached to a speech-generating device.

EXAMPLES

1. Stephen Hawking : Robotic wheelchair

2. Kevin Warwick : Chip in arm
3. Cameron Clapp : legs
4. Neil Harbisson : (antenna) ; first cyborg (suffered from colored blindness::
sound frequency = colors)
5. Nigel Ackland : arm
6. Steve Mann : eyes
7. Claudia Mitchell : arm
8. Stelios Arcadiou : Ear on arm
9. Michael Chorost : ear
10. Dick Cheney : heart
11. Jerry Jalava : finger
12. Jens Naumann : eye
13. Jesse Sullivan : arms
14. Rob Spence : eye
15. Moon Ribas : implanted an online seismic sensor in elbow allows her to
feel earthquakes through vibrations