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04 - Fuels & Combustion Calculation09

This document discusses different types of fuels and their properties, as well as calculations related to combustion of fuels. It covers topics such as solid, liquid, and gaseous fuel properties; heating values; chemical reactions; stoichiometry; air requirements; flue gas composition; and sample problems. Formulas are provided to calculate properties like heating values, air requirements, flue gas composition and volume, and solid waste produced during combustion.

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180 views22 pages

04 - Fuels & Combustion Calculation09

This document discusses different types of fuels and their properties, as well as calculations related to combustion of fuels. It covers topics such as solid, liquid, and gaseous fuel properties; heating values; chemical reactions; stoichiometry; air requirements; flue gas composition; and sample problems. Formulas are provided to calculate properties like heating values, air requirements, flue gas composition and volume, and solid waste produced during combustion.

Uploaded by

OA Aoo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FUELS & COMBUSTION

CALCULATIONS
Unit 5

Prabir Basu
TYPES OF FUELS
 FOSSIL FUELS
Solid fuels (COAL)
Liquid fuels (OIL)
Gaseous fuels (NATURAL GAS)

 NUCLEAR FUELS
 RENEWABLE FUELS (BIOMASS)
 WASTE FUELS (MUNICIPAL WASTES)
SOLID FUELS PROPERTIES
 HEATING VALUE
 ULTIMATE ANALYSIS
 PROXIMATE ANALYSIS
 ASH DEFORMATION POINTS
Initial deformation temp.
Softening temp.
Hemispherical temp
Fluid temp.
LIQUID FUELS PROPERTIES
 HEATING VALUE
 FLASH POINT
 IGNITION POINT (SELF, FORCED)
 VISCOSITY
 POUR POINT
 SULFUR
 ASH
Refinery process
Distillation
GASEOUS FUEL
PROPERTIES
 HEATING VALUE
 COMPOSITION
 DENSITY
BASIS OF ANALYSIS
 AS RECEIVED
Ultimate C +H +O +N +S +A +M =100
Proximate VM +FC +M +A = 100
 AIR DRY [100C/(100-Ma)]

 DRY ASH FREE [100C/(100-M-A)]


HEATING VALUE
 HIGHER HEATING VALUE (GROSS)
 LOWER HEATING VALUE (NET)

LHV = HHV – LH of steam (9H/100+M/100)


II-1 CHEMICAL REACTIONS

 Combustion
C + O2 = CO2 + 32,790 kJ/kg of carbon,
Heat of formation at 25C is 393.7 kJ/mol [Perry p-2-188]
mCn Hm + (n +m/4)O2 = nCO2 + m/2 H2O + Q
S + O2 = SO2 + 9260 kJ/kg of sulfur
 Calcination
CaCO3 = CaO + CO2 – 1830 kJ/kg of CaCO3gCO3
= MgO + CO2 – 1183 kJ/kg of MgCO3.
 Sulfation
 CaO + SO2 + 1/2 O2 = CaSO4 + 15141 kJ/kg S.
Basic Stoichiometry
 C + O2 = CO2 + q
 1 kmol of carbon combines with 1 kmol of oxygen
to produce 1 kmol of carbon dioxide and release q
amount of heat.
 1 kmol of reactant = M kg of the reactant
when M is the molecular weight of the reactant.
So mass of one kmol of oxygen (O2) is
2x16 = 32 kg
 1 kmol of a gas occupies 22.4 nm3 at 00C 1 atm
BASIC EQUATION
1. C + O2 = CO2 kJ/kg carbon
2. H2 + ½ O2 = H2O
3. S + O2 = SO2

4. Adding oxygen requirements of above eqns and


subtracting the oxygen in fuel we get the total oxygen
required
VO2= (1.866C + 5.56H + 0.7S - 0.7O) Nm3/kg

5. Since air contains 21% oxygen by volume, the air


required is VAir = VO2/0.21
= 8.89 (C + 0.375S) + 26.5 H - 3.3O Nm3/kgf
Limestone required for S capture
 Limestone required for
unit mass of fuel
[R = Calcium to Sulfur molar 100S
ratio] Lq R
32 X caco3

 If appreciable amount
of CaO is present in
coal ash replace R 32 X cao
R' R
with R’ 56S
EXCESS AIR
•Owing to imperfect mixing combustion always
needs a little extra oxygen. It is known as excess air.
•Excess air coefficient = Actual air/ Theoretical air
•Total excess air at exit = excess air at entry +
leakage (negative draft)
•Flue gas volume
VG = Vg + (exair-1)Vair(1+Xm) Nm3/kgFuel
AIR REQUIRED/mass fuel burnt
 Theoretical dry air requirement
 Mda= [11.53 C + 34.34 (H – O/8) + 4.34 S+ A.S]
kg/kg coal
where A = 2.38 for S-capture;
= 0 for no S-capture
 Actual dry air required
 Tda = Excess air Coeff. X Mda kg/kg
 Actual wet air required
 Mwa = Tda (1 + Xm).
TYPICAL EXCESS AIR COEFFICIENT
PF Slag tap Bubbling CFB Oil & Gas Oil & Gas

Anthracite Bituminus All fuels All fuel Negative Positive


pressure pressure

1.2-1.25 1.15-1.2 1.3-1.5 1.2 1.08-1.07 1.05-1.07


SOLID WASTE PRODUCED
 Solid residues = Ash + Spent sorbents

 Spent sorbents = CaSO4+CaO+MgO+inert



S LqX caco 3 SE sor 40 LqX mgco3
Lw 136 Esor 56 LqX inert
 32 100 32 84

Wa = [Lw + ASH + (1 – Ec) – Xcao],

 Gas product = CO2+H2O+N2+O2+SO2+Fly ash


Flue gas volume per kg fuel
 VCo2= 1.866C+0.7 RS Nm3/kgFuel
 VSO2 = 0.7S (1-Esor) Nm3/kgFuel
 VN2=0.79 VAIR+ 0.8 N Nm3/kgFuel
where Vair is the volume of air required per kg fuel

 VH2O= 11.1H+1.24W+1.6Xm .VAIRNm3/kgFuel

 Flue gas volume, Vg = Vco2+Vso2+VN2+ VH2O


Nm3/kgFuel
Mass of gaseous products/kg fuel
 Carbon dioxide produced per kg fuel
44SR 100X mgco3
WCO2 3.66C 1

32 84 X caco 3
N2 = N + 0.768Mda.EAC

 Oxygen = O + 0.231Mda(EAC - 1) + (1 - Esor)S/2


In case of no sulfur capture last term is zero

 Sulfur-dioxide = 2S(1- Esor)

 Fly ash = ac x ASH;


where ac = fraction of ash as fly ash
Mass of flue gas
 Total mass of flue gas per unit mass of fuel
burnt
Wc M wa 0.231M da 3.66C 9H Mf Lq X ml
N O 2.5S(1 E sor ) ac ASH
X MgCO 3
1.375SR 1 1.19
 X CaCO 3
where Mwa is the weight of wet air per unit fuel.
For no sulfur capture Esor = 0 = R = Lq ,
and 2.5S should be 2.0S
Heating Value (approximate)
 Higher heating value
 = 33,823 C+144249(H-O/8)+9418S kJ/kg

 Lower heating value


 LHV = HHV – 22604H -2581M kJ/kg
Problem
Composition of #2 heating oil is given as: C- 86.4%,
H-13.33%, S – 0.15%; O – 0.04%, N – 0.06%,
Ash – 0.02%.
 Find
 A) Composition of the fuel on) Dry ash free basis
 B) Higher heating value
 C) Lower heating value
 D) amount of dry air required to burn 1 kg fuel
 E) If the amount of air in flue gas is 5% what was the
amount of air used /kg fuel

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