oyfsfo, (Marny) TWI TRAINING & CERTIFICATION Phased Array AUT UT Coursework 1 Enter all answers on answer sheet Q.1 What is the most significant difference between the PipeWIZARD PA system used for pipeline weld inspections and other pipeline mechanised UT systems (such as the RTD, Shaw and Weldsonix systems)? The ultrast shay ‘c. The use of TOFD to assist in interpretation d. The practice of dividing the weld into zones Q.2 Whats the distance from the centretine of the weld that the “scribe line” is made on the pipe before itis welded together? (The scribe line is the reference used to set the band position for the scanner to move on). a. 25mm b. 30mm 125mm Q.3 Given the standard 60 element phased array probe used on pipeline girth welds, what aspect of the phased array probe would be used to increase the position of the near zone for a focal law for an unfocused beam? a. Increase delay times between adjacent elements Dae the a eS eeE ve d. increase the receiver amplifier voltage Q.4 When a technique has been designed for thick wall sections using the zonal discrimination technique the overtrace the ~6dB zone separation can be difficult to achieve. What can be done to overcome this problem if you find this an issue after the calibration block has been Jabticated? 8. use larger zones use larger targets all of the above are options that could help Q.5 — Asused in the pipeline girth weld applications, apart from limitations near the OD surface to detect certain flaws and near the ID surface to detect flaws in a mismatch condition, what other shortcoming does TOFD have over the zonal technique? ieee cannot assess flaw height ¢._itcannot assess flaw length # all of the above Q.6 With regard to AUT what does ECA stand for:- a. Estimated cross-sectional area b. Engineering criteria assessment c. raisin criteria ees TWIAUT CW 1 Issue 0 ItQ7 TOFD shall be capable of b. white, gray and black colour display c. black and white or colour display 4d. unrectified modified A scan display Q.8 Which of the following are typical phased array probe designs a. Linear b. 2D Matrix c. 2D sectorial / annular 2.9 When using the standard 60 element linear array phased array probe what effect on the lateral boam size at the focal spot does a shortening of the focal distance have? a. increases it sases it & none of the above, te ictable 2.10 When setting up a TOFD focal law to inspect al20inii thick Wall pipe,the crossing point at the controline ofthe weld for the main beam, for the pulser and receivers should be at what depth (as a percentage of wall thickness)? a. 25% b. 50% d. 80% Q.11 Whyis a vory broadband transducer preferred for TOFD in pipeline girth weld inspections? a. To get maximum penetration b. To avoid grain structure interference pe ceenenape, improve the far-surface resolution ~ Q.12 As used in the pipeline girth weld scanning configurations, what characteristic of @ weld condition can TOFD not identity? ‘e._ Laminations in the pipe near the weld b. Porosity + § ica inclusions Q.13. Which channels provide the most likely detection of lack of inter-run fusion (cold lap)? a. Strip-chart b. TOFD c volume TWI AUT CW 1 Issue 0 2 )ard. 4s a1 a7 ae. 19. 0.20 TWI AUT CW I Issue 0 What is the biggest cause of TOFD inability to detect defects on the ID surface in spite of that region being the point at which TOFD has the maximum temporal resolution? ten ‘signal to noise characteristics in that region c._Insensitivity of TOFD to volumetric type flaws commonly associated with the ID root region 4d. There are no impediments to flaw detection in the ID regions of the weld. The 32/128 phased array instrument used with the 2-60 element phased array probes uses only 120 of the possible electrical connectors on the instrument to address the 2 probes. What are the other 8 pulser-receivers used for? a. dedicated TOFD b. transverse pair techniques ares ‘What is another name for the S-scan? a. Sectorial b. Linear c._Azimuthal What is the type of phased array scan that uses a series of focal laws to sweep through a range of angles from @ nominally fixed exit point Linear c. Arc d. Dynamic depth focusing Which of the following is not a welding flaw? Misfire Lop Under most circumstances, which of the following frequencies would result in the best resolving power? a IMHz b, SMHz c. 10MHz Using phased array probes the focal point can be changed by which of the following methods a. increasing the number of active elements b. reducing the number of active elements. ate fe) focal point ca and cannot be changed unless the probe is changed Ry - Aisutk,62,/ee/ft,. (eters), TWI TRAINING & CERTIFICATION Phased Array AUT UT Coursework 2 Enter all answers on answer sheet Q.1 When preparing for a pipeline inspection what must you do to ensure you get the correct angles a2 a6 ) in the test piece once you have decided an the best angles for the bevel? a. Determine the number of zones to be used for the welds to be tested b. Determine the acoustic velocity of the pipe steel Determine the acoustic velocity of the plastic in the wedge When determining acoustic velocities in pipe steel for a pipeline project you must use an SH shear wave probe. The pipe steel is birefringent and gives more than one velocity. The velocity that you must determine in the steel to get the best results for correct shear wave angles is the velocity, a. SH slow wave meee = a. d. Surface wave What is the gate threshold level normally set, for collecting time (TOF) information on the strip chart channels? a. 5% d. 40% When designing an inspection technique for a 15.5mm thick CRC weld bevel it would typically use 8 zones. What would the Fill zone height be (closest approximation)? b. 2.9mm c. 3.2mm d. 3.6mm When setting gates for the fusion line (strip charts) channels not all of the gates will have the same length. Which gates are sometimes made longer? a. Amplitude gates for the Fill Zones b. Time gates for the Fill Zones eo Amplitude gates for the Root &/or _ zone y ne DE 2, An absolut measurement of sune LA Se eee oayy Ni pr“t #8 (@)and ©) paeae Ex The decibel is TWI AUT CW 2 Issue 0 ia7 om as ato an 12 13 ‘When using the standard 60 element linear array phased array probe what effect on the vertical beam size at the focal spot does a shartening of the focal distance have? aoe no change results in the vertical direction ‘d._none of the above, itis unpredictable What is the normal (and maximum) sample interval along the girth used in girth weld inspections in the zonal technique? a. 0.5mm a d. 3mm What ultimately determines the accuracy of the position of a signal in the time gate? a. the encoder b. the reference target amplitude robe frequency ‘What is the purpose of storing the scanning head on a heated calibration block between scans? Auation in the wedge c. Prevent electrical shock by reducing humidity in the probe wedge d. Keep the scanner technicians’ hands warm Ina 32/128 phased array instrument what is the maximum number of elements that can be used in a single focal law? a 9 0 @ 128 When analysing scan data using the pipeWIZARD computer software, what colour is the measurement cursor? a. Red ‘c. Green d. Black With frequency remaining constant the length of the near field will decrease if Pi increases ©. Beam spread increases d. Quartz is utilised as the transducer) Q1s aur 18 Accidentally a phased array probe that has been correctly calibrated is banged slightly so its position is adjusted slightly (7mm) away from the ideal weld centreline. Which focal law is most likely going to require re-calibration? a. Root b. LOP , all tandem fills What is the interval between calibration verifications based on when performing AUT? a. time b. number of wolds c._number of weld passes completed What is the nominal incident angle for a wedge used with a PipeWIZARD 60 element 7.5MHz probe? b. 43.7 degrees c. 53.7 degrees d. 63.7 degrees How do you adjust the stand off (surface distance from the target) when maximising a response from a calibration target using the phased array system. Change the delay between the elements used in the focal law ‘c. Loosen the locking nut and reposition the entire probe mounting d._ stand off cannot be adjusted When setting up for a normal inspection using 2mm diameter Flat Bottom Holes, what amplitude do you normally set the amplitude threshold to cause the time gale signal to change from green to red? a. 20° c. 50% d. 80% TWI AUT CW? Issue 0 3Figure 4 psteam Downstream 19 In figure 1 above the Upstream probes have been set too close to the weld centreline on the upstream side, how does the operator know this has happened from the strip chart scan data? 2 The root ee ‘appears on the downstream aay, ipchart c. There is a loss of coupling d._Itis not possible to determine Q.20 The PipeWIZARD phased array system is based on which technique? a. Amplitude height 4 Aand C scan imaging Parr. avseae, ) TWIAUT CW 2 Issue 0 4TWI TRAINING & CERTIFICATION — WED AS DAS ) A Phased Array AUT UT Coursework 3 Enter all answers on answer sheet Q.1 Porosity is best characterised using which feature of the PipeWIZARD? a. Strip chart data 3 TOFD ‘c. Coupling channel data Q.2 During production scanning you are required to perform a calibration every 10 welds. What must you do if you calibrate and find that the amplitude of the zone target signal on one channel has dropped to 60%? ‘a. Nothing, the signal may drop to 59 % before you worry about it b. Review all charts since the last calibration for any indication that might have had signals that exceeded threshold c., Recalibrate to ensure the zone target signal amplitude is 80% Q.3 What feature is “monitored” when a time-gate is made longer than the amplitude gate? “S Fawhaate c. Pulse-duration d. No feature is monitored using a gate longer than the amplitude gate (Q4 — What aspect of the normally recorded chart display can phased-array probes not presently be Used for in pipeline girth weld inspections? ‘a. Strip-chart data for the fusion line b. TOFD gia aes ean yecks 5 — What is a reasonable expectation for vertical sizing tolerance on the AUT weld inspections using zones? a. +/-0.3mm 7 +/-0.5mm. “4/-3.0mm, Q.6 — Whatis it about the “wavelets” generated by each element on the phased array probe is critical when shaping the beam? b. frequency content of the wavelets my c. their acoustic impedance 4d. their electrical impedance TWI AUT CW 3 Issue 0 1az ae as Q.t0 an 12 When a technique has been designed for thick wall sections using the zonal discrimination technique the overtrace the ~GdB zone separation can be difficult to achieve. What can be done 10 overcome this problem if yo ill be @ problem prior to fabricati calibration block? 2. use larger zones b. use larger targets « c.__use more elements in the focal laws or a probe with higher frequency ‘What type of Flaw is most likely to have symmetric indications late in the time gate in one or more fill zones? a Lack of cross penetration b Incomplete root penetration eee sa fusion Which signal characteristic is not typical of inter-pass nonfusion? a. uniform time of arrival in the TOFD display b._ uniform time of arrival in the volumetric display oth a an What is the most realistic method to assess the vertical extent of porosity? . measure the distance between first and last detected signals in the volumetric channels and multiply by 0.7 b. measure the pulse-duration of the TOFD signal and convert to the equivalent distance after linearising the cursors d. measure the tip diffraction of the backscattered signals in the volumetric channels. A calibration block is made with the Fill and Hot Pass zones having 3mm FBH targets. When the signal is set to provide an 80% FSH response the distance between the 40% levels (ie. the 6d8 drop) as measured by the encoder along the circumference (scan axis) is 6mm. What is the total beam spread considered to be? 2mm. c. 6mm d. 12mm When checking the calibration from a FBH (when using the zonal discrimination technique) what is the typical acceptable amplitude range? a. 70- 100% d. 80- 100% TWI AUT CW3 Issue 0 213 ata a5 a6 a7 a8 When checking the calibration from typical FBH's using the zonal discrimination technique, the generally acceptable over-trace amplitude range from the main calibration target is? a. <1ddb & >6db b. <6db & >10db cc. <10db & >6db Phased array probes are known for their ability to steer a beam to many different angles. Therefore, why is an angled refracting wedge used on a pipeline inspection configuration? to prevent inter-transducer element cross-talk or chatter d. to allow coupling checks be made Good coupling is confirmed by what method when setting up the PipeWIZARD? a. Separate coupling transducers b. Pitch-catch focal laws between the 2 Phased Array probes c. Zero degree focal laws for each separate phased array probe Ina J style weld bevel in a pipe 12inch diameter, bevel angle 3 degrees with a wall thickness of 29mm, what would the best angle be to inspect the cap pass area for lack of fusion? a,_ 37.5 degrees eee 2.5 degrees d. 70 degrees In some thin wall configurations what must be done to achieve detection of the root zone? aes the ay ee in the pulser set-up c. Grind the weld caps flush to allow access to the root d,__ Increase the number of elements used to make the focal law Workmanship acceptance criteria requires what information about a relevant flaw? a. Flaw height b. Flaw length G, Flaw accumulation in 300mm TWIAUT CW Issue 0Q.19 What is done to accommodate a tandem technique in thin wall pipe (e.g. 9mm)? a Use lower angle ree les a ¢) Use higher angle transmitted angles 4) Tandem technique’s should not be used on thin wall pipes Q.20 Strip chart accuracy over a pipe circumference shall be typically a) 4-1 mm c) */-half the sample interval d) +/-20mm EQT- xn Sw, TWI AUT CW 3 Issue 0 4~ CRwess) ‘TWI TRAINING & CERTIFICATION AUT UT (Phased Array) END OF COURSE ASSESSMENT EXAMINATION nter all answers on answer sheet 1) Accidentally a phased array probe that has been correctly calibrated is banged slightly so its Position is adjusted siightly (1mm) away from the ideal weld centreline. Which focel law is most likely going to require re-calibration? a) Root by LOP ©) all tandem fills _# ail Zones will be requiring a re-calibration 2Q ‘Why would a heating pad be used on the calibration block on a barge where the ambient air temperature is 25 degrees C? 4) to reduce the temperature difference between the cal block and test surface b) to minimise effects of heat transfer to the wedge Bf both a) & b) {d) because focal laws are calculated for wedge temperatures of 40 degrees C 3) __Inthe Probe Parameter dialogue box, the probe, wedge parameters and weld parameters are entered. Very few of the “transducer parameters” are actually entered in the “probe parameter” section of the dialogue box. Which of the following probe parameters entered in this section are not related to the probe wedge? ) spacing between elements #8} probe index position ©) height of first element from pipe 4) offset of first element 4) Which of the probe parameters might change depending on the model version of the wedge used? a) probe index position b) height of first element from pipe ©) offset of first element Fall of the above may change 5) What is the nominal incident angle for a wedge used with a PipeWIZARD 60 element 7.5MHz probe? (BF 33.7 degrees b) 43.7 degrees ©) 53.7 degrees 0) 63.7 degrees TWIUT CW I Issue 0 16) Phased array probes are known for their ability to steer a beam to many different angles. ‘Therefore, why is an angled refracting wedge used on a pipeline inspection configuration? a) t0 provide neat protection #70 extend the useful range of steering of focused beams ‘) to prevent inter-element cross-talk @) to allow coupling checks be made 7) When modifying probe parameters in the garden gate for a TOFD technique using phased array focal taws, would you increase or decrease the number of elements if the existing focal law indicated 15 elements? a) increase b) decrease 8) TOFD is used on pipeline girth weld inspection primarily to. APdistinguish geometry from real detects 'b) Improve detection of nonfusion ©) Gharacterise porosity = ¢) Determine the diameter of single pores %) In the Automatic Setup Generation dialogue box it is required that the gate positions be calculated. What are the gate positions related to? a) relative to the target Af lative to the target and centre of weld ‘) both a) and b) 4) the calculated nominal exit point of each transmitted ray path 10) When using 60 element probes in a pipeline girth weld inspection the elements on the upstream side are numbered 1-60. What are the downstream elements numbered as? a) 61-120 PA S5-124 6) 10-600 4) 69-128 11) When configuring ultrasonic channel parameters what velocity is used? a) the applicable velocity determined from the velocity block PB Longitudinal °) Shear @) Creeping TWLUT CW 1 Issue 0 212) 13) 14) 18) 16) 2 TWIUT CW 1 Issue 0 Increasing the element number (i.e. the first element in the focal law) has what effect on the effective exit point of the beam? AC inoreases the distance from the weld centreline 48 decreases the distance from the weld centreline Why is it you make sure that, when moving back and forth during static calibration, you select the best location while moving the scanner forward, not in reverse? a) as all scans will be done in the forward direction. this assures the maximum response in dynamic calibration ©) this assures maximum response in static calibration ) this assures minimum response in all cases. In The “Ultrasonic Configuration” dialog bar when viewing the “Transmitter” tab information there is a box that toggles “Link with Receiver’. When is this feature toggled off? a) always. ) in pulse-echo configurations ‘in tandem (transmit-receive) configurations ‘) there is no such toggle item The back of the scanner carriage has pairs of lines with numbers indicated at the ends, e.g. 20,24, 36, 42 etc. These are: a) Probe skew angles b) the off-set options in mm for various styles of probes Ar the diameters of pipe that are to be scanned ‘d) none of the above, there are no such fines and numbers {In addition to the phased array and conventional (lem 00) connectors on the scanner transfer ox, what other connections are there? a) motor control ») encoder ©) water (coupiant) A} ail of the above are found on the transfer box The encoder is activated by the 4) drive unit idier wheel b) drive unit motor shaft 0) temperature sensor ‘swivel whee!TWI TRAINING & CERTIFICATION Phased Array AUT UT End of Course Assessment Examination Students Name: RV/AK/ vate: 27% /oez/sb Question | Answer “Question | Answer No. I No. 1 rp 1 S! 2 (ae eee ¢ 8 3 8 ] 43 & 4 |o 44 0 A * [Le 6 te 8 Dd oe. | 17 o 7 feet 8 A 19 | cet I Cc | 20 eS BE eee ech ite ‘TWIUT CW 1 Issue 0 3Sin®) YM Sin Og Ye 8, ~ angle of incident wave jy angle of retraced wave Fy velocity of ineident wae Vjg velocity of mtracted wave i ety Pr om ot, Material ‘Pensi Longitudinal (edem ‘Velocity ridin eer Atrio 27 280) Herta hes ‘He eww an 4 Dramas Me Ww ao wy xe ss my hr cont" kas aH Irom Cast 2 ner Lead ua a Phintie Et Prato as Siver las Sinise (3479 rot Staines 810) 167 Stee! a By 454 fungsten wn Water 1 reo 9 +sin 0 Cos oso neste Shear Velocity sxtonineey 14 Xo Tosco, NBIACENT MEMORY TP ‘sont CAH ‘Tos ‘Skip distance ~ srlace nae oF ewe sueessive es, ewes sulace poste sound was ee Pag iy) sound pa inter Hust 9 {ep 213). sod ph hater fom std second en (jg televeted Sound wave angle ple hear ress che aint yas the rigonosbetse nets py unin de fonts bobo gunna tuner nay fe eas Us (Bk pceiuwehy msg Wh noe sp ae) all te Tanti ea sly memes hn apie oe probes a need exam the hypencnose is LEG} de adjent os MATERIAL, THICKNESS athe Cpprshe is eyutte tote SURFACE DISTANCY: statin De ‘he ungononectric Fons eat Be sd W Ne al he oes tha ae sate ath the fora, When pebletas involve .EG2, the eed Beg con Terie din ts inahe a leper ale range an hn the pie hb sled unin Hs Sep <7 tan 8 Cost ose Seb = ay) 4508 Cos 'e poe ron 8-112) » er“as 60.12%), BE CENRI)