Design of a multi-storied steel building

16 14 14 3

C1 B1 C2 B2 C3 B3 C4

13 B15 (S1) B16 (S2) B17 (S3) B18

7
B4 B5 B6 B7
C5 C6 C7 C8 C9
7
B20 B22
14 B19 (S4) C10 C11 B23 (S5) B24
(S11) (S9)
B21
C12 C13 C14 C15 C16
B8 B9 B10 B11

13 B25 (S6) B26 (S7) B27 (S8) B28

B12 B13 B14

6 C17 C18 (S10) C19 C20

Building Plan

Building Height = 4@10 = 40

Loads: LL = 40 psf, FF = 20 psf, RW = 20 psf
Seismic Coefficients: Z = 0.15, I = 1.0, S = 1.0, R = 6.0 [i.e., R = 4.0]
Material Properties: f c = 3 ksi, fy = 40 ksi, Allowable Bearing Capacity of soil = 2 ksf
 1. Load Calculation for Slabs
Slab (S1) to Slab (S9):
Assumed slab thickness, t = 4.5
Self Weight of slab = 4.5 150/12 = 56.25 psf
DL = 56.25 + 20 + 20 = 96.25 psf = 0.096 ksf
LL = 40 psf = 0.04 ksf
Total Wt./slab area = 0.096 + 0.04 = 0.136 ksf
Slab (S10):
Assumed slab thickness, t = 5
Self Weight of slab = 5 150/12 = 62.5 psf
FF = 20 psf, but there is no random wall and LL is less (i.e., assumed to be 20 psf)
Total Wt./slab area, w = 62.5 + 20 + 20 = 102.5 psf = 0.103 ksf
Slab (S11):
Assumed slab thickness, t = 7
Self Weight of slab = 7 150/12 = 87.5 psf
FF = 20 psf, but there is no random wall and LL is high (i.e., assumed to be 100 psf)
Total Wt./slab area, w = 87.5 + 20 + 100 = 207.5 psf = 0.208 ksf
Additional weight on flights due to 6 high stairs = ½ (6/12) 150 psf = 37.5 psf
Total Wt./slab area, w = 207.5 + 37.5 = 245 psf = 0.245 ksf
 2. Vertical Load Analysis of Beams and Columns
Beams are assumed to have self-weights of about 30 lb/ft; i.e., 0.03 k/
Partition Walls (PW) are assumed to be 5 thick and Exterior Walls (EW) 10 thick
Weight of 5 PW = (5 /12) 9 120 = 450 lb/ = 0.45 k/
Weight of 10 EW = (10 /12) 9 120 = 900 lb/ = 0.90 k/

(3) (4)
C1 C2 C3 C4
B1 B2 B3

3 1 1
B15 B16 B17 B18

B4 B5 B6 B7
C5 C6 C7 C8 C9
B20 B22
2
B19 B23 B24
C10 C11
B21
(1) B8 B9 B10 B11
C12 C13 C14 C15 C16

3 1 1
B25 B26 B27 B28

B12 B13 B14

(2)
C17 C18 C19 C20

Load Distribution from Slab to Beam

Frame (1) [B8-9-10-11]:
Slab-load on B8 = [13/2×(16+3)/2+14/2×(16+2)/2]× 0.136 = 16.97 k
Equivalent UDL (+ Self Wt. and PW) 16.97/16 + 0.03 + 0.45 = 1.54 k/
Slab-load on B9-10 13/2×(14+1)/2×0.136 +(14×14 7×7)/2×(0.208+0.245)/2 = 23.28 k
Equivalent UDL (+ Self Wt. and PW) 23.28/14 + 0.03 + 0.45 = 2.14 k/
Load from Slabs to B11 = [13/2×(14+1)/2+14/2×(14)/2]× 0.136 = 13.29 k
Equivalent UDL (+ Self Wt. and PW) 13.29/14 + 0.03 + 0.45 = 1.43 k/

1.54 k/ 2.14 k/ 2.14 k/ 1.43 k/

(8.6,-6.4,-15.1,2.2,-7.3) (10.2,-9.8,-22.4,13.8,-20.0)
(12.1,-12.6,-28.1,19.3,-31.8) (6.7,-8.3,-7.2,3.2,-13.0)

B8 B9 B10 B11

(-48.6,5.8,-11.8) (-55.2,-0.1,0.0) (-39.6,-4.3,8.3)

(-82.7,-3.5,6.8) (-72.4,1.8,-3.8)

C12 C13 C14 C15 C16

Beam (SF1, SF2 (k), BM1, BM0, BM2 (k )) and Column (AF (k), BM1, BM2 (k )) in
Frame (1) from Vertical Load Analysis
Frame (2) [B12-13-14]:
Slab-load on B12 = [13/2×(16+3)/2]× 0.136 = 8.40 k
Equivalent UDL (+ Self Wt. and EW) 8.40/16 + 0.03 + 0.90 = 1.45 k/
Slab-load on B13 = [13/2×(14+1)/2]×0.136 = 6.63k
Equivalent UDL (+ Self Wt. and EW) 6.63/14 + 0.03 + 0.90 = 1.40 k/
Load from Slabs to B14 = [13/2×(14+1)/2]× 0.136 = 6.63k
Equivalent UDL (+ Self Wt. and EW) 6.63/14 + 0.03 + 0.90 = 1.40 k/

1.45 k/ 1.40 k/ 1.40 k/

(9.9,-9.7,-24.3,10.8,-22.7)
(11.2,-12.0,-25.8,17.6,-31.8) (10.2,-9.4,-23.8,12.9,-18.9)

B12 B13 B14

(-45.0,5.3,-10.8) (-87.4,-1.7,3.1) (-79.1,0.1,-0.5) (-38.0,-4.1,7.9)

C17 C18 C19 C20

Beam (SF1, SF2 (k), BM1, BM0, BM2 (k )) and Column (AF (k), BM1, BM2 (k )) in
Frame (2) from Vertical Load Analysis
Frame (3) [B16-20-21-26]:
Slab-load on B16 and B26 = [13/2×(13)/2+13/2×(13)/2]× 0.136 = 11.49 k
Equivalent UDL (+ Self Wt. and PW) 11.49/13 + 0.03 + 0.45 = 1.36 k/
Slab-load on B20-21 [14/2×(14)/2]× 0.136 = 6.66 k
Equivalent UDL (+ Self Wt. and PW) 6.66/14 + 0.03 + 0.45 = 0.96 k/

1.36 k/ 0.96 k/ 0.96 k/ 1.36 k/

(4.0,-2.8,-7.5,0.6,-3.4) (9.0,-8.7,-18.0,11.7,-16.1)
(8.7,-9.0,-16.1,11.7,-18.0) (2.8,- 4.0,-3.4,0.6, -7.5)

B16 B20 B21 B26

(-35.0,3.4,-6.7) (-25.5,0.0,0.0) (-35.0,-3.4,6.7)

(-49.8,-2.1,4.2) (-49.8,2.1,-4.2)

C2 C6 C10 C13 C18

Beam (SF1, SF2 (k), BM1, BM0, BM2 (k )) and Column (AF (k), BM1, BM2 (k )) in
Frame (3) from Vertical Load Analysis
Frame (4) [B17-23-27]:
Slab-load on B17 and B27 = [13/2×(13)/2+13/2×(13)/2]× 0.136 = 11.49 k
Equivalent UDL (+ Self Wt. and PW) 11.49/13 + 0.03 + 0.45 = 1.36 k/
Slab-load on B23 = [14/2×(14)/2]× 0.136 = 6.66k
Equivalent UDL (+ Self Wt., EW, S9) 6.66/14 + 0.03 + 0.90 + 3 × 0.136 = 1.81 k/
[Here, the EW is considered because the exterior beam B24 is more critical. It has the
same slab load as B23 in addition to self-weight and EW]

1.36 k/ 1.81 k/ 1.36 k/

(12.7,-12.7,-28.6,15.7,-28.6)
(8.3,-9.4,-15.0,10.3,-22.0) (9.4,-8.3,-22.0,10.3, -15.0)

B17 B23 B27

(-33.7,3.2,-6.2) (-87.7,1.4,-2.7) (-87.7,-1.4,2.7) (-33.7,-3.2,6.2)

C3 C8 C15 C19

Beam (SF1, SF2 (k), BM1, BM0, BM2 (k )) and Column (AF (k), BM1, BM2 (k )) in
Frame (4) from Vertical Load Analysis
Frame [B4-5-6-7]:
Similar to Frame (1) [B8-9-10-11].

(8.6,-6.4,-15.1,2.2,-7.3) (10.2,-9.8,-22.4,13.8,-20.0)
(12.1,-12.6,-28.1,19.3,-31.8) (6.7,-8.3,-7.2,3.2,-13.0)

B4 B5 B6 B7

(-48.6,5.8,-11.8) (-55.2,-0.1,0.0) (-39.6,-4.3,8.3)

(-82.7,-3.5,6.8) (-72.4,1.8,-3.8)

C5 C6 C7 C8 C9

Beam (SF1, SF2 (k), BM1, BM0, BM2 (k )) and Column (AF (k), BM1, BM2 (k )) in
Frame [B4-5-6-7] from Vertical Load Analysis

Frame [B1-2-3]:
Similar to Frame (2) [B12-13-14].

(9.9,-9.7,-24.3,10.8,-22.7)
(11.2,-12.0,-25.8,17.6,-31.8) (10.2,-9.4,-23.8,12.9,-18.9)

B1 B2 B3

(-45.0,5.3,-10.8) (-87.4,-1.7,3.1) (-79.1,0.1,-0.5) (-38.0,-4.1,7.9)

C1 C2 C3 C4

Beam (SF1, SF2 (k), BM1, BM0, BM2 (k )) and Column (AF (k), BM1, BM2 (k )) in
Frame [B1-2-3] from Vertical Load Analysis
Frame [B15-19-25]:
Similar to Frame (4) [B17-23-27].

(12.7,-12.7,-28.6,15.7,-28.6)
(8.3,-9.4,-15.0,10.3,-22.0) (9.4,-8.3,-22.0,10.3, -15.0)

B15 B19 B25

(-33.7,3.2,-6.2) (-87.7,1.4,-2.7) (-87.7,-1.4,2.7) (-33.7,-3.2,6.2)

C1 C5 C12 C17

Beam (SF1, SF2 (k), BM1, BM0, BM2 (k )) and Column (AF (k), BM1, BM2 (k )) in
Frame [B15-19-25] from Vertical Load Analysis

Frame [B18-24-28]:
Similar to Frame (4) [B17-23-27].

(12.7,-12.7,-28.6,15.7,-28.6)
(8.3,-9.4,-15.0,10.3,-22.0) (9.4,-8.3,-22.0,10.3, -15.0)

B18 B24 B28

(-33.7,3.2,-6.2) (-87.7,1.4,-2.7) (-87.7,-1.4,2.7) (-33.7,-3.2,6.2)

C4 C9 C16 C20

Beam (SF1, SF2 (k), BM1, BM0, BM2 (k )) and Column (AF (k), BM1, BM2 (k )) in
Frame [B18-24-28] from Vertical Load Analysis
 3. Lateral Load Analysis of Beams and Columns
Seismic Coefficients: Z = 0.15, I = 1.0, S = 1.0, R = 6.0, C = 1.25 S/T2/3 2.75
where T = Fundamental period of vibration = 0.083×h¾ [h = Building Height in meters]
For the moment resisting steel frame, T = 0.083×(40/3.28)¾ = 0.542 sec
C = 1.25 S/T2/3 = 1.25×1.0/(0.542)2/3 = 1.88
Base Shear, V = (ZIC/R) W = 0.15×1.0×1.88/6.0 W = 0.0470W
Since T <0.7 sec, Ft = 0; For equally loaded stories without Ft, Fi = (hi/ hi)V
F1 = 0.1V, F2 = 0.2V, F3 = 0.3V, F4 = 0.4V
Frame (1) [B8-9-10-11]:
W = 4×(1.54×16+2.14×7+2.14×7+1.43×14) = 298k V = 0.0470W = 14.03k
5.61k

4.21k

2.81k

(4.9,-17.7,16.4) (1.9,-12.0,14.3)
(1.5,-12.9,10.9) (4.8,-16.4,17.4)
1.40k
B8 B9 B10 B11

(-9.5,17.9,-13.3) (8.3,18.1,-13.6)
(-4.3,14.6,-6.7) (0.1,18.6,-15.1) (5.4,15.0,-7.3)

C12 C13 C14 C15 C16

Beam (SF(k), BM1, BM2 (k )) and Column (AF (k), BM1, BM2 (k )) in
Frame (1) from Lateral Load Analysis
Frame (2) [B12-13-14]:
W = 4×(1.45×16+1.40×14+1.40×14) = 249.60k V = 0.0470W = 11.73k
4.69k

3.52k

2.35k

(1.9,-16.3,14.6) (2.1,-14.7,14.6) (2.4,-16.1,18.0)

1.17k
B12 B13 B14

(-5.7,17.2,-7.6) (-0.6,19.9,-13.0) (-0.8,20.2,-13.5) (7.1,17.6,-8.3)

C17 C18 C19 C20

Beam (SF(k), BM1, BM2 (k )) and Column (AF (k), BM1, BM2 (k )) in
Frame (2) from Lateral Load Analysis
Frame (3) [B16-20-21-26]:
W = 4×(1.36×13+0.96×7+0.96×7+1.36×13) = 195.20k V = 0.0470W = 9.17k
3.67k

2.75k

1.83k

(3.0,-10.9,10.4) (1.3,-8.0,9.5)
(1.3,-9.5,8.0) (3.0,-10.4,10.9)
0.92k
B16 B20 B21 B26

(-4.7,11.6,-8.9) (4.7,11.7,-8.9)
(-3.9,9.6,-4.9) (0.,12.0,-9.6) (3.9,9.7,-4.9)

C2 C6 C10 C13 C18

Beam (SF(k), BM1, BM2 (k )) and Column (AF (k), BM1, BM2 (k )) in
Frame (3) from Lateral Load Analysis
Frame (4) [B17-23-27]:
W = 4×(1.36×13+1.81×14+1.36×13) = 242.80k V = 0.0470W = 11.41k
4.57k

3.42k

2.28k

(2.6,-17.5,15.7) (1.9,-13.2,13.2) (2.6,-15.7,17.6)

1.14k
B17 B23 B27

(-7.4,16.7,-8.2) (1.7,19.1,-13.0) (-1.7,19.1,-13.0) (7.4,16.8,-8.2)

C3 C8 C15 C19

Beam (SF(k), BM1, BM2 (k )) and Column (AF (k), BM1, BM2 (k )) in
Frame (4) from Lateral Load Analysis
Frame [B4-5-6-7]:
Similar to Frame (1) [B8-9-10-11].

(4.9,-17.7,16.4) (1.9,-12.0,14.3)
(1.5,-12.9,10.9) (4.8,-16.4,17.4)
B4 B5 B6 B7

(-9.5,17.9,-13.3) (8.3,18.1,-13.6)
(-4.3,14.6,-6.7) (0.1,18.6,-15.1) (5.4,15.0,-7.3)

C5 C6 C7 C8 C9

Beam (SF (k), BM1, BM2 (k )) and Column (AF (k), BM1, BM2 (k )) in
Frame [B4-5-6-7] from Lateral Load Analysis

Frame [B1-2-3]:
Similar to Frame (2) [B12-13-14].

(1.9,-16.3,14.6) (2.1,-14.7,14.6) (2.4,-16.1,18.0)

B1 B2 B3

(-5.7,17.2,-7.6) (-0.6,19.9,-13.0) (-0.8,20.2,-13.5) (7.1,17.6,-8.3)

C1 C2 C3 C4

Beam (SF (k), BM1, BM2 (k )) and Column (AF (k), BM1, BM2 (k )) in
Frame [B1-2-3] from Lateral Load Analysis
Frame [B15-19-25]:
Similar to Frame (4) [B17-23-27].

(2.6,-17.5,15.7) (1.9,-13.2,13.2) (2.6,-15.7,17.6)

B15 B19 B25

(-7.4,16.7,-8.2) (1.7,19.1,-13.0) (-1.7,19.1,-13.0) (7.4,16.8,-8.2)

C1 C5 C12 C17

Beam (SF (k), BM1, BM2 (k )) and Column (AF (k), BM1, BM2 (k )) in
Frame [B15-19-25] from Lateral Load Analysis

Frame [B18-24-28]:
Similar to Frame (4) [B17-23-27].

(2.6,-17.5,15.7) (1.9,-13.2,13.2) (2.6,-15.7,17.6)

B18 B24 B28

(-7.4,16.7,-8.2) (1.7,19.1,-13.0) (-1.7,19.1,-13.0) (7.4,16.8,-8.2)

C4 C9 C16 C20

Beam (SF (k), BM1, BM2 (k )) and Column (AF (k), BM1, BM2 (k )) in
Frame [B18-24-28] from Lateral Load Analysis
 4. Combination of Vertical and Lateral Loads
The Design Force (i.e., AF, SF or BM) will be the maximum between the following two
combinations
(i) Vertical Force = DL+LL
(ii) Combined Vertical and Lateral Force = 0.75 (DL+LL+EQ); i.e., 0.75 times the
combined force from Vertical and Lateral Load Analysis.
The design Shear Forces and Bending Moments for various beams are calculated below
using the two options mentioned above.

4.1 Load Combination for Beams

Frame (1) [B4-5-6-7] and [B8-9-10-11]:
Beams SF1(V) SF1(L) SF1(D) SF2(V) SF2(L) SF2(D)
B4, B8 12.1 1.5 12.1 -12.6 1.5 -12.6
B5, B9 8.6 4.9 10.1 -6.4 4.9 -8.5
B6, B10 6.7 4.8 8.6 -8.3 4.8 -9.8
B7, B11 10.2 1.9 10.2 -9.8 1.9 -9.8

Beams BM1(V) BM1(L) BM1(D) BM0(V=D) BM2(V) BM2(L) BM2(D)

B4, B8 -28.1 12.9 -30.8 19.3 -31.8 10.9 -32.0
B5, B9 -15.1 17.7 -24.6 2.2 -7.3 16.4 -17.8
B6, B10 -7.2 16.4 -17.7 3.2 -13.0 17.4 -22.8
B7, B11 -22.4 12.0 -25.8 13.8 -20.0 14.3 -25.7

Frame (2) [B1-2-3] and [B12-13-14]:

Beams SF1(V) SF1(L) SF1(D) SF2(V) SF2(L) SF2(D)
B1, B12 11.2 1.9 11.2 -12.0 1.9 -12.0
B2, B13 9.9 2.1 9.9 -9.7 2.1 -9.7
B3, B14 10.2 2.4 10.2 -9.4 2.4 -9.4

Beams BM1(V) BM1(L) BM1(D) BM0(V=D) BM2(V) BM2(L) BM2(D)

B1, B12 -25.8 16.3 -31.6 17.6 -31.8 14.6 -34.8
B2, B13 -24.3 14.7 -29.3 10.8 -22.7 14.6 -28.0
B3, B14 -23.8 16.1 -29.9 12.9 -18.9 18.0 -27.7
Frame (3) [B16-20-21-26]:
Beams SF1(V) SF1(L) SF1(D) SF2(V) SF2(L) SF2(D)
B16 8.7 1.3 8.7 -9.0 1.3 -9.0
B20 4.0 3.0 5.3 -2.8 3.0 -4.4
B21 2.8 3.0 4.4 -4.0 3.0 -5.3
B26 9.0 1.3 9.0 -8.7 1.3 -8.7

Beams BM1(V) BM1(L) BM1(D) BM0(V=D) BM2(V) BM2(L) BM2(D)

B16 -16.1 9.5 -19.2 11.7 -18.0 8.0 -19.5
B20 -7.5 10.9 -13.8 0.6 -3.4 10.4 -10.4
B21 -3.4 10.4 -10.4 0.6 -7.5 10.9 -13.8
B26 -18.0 8.0 -19.5 11.7 -16.1 9.5 -19.2

Frame (4) [B15-19-25], [B17-23-27] and [B18-24-28]:

Beams SF1(V) SF1(L) SF1(D) SF2(V) SF2(L) SF2(D)
B15, B17, B18 8.3 2.6 8.3 -9.4 2.6 -9.4
B19, B23, B24 12.7 1.9 12.7 -12.7 1.9 -12.7
B25, B27, B28 9.4 2.6 9.4 -8.3 2.6 -8.3

Beams BM1(V) BM1(L) BM1(D) BM0(V=D) BM2(V) BM2(L) BM2(D)

B15, B17, B18 -15.0 17.5 -24.4 10.3 -22.0 15.7 -28.3
B19, B23, B24 -28.6 13.2 -31.4 15.7 -28.6 13.2 -31.4
B25, B27, B28 -22.0 15.7 -28.3 10.3 -15.0 17.6 -24.5

Other Beams:
1. Beam B22 -
Approximately designed as a simply supported beam under similar load as B20.
Maximum SF 0.96 7/2 = 3.36 k
and Maximum positive BM 0.96 72/8 = 5.88 k
2. Edge Beam for S10 -
Uniformly distributed load on S10 = 0.103 ksf
Uniformly distributed load on Edge Beam = 0.103 5 = 0.51 k/
Clear Span = 13 Vmax 0.51×(13)/2 = 3.3 k; M 0.51×(13)2/10 = 8.6 k
 4.2 Load Combination for Columns
The column forces are shown below as [AF (k), BM1y, BM1x (k )]
Columns Frame (V) (Lx) 0.75(V+Lx) 0.75(V-Lx) (Ly) 0.75(V+Ly) 0.75(V-Ly)
-78.7, -5.7, -63.3, -54.8, -7.4, -64.6, -53.5,
C1, C17 2, 4
5.3, 3.2 17.2, 0 16.9, 2.4 -8.9, 2.4 0, 16.7 4.0, 14.9 4.0, -10.1
-122.4, -0.6, -92.3, -91.4, -3.9, -97.4, -86.3,
C2, C18 2, 3
-1.7, 3.4 19.9, 0 13.7, 2.6 -16.2, 2.6 0, 9.6 -1.3, 15.1 -1.3, 10.0
-112.8, -0.8, -85.2, -84.0, -7.4, -90.2, -79.1,
C3, C19 2, 4
0.1, -3.2 20.2, 0 15.2, -2.4 15.1, -2.4 0, 16.8 0.1, 10.2 0.1, -15.0
-71.7, 7.1, -7.4,
C4, C20 2, 4
-4.1, -3.2 17.6, 0 0, 16.7
-126.3, -4.3, 1.7,
C5, C12 1, 4
5.8, 1.4 14.6, 0 0, 19.1
-132.5, -9.5, -4.7,
C6, C13 1, 3
-3.5, -2.1 17.9, 0 0, 11.6
-55.2, 0.1, 0.,
C7, C14 1
-0.1, 0 18.6, 0 0, 0.
-160.1, 8.3, -113.9, -126.3, 1.7, -118.8, -121.4,
C8, C15 1, 4
1.8, 1.4 18.1, 0 14.9, 1.1 -12.2, 1.1 0, 19.1 1.4, 15.4 1.4, -13.3
-127.3, 5.4, 1.7,
C9, C16 1, 4
-4.3, 1.4 15.0, 0 0, 19.1
-25.5, 0, 0.,
C10 3
0, 0 0, 0 0, 12.0
C11 - - - - - - - -

In this work, only one size will be chosen for all the columns. For this purpose, the
columns (C8, C15) are chosen as the model because they provide the most critical design
conditions.
The designed column should therefore satisfy the following design conditions,
(1) Compressive Force = 160.1k, Bending Moments BM1x = 1.4 k , BM1y = 1.8 k .
(2) Compressive Force = 113.9k, Bending Moments BM1x = 1.1 k , BM1y = 14.9 k .
(3) Compressive Force = 118.8k, Bending Moments BM1x = 15.4 k , BM1y = 1.4 k .
 5. Design of Beams
The figure below shows an I-section, which has been chosen here for all the beams.
y

tf
bf = Width of flange
tw tf = Thickness of flange
dw dw = Depth of web
x x
tf = Thickness of web

tf
y

bf

The design of beams follows the following steps

1. Calculate the design moment Md from vertical and lateral load analyses
2. Assume the allowable bending stress fb and calculate Zreq = Md/fb
If fb = 0.6fy = 24 ksi and Md is in k , then Zreq (in in3) is = Md 12/24 = Md/2
3. Choose a beam section with Zxx Zreq
4. Check the chosen beam section against
(i) local buckling of flange; i.e., bf/tf 190/ fy 30 (for fy = 40 ksi)
(ii) local buckling of web; i.e., dw/tw 760/ fb = 155 (for fb = 24 ksi)
and vertical buckling of flange; i.e., dw/tw 2000/ fy = 316 (for fy = 40 ksi)
(iii) lateral torsional buckling; i.e., kL/bf 76 (Cb/fy)
L/bf 17 (for fy = 40 ksi, Cb = 1, k = 0.70 assuming hinged-fixed conditions)
or take measures to prevent LTB; i.e., (a) embed the flange into slab, (b) provide
stubs, (c) reduce allowable bending stress; i.e., if kLdw/Af 20000 Cb/fy
Ldw/Af 28000/fy (= 700) then fb = 17000/(Ldw/Af)
5. Calculate the maximum shear stress fs = VQ/Ixxtw [where Q = twdw2/8 + Af (dw + tf )/2]
6. Check against shear buckling of web; i.e.,
fs(all) = 0.4fy (= 16 ksi) if dw/tw 369/ fy (= 58);
= 148 fy/(dw/tw) if 369/ fy dw/tw 532/ fy;
= 78000/(dw/tw)2 if dw/tw 532/ fy
 Frame (1) [B4-5-6-7] and [B8-9-10-11]:
The design moments (k ) are

19.3 2.2 3.2 13.8

-30.8 -32.0 -24.6 -17.8 -17.7 -22.8 -25.8 -25.7

L = 16 L=7 L=7 L = 14
The design shear forces (k) are

12.1 10.1 8.6 10.2

-12.6 -8.5 -9.8 -9.8

B4, B8 B5, B9 B6, B10 B7, B11

Design Table for Beams (Moment)

Beam Md Zreq Zxx bf tf dw tw Af bf/tf dw/tw Ldw/Af fb Zreq OK
3 3 2 3
(k ) (in ) (in ) (in) (in) (in) (in) (in ) (ksi) (in )
B4, B8 32.0 16.0 16.2 4.17 0.426 7.15 0.44 1.78 9.79 16.21 772 22.0 17.4 No
17.4 24.7 4.66 0.491 9.02 0.31 2.29 9.49 29.00 757 22.5 17.1 Yes
B5, B9 24.6 12.3 14.4 4.00 0.426 7.15 0.27 1.70 9.39 26.38 352 24.0 12.3 Yes
B6, B10 22.8 11.4 14.4 4.00 0.426 7.15 0.27 1.70 9.39 26.38 352 24.0 11.4 Yes
B7, B11 25.8 12.9 14.4 4.00 0.426 7.15 0.27 1.70 9.39 26.38 705 24.0 12.9 Yes

Design Table for Beams (Shear)

Beam V Ixx Q fs fs(all) OK Section
(k) (in4) (in3) (ksi) (ksi)
B4, B8 12.6 124 14.05 4.59 16 Yes S 10 25.4
B5, B9 10.1 57.6 8.17 5.29 16 Yes S8 18.4
B6, B10 9.8 57.6 8.17 5.13 16 Yes S8 18.4
B7, B11 10.2 57.6 8.17 5.34 16 Yes S8 18.4
 Frame (2) [B1-2-3] and [B12-13-14]:
The design moments (k ) are

17.6 10.8 12.9

-31.6 -34.8 –29.3 -28.0 -29.9 -27.7

L = 16 L = 14 L = 14
The design shear forces (k) are

11.2 9.9 10.2

-12.0 -9.7 -9.4

B1, B12 B2, B13 B3, B14

Design Table for Beams (Moment)

Beam Md Zreq Zxx bf tf dw tw Af bf/tf dw/tw Ldw/Af fb Zreq OK
3 3 2 3
(k ) (in ) (in ) (in) (in) (in) (in) (in ) (ksi) (in )
B1, B12 34.8 17.4
B2, B13 29.3 14.7
B3, B14 29.9 15.0

Design Table for Beams (Shear)

Beam V Ixx Q fs fs(all) OK Section
4 3
(k) (in ) (in ) (ksi) (ksi)
B1, B12 12.0
B2, B13 9.9
B3, B14 10.2
 Frame (3) [B16-20-21-26]:
The design moments (k ) are

11.7 0.6 0.6 11.7

-19.2 -19.5 -13.8 -10.4 -10.4 -13.8 -19.5 -19.2

L = 13 L=7 L=7 L = 13
The design shear forces (k) are

8.7 5.3 4.4 9.0

-9.0 -4.4 -5.3 -8.7

B16 B20 B21 B26

Design Table for Beams (Moment)

Beam Md Zreq Zxx bf tf dw tw Af bf/tf dw/tw Ldw/Af fb Zreq OK
3 3 2 3
(k ) (in ) (in ) (in) (in) (in) (in) (in ) (ksi) (in )
B16 19.5 9.8
B20 13.8 6.9
B21 13.8 6.9
B26 19.5 9.8

Design Table for Beams (Shear)

Beam V Ixx Q fs fs(all) OK Section
(k) (in4) (in3) (ksi) (ksi)
B16 9.0
B20 5.3
B21 5.3
B26 9.0
 Frame (4) [B15-17-18], [B17-23-27] and [B25-27-28]:
The design moments (k ) are

10.3 15.7 10.3

-24.4 -28.3 -31.4 -31.4 -28.3 -24.5

L = 13 L = 14 L = 13
The design shear forces (k) are

8.3 12.7 9.4

-9.4 -12.7 -8.3

B15, B17, B18 B19, B23, B24 B25, B27, B28

Design Table for Beams (Moment)

Beam Md Zreq Zxx bf tf dw tw Af bf/tf dw/tw Ldw/Af fb Zreq OK
3 3 2 3
(k ) (in ) (in ) (in) (in) (in) (in) (in ) (ksi) (in )
B15, B17, B18 28.3 14.2
B19, B23, B24 31.4 15.7
B25, B27, B28 28.3 14.2

Design Table for Beams (Shear)

Beam V Ixx Q fs fs(all) OK Section
4 3
(k) (in ) (in ) (ksi) (ksi)
B15, B17, B18 9.4
B19, B23, B24 12.7
B25, B27, B28 9.4
 6. Design of Columns
Design Concept of Compression Members:
The design of steel compression members is carried out using the following equations.
(1) Members under pure compression
If Fc = Compressive force, E = Modulus of elasticity
fc = Compressive stress, fall(c) = Allowable compressive stress
A = Cross-sectional area, Le = Effective length of member = kL (k is determined from
alignment chart based on column end conditions), rmin = Minimum radius of gyration

fc = Fc/A
Slenderness Ratio, = Le/rmin, and c = (2E/f y)
If c, fall(c) = fy [1 0.5 ( / c)2]/[5/3 + 3/8 ( / c) 1/8( / c)3]
2
If c, fall(c) = 0.52 ( E/ 2) ………………………(6.1(a)~6.1(d))
The acceptable design condition is fc fall(c); i.e., fc/fall(c) 1
For the material properties used for design; i.e., E = 29000 ksi, f y = 40 ksi
c = (2E/f y) = 119.63, = / c= /119.63
If 1, fall(c) = 40 (1 0.5 2)/(5/3 + 3 /8 3
/8)
2 2
If 1, fall(c) = 149000/ = 10.4/ ………………………(6.2(a)~6.2(d))
(2) Members under combined compression and biaxial bending
fc/fall(c) + fbx/fall(bx) + fby/fall(by) 1 ……………………(6.3)
The stresses fc and fall(c) are obtained from Eqs. (6.1) and (6.2)
fbx = Bending stress about x-axis = Mx(mag)/Zxx
Here Mx(mag) is the bending moment about x-axis magnified by the axial force, and it
is given by Mx(mag) = Mx [Cmx/(1 fc/fall(ex))]
where Cmx = 1.0 for unrestrained members, and
2 2
fall(ex) is the allowable Euler stress about x-axis; i.e., fall(ex) = 0.52 ( E/ x )

fall(bx) = Allowable bending stress about x-axis = 0.6 fy …………...(6.4(a)~6.4(d))

fall(bx) = 24 ksi, in this case
Similar notations are used for fby and fall(by); i.e.,
fby = My [Cmy/(1 fc/fall(ey))]/Zyy, fall(by) = 0.6 fy ……………(6.5(a)~6.5(b))
Design Forces and Assumed Section:
The designed column (C8, C15) should satisfy the three design conditions mentioned
before (in the load combination for columns); i.e.,
(i) Fc = 160.1k, Mx = 1.4 k , My = 1.8 k
(ii) Fc = 113.9k, Mx = 1.1 k , My = 14.9 k
(iii) Fc = 118.8k, Mx = 15.4 k , My = 1.4 k
To ensure larger moments of inertia and better flexural/buckling behavior, several built-
up and closed sections can be used as steel columns. But as was done for all the beams,
the I-section is chosen here for all the columns. Moreover the wide-flanged W-sections
are chosen because they are more compact and therefore suitable as buckling members.

tf bf = Width of flange
tf = Thickness of flange
tw
dw = Depth of web
dw x x tf = Thickness of web

tf

bf

Preliminary choice of column section

The bending moments are very small for condition (i), so that the section can be
chosen based on axial force only. Since Fall(c) = 0.52( 2EImin/Le2), one needs to know Le
in order to calculate Imin for a given load.
Assuming (a) unrestrained column, (b) critical axis is y-axis ( consider Frame1), (c)
column base is fixed, (d) two similar beam and column sections at the other joint; i.e.,
GA = 0, GB = (1/10 + 1/10)/(1/7 + 1/14) = 0.93 k = 1.12
2
160.1 = 0.52 29000 Imin/(1.12 10 12)2 Imin = 19.43 in4
Choose the smallest section with the required Imin, i.e., W 8 28
 Design Table for Columns
Design condition (i); i.e., Fc = 160.1k, Mx = 1.4 k = 16.8 k , My = 1.8 k = 21.6 k
Assumed section W 8 28 A = 8.25 in2, Ixx = 98.0 in4, Zxx = 24.3 in3, rxx = 3.45
Imin = Iyy = 21.7 in4, Zyy = 6.63 in3, ryy = 1.62

fc = Fc/A = 160.1/8.25 = 19.41 ksi, = (10 12/1.62)/119.63 = 77.78/119.63 = 0.65

fall(c) = 40 (1 0.5 2)/(5/3 + 3 /8 3
/8) = 16.81 ksi

About x-axis (axis of Imax); i.e., in the y-direction,

GAx = 0, GBx = (98.0/10 + 98.0/10)/(57.6/13 + 57.6/14) = 2.29 kx = 1.30
Ley = 1.30 120 = 156 , x = Lex/rxx = 156/3.45 = 45.22
fall(ex) = 0.52( 2E/ 2
x ) = 0.52 ( 2
29000/45.222) = 72.79 ksi
fbx = Mx [Cmx/(1 fc/fall(ex))]/Zxx = 16.8 [1.0/(1 19.41/72.79)]/24.3 = 0.94 ksi

About y-axis (axis of Imin); i.e., in the x-direction,

GAy = 0, GBy = (21.7/10 + 21.7/10)/(57.6/7 + 57.6/14) = 0.35 ky = 1.05
Ley = 1.05 120 = 126 , y = Ley/ryy = 126/1.62 = 77.78
fall(ey) = 0.52( 2E/ 2
y ) = 0.52 ( 2
29000/77.782) = 24.60 ksi
fby = My [Cmy/(1 fc/fall(ey))]/Zyy = 21.6 [1.0/(1 19.41/24.60)]/6.63 = 15.42 ksi

fc/fall(c) + fbx/fall(bx) + fby/fall(by) = 19.41/16.81 + 0.94/24 + 15.42/24 = 1.16 + 0.04 + 0.64

= 1.84 1, i.e., not OK

Section kx ky Lex Ley x y fc fall(c) fall(ex) fbx fall(ey) fby LS

(in) (in) (ksi) (ksi) (ksi) (ksi) (ksi) (ksi)
W 1.30 1.05 156.0 126.0 45.22 77.78 19.41 16.81 72.79 0.94 24.60 15.42 1.84
8 28
W 1.38 1.10 165.6 132.0 47.18 65.02 15.54 18.42 66.86 0.70 35.20 3.65 1.02
8 35
W 1.41 1.13 169.2 135.6 47.93 66.47 13.68 18.25 64.78 0.60 33.69 2.98 0.90
8 40

The section W 8 40 is OK for design condition (i).

 Design condition (ii); i.e., Fc = 113.9k, Mx = 1.1 k = 13.2 k , My = 14.9 k = 178.8 k
Section kx ky Lex Ley x y fc fall(c) fall(ex) fbx fall(ey) fby LS
(in) (in) (ksi) (ksi) (ksi) (ksi) (ksi) (ksi)
W 1.41 1.13 169.2 135.6 47.93 66.47 9.74 18.25 64.78 0.44 33.69 20.61 1.41
8 40
W 1.52 1.18 182.4 141.6 49.97 67.43 6.66 18.13 59.60 0.29 32.74 12.27 0.89
8 58

The section W 8 58 is OK for design condition (ii)

Design condition (iii); i.e., Fc = 118.8k, Mx = 15.4 k = 184.8 k , My = 1.4 k = 16.8 k

Section kx ky Lex Ley x y fc fall(c) fall(ex) fbx fall(ey) fby LS
(in) (in) (ksi) (ksi) (ksi) (ksi) (ksi) (ksi)
W 1.52 1.18 182.4 141.6 49.97 67.43 6.95 18.13 59.60 4.02 32.74 1.17 0.60
8 58

The section W 8 58 is also OK for design condition (iii)

The section is the strongest about x-axis and weakest about y-axis; therefore case (ii)
provides the most critical design condition here [in this case, it is even more critical than
case (i)].
This needs to be kept in consideration while choosing the orientation of the column
section in the building plan, so that bending moment about the weakest axis is kept as
small as possible. In case of the building designed, with an almost square-shaped plan,
this does not affect the design significantly. But for highly elongated plans (high L/B
ratio), weakest axis of the section should not coincide with the weakest axis of the plan.
 7. Design of Connections
The following sample connections will be designed for illustration.
1. A moment-resisting connection between column C8 and beam B7 will be designed for
shear force 10.2k and negative bending moment of 25.8 k .
2. A base slab for column C8 and the footing underneath will be designed for column
axial force of 160.1k

Moment-resisting connection between column C8 and beam B7:

Column C8 is a W 8 58 section and beam B7 is an S 8 18.4 section
(i) Tension Connection
Tensile Force (T) in cover plate due to moment = 25.8 12 k /8 = 38.7k
Allowable bending stress = 24 ksi
Area of cover plate required = 38.7k/24 ksi = 1.61 in2
For beam B7, width of the flange bf = 4.00
Width of cover plate = 3 , in order to allow for welding and clearance on both sides
Thickness of cover plate = 1.61 in2/3 = 0.54
Use cover plate of size 3 5/8 , to be butt-welded to column flange and fillet-welded to
tension flange of the beam.
Also, 5/8 thick stiffeners may be used between column flanges on both sides of the web
Connect cover plate to tension flange of beam by 0.25 fillet welds
Strength of weld = fv 0.707t = 12 0.707 0.25 = 2.12 k/
Total length of weld required, Lw = T/2.12 = 38.7/2.12 = 18.25
Provide (8 + 3 + 8 =) 19 long 0.25 thick weld around the cover plate.
Also keep an additional 4 unwelded on both sides of the cover plate
Total length of cover plate = 8 + 4 = 12
(ii) Compression Connection
Compressive Force (C) in cover plate due to moment is also = 38.7k
To transfer this compressive force to the column, the compressive flange of the beam is
fillet-welded to a horizontal seat plate, dividing the weld length (thickness = 0.25 ) into
two 9.5 parts on both sides of the beam. Providing an additional 0.5 as clearance
between beam and column, the length of the plate = 9.5 + 0.5 = 10 .
If the width of the plate is chosen to be = 5 (considering beam flange width of 4 ), its
thickness = 1.61/5 = 0.32 ; i.e., provide 3/8 thickness.
Provide 10 5 3/8 horizontal seat plate, which is butt-welded to the column flange.

For the shear force of 10.2k, which is not considered too high, an unstiffened seat
connection is designed at the bottom of the beam.
The length of web (B) required to transfer the force without web crippling of beam is
B = R/ p tw = 10.2/(0.75 40 0.27) = 1.26
Thickness of beam flange, tf = 0.426 .

Effective bearing width is the greater of (B h2 cot 30 ) and B/2

Assuming a fillet of similar diameter, depth below root of fillet h2 = 0.852
b = B h2 cot 30 is negative
However b B/2 b = 0.63
Assuming 0.5 clearance, the minimum width of the horizontal leg of angle
= 0.63 + 0.5 = 1.13

Selecting equal angle section of L 4 4 1/4, ta = 0.25 , assumed r1 = 0.25

Overturning moment M = R (b/2 + 0.5 ta r1)
= 10.2 (0.31 + 0.5 0.25 0.25) = 3.16 k
Length of seating angle across the flange-width, La = 5 (in order to accommodate
beam-flange width and welding).
Thickness ta (required) = (6M/ bLa) = (6 3.16/(24 5)) = 0.40
Selecting equal angle section of L 4 4 5/16, ta = 0.31 , assumed r1 = 0.31
 Overturning moment M = R (b/2 + 0.5 ta r1) = 1.94 k
Thickness ta (required) = (6M/ bLa) = (6 1.94/(24 5)) = 0.31
Select equal angle section of L 4 4 5/16

Moment at welds Mw = R (b/2 + 0.5) = 10.2 (0.31 + 0.5) = 8.26 k

Horizontal shear force per length Vh = 3M/d2 = 3 8.26/42 = 1.56 k/
Vertical shear force per length Vv = V/2d = 10.2/8 = 1.28 k/
Resultant shear force per unit length, Vr = (Vh2 + Vv2) = 2.02 k/
Strength of weld = fv 0.707t = 12 0.707t = 8.48 t
Required thickness of weld, t = 2.02/8.48 = 0.24 Provide t = 1/4

A base slab for column C8 and the footing underneath:

Axial load on column = 160.1k and the additional moments are small enough to be
neglected for the design of the base plate.
Assuming the base plate area = Ap and allowable bearing pressure = 0.35 fc = 1.05 ksi
1.05Ap = 160.1 Ap = 160.1/1.05 = 152.5 in2
Provide 12 13 base plate
Bearing pressure q = 160.1/(12 13) = 1.03 ksi 13

Thickness of the plate is given by the

2
2 2
t = {3q(a b )/fb} 0.81

= {3 1.03 (2.392 0.25 22)/24} = 0.78

Provide a 7/8 thick base plate 12 6.38
Although fastenings are not required to transmit any
load, connect each flange of the column to the base
0.81
plate by 0.5 welds. 2
Also connect the base plate to the footing below using
4 #6 bolts and anchor them their development lengths. 2.39 8.22 2.39