Chemistry Cheat Sheet

Chapter 3: Stoichiometry of Formulas and Equations

23
1 mol=6.022× 10 entities
no . of grams
Mass ( g )=amount ( mol ) ×
1 mol
1 mol
Amount ( mol )=mass ( g ) ×
no . of grams

6.022 ×10 23 entities

No . of entities=amount ( mol ) ×
1 mol
1 mol
Amount ( mol )=no . of entities × 23
6.022 ×10 entities

Mass % of X =
moles of X ∈formula ×molar mass of X ( molg ) × 100
mass of 1mol of compound
mass of element∈1 mol of compound
Mass of element=mass of compound ×
mass of 1 mol of compound
actual yield
% yield= × 100
theoretical yield
Chapter 4: Three Major Cases of Chemical Reactions

moles solute
Molarity=
liters solution
M dil ×V dil=amount ( mol )=M conc × V conc

Chapter 5: Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory

Boyle’s Law: PV =constant

V
Charles’ Law: =contant
T
P
Gay-Lussac’s/Amonton’s Law: =constant
T
V
Avogadro’s Law: =constant
n
Ideal Gas Law: PV =nRT

PM
Gas Density from Ideal Gas Law: d=
RT
 mRT
Molar Mass from Ideal Gas Law: M =
PV
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures: Ptotal =P1 + P2 + P3 +…

Relating Partial Pressure to Mole Fraction: P A =X A × P ❑total

Graham’s Law of Effusion/Diffusion:

Rat e A
Rat e B
=
√M ❑B
MA

van der Waals Equation/Real Gas Law: P+

( n2 a
V
2 )
( V −nb )=nRT

Chapter 12: Intermolecular Forces: Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes

Quantitative Aspects of Phase Change:

Within a phase: q=n ×C phase × ∆ T

Within a phase change: q=n ( ∆ H ° )

Chapter 13: The Properties of Mixtures: Solutions and Colloids

Henry’s Law: S gas=k H × P gas

amount ( mol ) of solute

Molality=
kg of solvent
mass of solute
Mass %= ×100
mass of solution
mass of solute
ppm= ×106
mass of solution
mass of solute 9
ppb= × 10
mass of solution
volme of solute
Volume %= ×100
volume of solution
°
Raoult’s Law: ∆ P=X solvent × P solvent

∆ T b=K b m

∆ T f =K f m

Π=MRT
For strong electrolyte solutions: multiply the colligative properties by the van’t Hoff factor (the
number of ionic species per formula unit)
Chapter 16: Kinetics: Rates and Mechanisms of Chemical Reactions

1 ∆[A]
Rate=±
ω ∆t
m n
Rate=k [ A ] [ B ] …
Integrated Rate Laws:

Zeroth Order: [ A ] t −[ A ] 0=−kt

First Order: ln
( )
[ A ]0
[ A ]t
=kt

1 1
Second Order: − =kt
[ A ]t [ A ]0
Reaction Half-Life

[ A ]0
Zeroth Order: t 1 =
2
2k

0.693
First Order: t 1 =
2
k

1
Second Order: t 1 =
2 k [ A ]0

Chapter 17: Equilibrium: The Extent of Chemical Equations

K fwd
K=
K rev

[ C ]c [ D ]d …
Q= a b
[ A ] [ B] …
1
K fwd =
K rev

( )
c d n
n [ C] [ D] …
K = a b
[ A] [B] …
∆ ngas
K p =K c ( RT )

K 2 −∆ H °rxn 1 1
Van’t Hoff Equation: ln
K1
=
R
−
T2 T1 ( )
Chapter 18: Acid-Base Equilibria
 K a =¿ ¿
−14
K w =1.0× 10
pH =−log ¿ ¿
p K w =14= pH + pOH

[ HA ] dissoc
% HA dissociated= × 100
[ HA ]init
K b =¿ ¿

K a × K b =K w

Chapter 19: Ionic Equilibria in Aqueous Systems

Henderson-Hasselbach Equation: pH = p K a + log ( [[ ]] )

base
acid

Chapter 20: Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy, and the Direction of Chemical Reactions

S=k ln W
qrev
∆ S sys=
T
∆ Suniv =∆ S sys+ ∆ S surr > 0
° ° °
∆ S rxn=Σm S products −Σ n Sreactants
−∆ H sys
∆ S surr =
T
∆ G sys=∆ H sys−T ∆ S sys

∆ G°rxn =Σ m G°f (products )−Σ n G°f (reactants)

∆H
T=
∆S
Q
∆ G=RT ln =RT ln Q−RT ln K
K

∆ G° =−RT ln K
°
∆ G=∆ G + RT ln Q
Chapter 21: Electrochemistry: Chemical Change and Electrical Work

E°cell =E°cathode (reduction )−E °anode (oxidation )

 ∆ G=−nF E cell
° °
∆ G =−nF E cell

° RT
Ecell = ln K
nF
° 0.0592V
Ecell = log K
n

n E °cell
log K =
0.0592 V
RT
Ecell =E°cell − ln Q
nF
° 0.0592V
Ecell =Ecell − log Q
n