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Syngas

Syngas is a fuel gas mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and small amounts of other gases. It can be produced from various carbon-based feedstocks through processes like steam reforming, partial oxidation, dry reforming, autothermal reforming, and gasification. These production methods are discussed in detail in the document along with the history and importance of syngas.

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143 views23 pages

Syngas

Syngas is a fuel gas mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and small amounts of other gases. It can be produced from various carbon-based feedstocks through processes like steam reforming, partial oxidation, dry reforming, autothermal reforming, and gasification. These production methods are discussed in detail in the document along with the history and importance of syngas.

Uploaded by

Kaycee Chirenda
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1

Syngas And Its


Production
PRESENTED BY: MANQOBA MKHWANAZI &
MZOTHULE MVELASE
SUPERVISOR: PROF AMIR H MOHAMMADI
Overview 2

 What is syngas.
 Syngas era and energy issue.
 Syngas production technologies.
 Syngas production methods.
 Conclusion
What is Syngas ? 3

 Syngasis a fuel gas mixture of hydrogen, carbon


monoxide and very often some small amounts of
carbon dioxide, nitrogen and methane.
 The name comes from it use as an intermediate in
creating/production of synthetic natural gas and
producing ammonia or methanol.
 Syngas can be produced from any carbon-based
feedstock including natural gas, coal, biomass etc.
 Methods of production include hydrocarbon feedstocks
by reacting with steam, carbon dioxide, and
gasification.
Syngas Era and Energy Issue 4

 The discovery of a combustible gas mixture containing


CO and H2 by Italian physicist became the industrial
milestone of syngas.
 The dawn era of fuels and chemicals synthesis from
syngas was initiated in the beginning of the 20th
century.
 The 1st synthesis of synthetic methane was carried out
in 1902 by passing CO and H2 over Ni, Fe and Co
catalysts.
Syngas Era and Energy Issue (cont.) 5

 The first commercial hydrogen from syngas produced from


steam reforming was also launched to market in 1902.
 Following this success, the synthesis of ammonia from H2 and
N2 and the 1st ammonia synthesis plant was commissioned in
1913.
 In 1921, an effort of methanol synthesis from H2 and CO
catalysed by ZnO was reported for the first time.
 The production of liquid hydrocarbons from syngas was
discovered in 1923 by Fischer and Tropsch.
Syngas Era and Energy Issue (cont.) 6

 The production and purification technology of syngas has


received attention from researchers and industries for the
last few years.
 This motive is due to decline of global fossil fuel-
petroleum, coal supplies and need for clean and
alternative energy.
 Theenergy supply of the world still heavily relies on
combustion of fossil fuels.
Syngas Era and Energy Issue (cont.) 7

 Some major challenges on fuel issue:


(a) To supply alternate fuels meeting a high demand of fuels.
(b) To increase the efficiency of energy utilisation for fuels
(c) To eliminate pollutants and control the green house gas
emissions.
 Technology development on syngas can address these matters in the
foreseeable future.
Syngas Generation Technologies 8
 Emerging technologies in syngas production open greater
opportunity for syngas utilization and change its economic value
globally.
 Several developed technologies are available for syngas
production including reforming and gasification.
 Other examples include air blow catalytic reforming, air products'
heat exchange reforming and Davy’s compact reforming.
 Inrecent decades, reforming of natural gas is one of most
important methods for syngas production.
Syngas Generation Technologies (cont.) 9
 Natural gas consisting of primarily methane (CH4) is abundantly
available.
 Conventional production methods via steam reforming of
natural gas have been dominant and industrialized techniques.
 Each reforming process generates syngas mixtures of different
syngas ratio, H2/CO.
 Steam reforming of natural gas, in which methane and steam are
converted to H2 and CO provides 95% of hydrogen demand.
Syngas Generation Technologies(cont.) 10
 Partial oxidation of methane with oxygen under exothermic
reaction in presence of a catalyst generates lower H2/CO ratio
and is of most interest for gasoline production.
 Any carbonaceous materials are potential feedstocks for syngas
generation.
 These materials include natural gas, naphtha, residual oil have
been used by large-scale syngas producers.
Syngas Production methods – 1. Steam 11

Reforming
 Theendothermic reaction of steam reforming is carried out at
750-850 oC and 20-30 atm.
 The catalyst used is nickel.
 The reaction that takes place is shown bellow:
CH4 + H2O CO +3H2 1.
 Thewater-gas shift reaction which is exothermic also occurs
simultaneously with the above reaction.
CO + H2O CO2 + H2 2.
Syngas Production methods – 1. Steam 12

Reforming (cont.)
 The steam reform method can generate syngas with H2/CO
≥ 5.
 The major drawback of the steam reforming method is due
to deactivation of the nickel catalyst.
 Witha high syngas ratio, hydrogen produced is mainly used
in ammonia production and fertilizer synthesis.
Syngas Production methods – 2. Partial 13

Oxidation
 The exothermic reaction can generate syngas with syngas ratio of
2.
 This method is desirable for methanol production plants or
Fischer-Tropsch.
 The reaction is demonstrated in reaction 3:
CH4 + ½ O2 CO +2H2 3.
 The catalyst used is nickel based.
Syngas Production methods – 2. Partial 14

Oxidation (cont.)
 This process also has a drawback as the is catalyst deactivation
due to coke formation.
 Partial
oxidation is advantageous compared to steam reforming
because it includes autothermal operation.
 Partialoxidation can also be carried out in the absence of a
catalyst.
Syngas Production Methods – 3. CO2 Dry 15

Reforming
 Large
quantities of CO2 in the atmosphere causes global
warming or greenhouse effect.
 Researchactivities on the activation of CO2 to useful products is
gaining more and more importance.
 Theendothermic reaction of methane and carbon dioxide
proceeds assisted by a nickel based catalyst.
Syngas Production Methods – 3. CO2 Dry 16

Reforming (cont.)
 Research shows that the presence of CO2 in the feed for steam
reforming reduces the syngas ratio.
 Therefore, this method may be used to if the presence of CO2 in
the feed is appreciable.
CH4 + CO2 CO + 2H2 4.
 The syngas produced is desirable for the production of liquid
hydrocarbons or petrochemical products.
Syngas Production Methods – 4. 17

Autothermal Reforming
 Autothermal reforming uses oxygen and CO2 or steam in a
reaction with CH4 to form syngas.
 Autothermal reforming is steam reforming with oxygen input.
 Theheat required for endothermic steam reforming is
supplied by the exothermic partial oxidation.
 Theprocess also requires the availability of low-cost oxygen
supply.
Syngas Production Methods – 4. 18
Autothermal Reforming (cont.)
 Thereactions can be described in the following equations,
using CO2:
2CH4 + O2 + CO2 3H2 + 3CO + H2O 5.
 And using steam:
4CH4 + O2 + 2H2O 10H2 + 4CO 6.
 Syngas generated from autothermal reforming method
assisted by a catalyst is desirable for gas to liquid (GTL)
applications.
Syngas Production Methods – 5. 19
Gasification
 Syngas production via gasification has a very bright future
regarding sustainable development of fuel supplies.
 A wide range of carbonaceous material have been used as
feedstock for gasification.
 coal is converted to coke by pyrolysis (destructive distillation).
Subsequently, alternating blast of steam is contacted with coke
bed.
Syngas Production Methods – 5. 20
Gasification (cont.)
 The major reactions involved are combustion, Boudourd
reaction and steam gasification.
 The reactions are written as:
C + ½ O2 CO (Gasification with O2) 7.
C + O2 CO2 (Combustion with O2) 8.
C + CO2 2CO (Gasification with CO2) 9.
C + H2O CO + H2 ( Gasification with steam) 10.
Syngas Production Methods – 5. 21
Gasification (cont.)
 Gasificationof coal for syngas production accounts for the
largest amount.
 Gasification is also compatible with biomass.
 The presence of very low sulphur contents in biomass
favours these feedstocks as cleaner syngas in produced.
 The large ash content in coal (>41 – 46 %) may cause
problems in the gasifier.
Conclusion
22

 Steam reforming produces high syngas ratio.


 Partial oxidation includes autothermal operation.
 Dry reforming is preferable if the feed natural gas contains
appreciable CO2 content.
 Autothermal reforming is advantageous since it requires no
external heat source.
 Gasification is favourable since it produces much cleaner
syngas gas.
References 23

 H.- W. Häring (ed.), Industrial gases processing, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH and
Co.,Weinheim (2008).
 P.L. Spath and D.C. Dayton, Preliminary Screening–Technical and Economic
Assessment of Synthesis Gas to Fuels and Chemicals with Emphasis on the
Potential for Biomass-Derived Syngas, Technical Report, NREL/TP-510-34929,
December 2003.
 K. Liu, C. Song, and V. Subramani (Eds.), Hydrogen and Syngas Production and
Purification Technologies, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
(2010).
 D. J. Wilhelm, D. R. Simbeck, A. D. Karp, R. L. Dickenson, Fuel Proces. Technol.
71,139 (2001).

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