Research Ethics is the code of conduct for research It deals ------ Resea rch ethical issues in the conduct of research, Ethics regulation of research, procedures and process of maintaining academic integrityTe educrd eel) Cilia Importance of Ethics in ResearchCOPE Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Is a forum for editors of peer- reviewed journals to discuss issues related to the integrity of the scientific record. It supports and encourages editors to report and instigate investigations into ethical problems in the publication process. COPE was founded in 1997 by a group of medical journal editors It concerned about publication misconduct, e.g. plagiarism, attempted ‘or actual redundant publication, attempts to pass off fraudulent data, unethical research, breaches of confidentiality, and so on. COPE is now a limited company ("incorporated") and registered charity (‘not-for-profit organisation”).Role of COPE COPE’s investigations and reports Journals involved in COPE are to be behaved according to the COPE code of conduct and best practice guidelines. MAJOR publishers are the members of COPEWorld Association of Medical Editors (WAME) Established in 1995, WAME (pronounced “whammy”) is a nonprofit voluntary association of editors of peer-reviewed medical journals Membership in WAME is free, and all decision- making editors of peer-reviewed medical journals are eligible to join. Membership is also available to selected scholars in journal editorial policy and peer review. WAME has more than 1830 members representing more than 1000 journals from 92 countriesIt facilitate worldwide cooperation and communication among editors of peer- reviewed medical journals; improve editorial standards, to promote Goa Is of professionalism in medical editing through W, A. M E education, self-criticism and self-regulation; Encourage research on the principles and practice of medical editing.Authorship “author” is an individual who has made a significant intellectual contribution to the study. Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the reported study. Transparency about the contributions of authors is encouraged.Criteria for an author Four criteria must all be met to be credited as an author: 8 Substantial contribution to the study conception and design, data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. '& Drafting or revising the article for intellectual content. = Approval of the final version. @ Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work.Unacceptable authorship = "Ghost" authors, who contribute substantially but are not acknowledged (often paid by commercial sponsors); @ "Guest" authors, who make no contributions, but are listed to help increase the chances of publication; = "Gift" authors means a co-authorship awarded to a person who has not contributed significantly to the study. ... Junior researchers often feel pressured to accept or assign authorship to their senior co-workers who have substantial powers over their future career.Unethical practices in Authorship Submitting a manuscript without the permission of an author/contributor who contributed to that manuscript The order of authors should be agreed before starting writing of manuscript.First Author: « Conducts or supervises data analysis and proper presentation and interpretation of results: + Puts the paper together and submits it to the journal Co-Author(s): + Makes intellectual contributions to the data analysis and contributes to data interpretation + Reviews each paper draft « Is able to present results, defend implications, and discuss study limitationsInternational Committee of Journal Editors’ Policy The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors declared that an author should: 1. Substantially contribute to conception and design. acquisition of data; or analysis and interpretation of data 2. Dra the article of revise it critically for important intellectual content 3. Give their approval on the final version to be published Tobe an author, you should fulfil all these three conditions.Plagiarism when one author deliberately uses another's work without permission, credit, or acknowledgment. Plagiarism takes different forms, from literal copying to paraphrasing some else's work mw Data m Words and Phrases = Ideas and Concepts copied is treated as plagiarismLevels of plagiarism m How much of someone's work was taken—a few lines, paragraphs, pages, the full article? mw What was copied-results, methods, or introduction section?Literal * Reproducing a work word for word, in whole or in Part, without permission and acknowledgment of Co pyi ng the original source.Substantial copying "Substantial" includes both quantity and quality of what was copied. If your work captures the essence of another's work, it should be cited, and credit should be given to the original author. This can include research materials, processes, tables, or equipmentParaphrasing Reproducing someone else's ideas while not copying word for word, without permission and acknowledgment of the original source. Paraphrasing is only acceptable if you properly reference the source and make sure that you do not change the meaning intended by the source.Rules for paraphrasing * Make sure that you understand what the original author means. * Never copy and paste words that you do not fully understand. * Think about how the essential ideas of the source relate to your own work and cite the particular author * Compare your paraphrasing with the source, to make sure you retain the intended meaning meant it by the original author.Text- recycling/ self- plagiarism * Reproducing portions of an author's own work in a paper, and resubmitting it for publication as an entirely new paper. + Text recycling, also known as self-plagiarism, occurs when sections of the same text appear in more than one of an author's own publications.Duplication of text and/or figures (plagiarism) * Plagiarism occurs when someone presents the work of others (data, text, or theories) as if it were his/her own * without proper acknowledgment.Simultaneous submission * w Simultaneous submission occurs when a person submits a paper to different publications at the same time, which can result in more than one journal publishing the same manuscript . * a Duplicate/multiple publication occurs when two or more papers, without full cross-reference, share essentially the same hypotheses, data, discussion points, and/or conclusions.‘Authors have an obligation to make sure their paper is based ‘on original-never published-research. Intentionally submitting or re-submitting work for duplicate publication is considered a breach of publishing ethics. varying degrees of simultaneous submission: Simultaneou submission literal duplication, partial but substantial duplication, or even duplication by paraphrasing. it can result in “inadvertent doublecounting or inappropriate weighting of the results of a single study.* Research fraud is publishing data or conclusions that Research were not generated by experiments or frauds observations, bat by manipulationTypes of Research Fraud * w Fabrication. Making up research data and results and recording or reporting them. * a Falsification. Manipulating research materials, images, data, equipment, or processes. Falsification includes changing or omitting data or results in such a way that the research is not accurately represented.Manipulating data images This can include research materials, processes, tables, or equipment. Your manuscript may be rejected if the original data are not presented or misrepresented.Salami Slicing ‘one meaningful paper into several different papers is called “salami publication" or "salami slicing salami slicing involves breaking up or segmenting a large study into two or more publications. These segments are referred to as “slices” of a study if the "slices" of a broken-up study share the same hypotheses, population, and methods and this is not acceptable practice. The same "slice" should never be published more than onceRules to avoid Salami Slicing * Avoid inappropriately breaking up data from a single study into two or more papers. * When submitting a paper, be transparent. * Send copies of any manuscripts closely related to the manuscript under consideration. This includes any manuscripts published, recently submitted, or already accepted.Data fabrication/data falsification This concerns the making up of research findings. Manipulating research data with the intention of giving a false impression. This includes manipulating images, removing outliers or “inconvenient” results, changing, adding or omitting data points, etc.Should an author be banned and when? * Banning is not a policy endorsed by COPE. * COPE advises that the matter of punishment should reside with the author’s institute. * Publishers are expected to correct the literature. * In exceptional cases (e.g. in cases of repeat offenders or authors using abusive language) the Editor-in-Chief/Editorial Board has the right to refuse to review/accept papers from these authors.Conflict of Interest (COI) * A conflict of interest is a situation in which financial or other personal considerations from authors or reviewers have the potential to compromise . * Authors and reviewers should declare and disclose all conflicts of interest if any ... relevant to the work under consideration include relationships, both financial and personal to avoid the potential for bias. * When you submit manuscripts, you must upload COI.Open access publications * Open access content is made freely available to under the terms of a Creative Commons licence. * Open access publication is usually subject to payment of an article processing charge (APC) paid by the author, institution or funding body.* Gold open access journals publish all of their content open access under a Creative Commons license. G old ope n * Most gold open access journals charge an article processing charge (APC) payable by Acce SS the author, institution or funding body. 7 * Work submitted to gold open access journals is subject to the same rigorous peer J ourna Is review process as in traditional subscription journals.* Itis the option to make an article published in a traditional subscription journal open Hyb ri d access, * This is an opt-in service whereby the author, Oo p en institution or funding body pays an article processing charge (APC) which allows the article to be published under a Creative a ccess Commons licence.What is green open access? + Normally, this refers to the archiving of the final accepted version of the authors manuscript, with all referees’ comments addressed and revisions made, but before it has been typeset during the production process. * green open access is where an author publishes in any journal and then self-archives a itional or specialist online archive known as a repository, or on a website.Why should you publish open access? * Authors choose to publish open access for a variety of reasons: *To meet your. funder's open access policy requirements. Many, unding bodies require research conducted with their funding to be publisfved open access and may also require research to be published under a particular Creative Commons licence. * Greater control over rights to distribute and re-use work. Under a Creative Commons licente, authors retain more control over rights to distribute and re-use their intellectual property. + Leads to Breater visibility and impact. Publishing. jour research open access means that more people can view and Cite your work due to their being no barriers to access. + Allows the eneral public to access research. Research is often paid for by ythe taxpayer and the general public have a right to access this* Creative Commons licences allow authors to retain copyright of their work while allowing others to copy, distribute and make some uses of their work * Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format * Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. ©) Pletal Meier illite (eee) A)What is an article processing charge (APC)? * An article processing charge (APC) is a fee charged to enable an article to be made open access on publication. * APCs can vary journal to journal, so be sure to check the journal's individual website to find out the current APC. * For gold open access journals, the APC is payable after acceptance of the article and before publication. * For hybrid open access (SAGE Choice) the article can be made open access on publication or can be requested to be made open access after publication.Open Access Prepaid Accounts (OAPAs) * Open Access Prepaid Accounts (OAPAs) * Institutions with an open access prepaid account (OAPA) have a fund with publisher which can be used to cover open access processing charges (APCs) in both gold open access and hybrid journals.Digital object identifier (DOI) + Adigital object identifie (OO!) is a unique alphanumeric string that identifies content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet. + The publisher assigns a DOI when the article is published and made available electronically. + All DOI numbers begin with a 10 and contain a prefix and a suffix separated by a slash. + The prefix is a unique number of four or more digits assigned to organizations; + the suffix is assigned by the publisher and was designed to be flexible with publisher identification standards.Discounts Institution and consortia deals. Publisher has deals with some institutions and consortia that allow affiliated authors to be eligible for discounted rates. Low-income countries. selected low-income countries may be eligible for discounted rates Editorial board members- editorial board member of a gold open access will get discounts.Article Processing Charge (APC): * Payment of the APC fee (directly to the publisher) by the author or a funding body is not required until AFTER the manuscript has gone through the full double-blind peer review process and the Editor(s)-in-Chief at his/her/their full discretion has decided to accept the manuscript based on the results of the double- blind peer review process.What Does APC Cover? Digital tools used to support the manuscript management and review process ‘Typesetting, formatting and layout ‘Online hosting ‘Submission of the joumat's content to numerous abstracts, directories, and indexes: + Third-party software (0.9. plagiarism checks) Editorial suppor which includes manuscript tracking, {All promotional support and activities which include metadata distribution, press releases, communications, web content, ads, fers, brochures, postcards, etc. for the journal and its published contents The fact that all published articles will be freely accessible and able to be posted and disseminated widely by the authors