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Science
Quarter 2
Types of Compounds
Based on Their Properties
 Let Us Study

Way to go! Let us level up!

What are the types of compounds based on their properties?

What keeps you bonded with others?

What holds an atom together?

Everyone is seeking stability. Stability refers to the strength to stand

or resistance to chemical change or physical disintegration. Stability in
atoms involves the possession of eight electrons in its outermost energy level
of valence electron. Valence electrons are the electrons occupying the
highest energy level in an atom. Atoms of all elements therefore to become

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stable have to have eight valence electrons. We call this the octet rule, which
was proposed by Gilbert Newton Lewis, an American Chemist.

In the formation of a compound, atoms or ions combine to form

molecules or groups of ions. The forces of attraction that hold these particles
together are called chemical bonds. The bonding process involves the
sharing and giving or transferring of valence electrons.

During compound formation, the tendency of an atom to share or

transfer valence electrons to another atom to complete an octet of valence
electrons is called the octet rule.

Why do Atoms form Chemical Bonds?

It is a universal rule that everything in this world tends to become

more stable. Atoms achieve stability by attaining the electronic configuration
of noble gases.
Atom can accommodate 8 electrons in its valence shell in three ways:

1. By giving valence shell electrons (if they are less than three) to
other atoms.
2. By gaining electrons from other atoms (if the valence shell has five
or more electrons in it).
3. By sharing valence electrons with other atoms.

But before you can form a compound let us know first how can we
form a compound and we have to know what is LEDS (Lewis Dot
Structure).

Lewis Electron Dot Structures (LEDS)

A system known as LEDS, proposed by Gilbert N. Lewis, is used to

emphasize the atom’s valence electrons. It is a shorthand method that
consist of a symbol of the element surrounded by dots. The symbol
represents the nucleus of the atom while the dots represent the valence
electrons of the atom.

How will you draw the LEDS? The following instructions will guide
you.

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Step 1: Write the chemical symbol of an atom.
Carbon chemical symbol C

Step 2: Determine the column or group where an atom belongs in the

periodic table.
Carbon, a representative element, belongs to Group 4A;
therefore, its number of valence electron is 4.

Step 3: Draw the dots that correspond to the number of valence electrons.
Distribute the dots evenly; it may be placed above or below and/or either
side of the chemical symbol.

C
Types of Chemical Bonds

The valence electrons, which are involved in chemical bonding, are

termed as bonding electrons. They usually reside in the incomplete or
partially filled outermost shell of an atom. Depending upon the way how
these valence electrons are involved in bonding, they result in the following
types of chemical bonds:

1. Ionic bond
2. Covalent bond
3. Metallic bond

Ionic Bond

Ionic compounds are made up of ions or charged particles. A bonding

by transfer of electrons. A kind of chemical bond which exists only between
metals and non-metals.

Compounds can be represented through the chemical formula. A

chemical formula is a shorthand method in writing the name of the
compound, it shows symbols to represent the elements and a subscript to
represent the exact number of atoms used.

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 Steps in the formation of an ionic bond

1. Get the valence electron of the elements in the compound by looking at its
family number in Roman Numerals.
Example: Na Family: IA valence electron: 1
Cl Family: VIIA valence electron: 7

2. Write the LEDS of the elements

Na Cl
3. Transfer the electron/s of the element who have lesser electrons to the
element who have higher electrons to become stable.

Na Cl

4. Write the ions (cations are positive ions, anions are negative ions). If the
element gives an electron/s it will have positive ions, if the element/s receive
an electron/s it will have a negative ion/s.

Na +1 Cl -1

5. Write the formula of the compound by combining the elements with their
ions as a subscript. Since the electron is only 1 you can write only the signs
or only the elements.

Na+Cl- or NaCl

5. The energy needed to remove an electron from the neutral atom is known
as ionization energy. In the case of Chlorine where it accepts electron or
electron/s are being transferred is made possible as electron affinity is met.
Electron affinity is a measure of how much energy is released when an
electron is gained by certain atom.

As sodium loses an electron, and as chlorine gains an electron, both

atoms now become stable.

If the electronegativity difference between the two elements is greater

than 1.7, then the higher electronegative atom has a greater attractive
ability enough to force the transfer of electrons from the lesser
electronegative ion. If the electronegativity difference between two non-
metals is no greater than 1.7, they can only share electrons and we call their
bond a covalent bond.

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Covalent Bond

A bond between non-metals. Non-metals have high electronegativity;

thus, they have a greater ability to attract electrons. There are two types of
covalent bonds; polar covalent bond and non-polar covalent bond.

Electronegativity Difference for Types of Covalent Bond

Difference in Type of Bond

Electronegativity
0 – 0.5 Non-polar Covalent
0.6 – 1.5 Polar Covalent

Formation of Covalent Bonds

When two or more non-metallic elements combine in covalent

bonding, a molecule is formed. The gases like O₂, H₂, N₂, F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, and I₂
always occur as a diatomic molecule. They are more stable than single
atoms.
There are three types of covalent bonds depending on the number of
shared electrons; a single covalent bond, denoted by a short line ( ) is the
sharing of one electron pair between two atoms. A double covalent bond,
denoted by two short lines ( ) is the sharing of two electron pairs. And the
triple covalent bond, denoted by three short lines ( ) is the sharing of
three electrons pairs.

Steps in the Formation of Covalent Bond

1. Identify the valence electron of the elements.

Example: NH₃

N family: VA valence electron:5

H family: IA valence electron:1

2. Write the LEDS.

N H
H
H

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3. Show the sharing of the pairs of electrons with either single, double, or
triple. Analyze what type of bond it will have based on the number of shared
electrons. (Since the N has 5 valence electrons it needs 3 electrons to be
stable, and H has 1 valence electrons. There are 3 H therefore 3 electrons
will be shared from each Hydrogen).

H N H or H N H

H H

Properties of the Different Types of Compounds

Ionic Covalent
Formed between Formed from the
electrostatic attraction attraction of two non -
between cation and metals
What is it?
anion. This occurs
mainly between metal
and non-metal
Formed when Formed when atoms
oppositely charged ions share electrons to
attract with each other. become stable. The
Electrons are electronegativity
Formation
transferred from one difference between non
atom to another. They – metallic elements
either gain or lose should be equal or less
electrons than 1.7
Polarity High Low
Shape No definite shape With definite shape
Melting point High Low
Boiling point High Low
Occurs between Metal and non-metal Two non - metals
State at room Solid Liquid or gas
temperature
Hardness Hard Soft and brittle
Poor conductors but Does not conduct
Electrical Conductivity can conduct electricity electricity
when dissolved in
water or molten

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Metallic Properties

Metals have special properties that separate them from other solids.
Metals are malleable, ductile, a good conductor of heat and electricity, have
high melting and boiling point, and shiny or lustrous. Metals have these
properties due to their free valence electrons or also called as “sea of
electrons”. The electrostatic force that holds the atoms together in metals is
called metallic properties.

Why are metals good conductors of heat and electricity? This is due to
their free valence electrons.

Why do metals have a high melting point? This is due to the

electrostatic attraction between the lattice of a metal cation and the fluid of
valence electrons in which they are immersed.

Why are metals malleable and ductile? Malleability is the ability of

metals to be shaped by pressure, either by hammering, rolling into sheets,
or forging. Ductility is the ability of metals to be drawn into wires. These two
properties are derived from the non-directional nature of attractions between
the kernel atoms (cation ions within a metallic solid) and the fluid of
electrons.

Why are metals shiny? Luster is the ability to shine and / or the
ability to reflect light. The presence of free electrons that vibrate and move is
the reason why metals reflect light.

Let Us Practice

Very good! You made it this far! Let us continue rolling!

After honestly answering this. You may check your answer in the
Answer Key Section.

Activity 1: Metal and Non-Metal Combinations

1. Prepare six pieces each of tiny balls of orange and green clay.
2. Given the following combinations :
NaCl LiBr
CaF₂ KI

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 Use the periodic table of elements to locate the first elements of each
combination and mark them using the orange clay.
3. Use again your periodic table to locate the second element but this time
use the green clay.

Guide Questions:
1. Which side of the periodic table is the elements with orange clays located?

2. What classification can you give to those elements? Metal or non-metal?

3. Which side of the periodic table is the elements with green clays located?

4. What classification can you give to those elements? Metals or non-metals?

5. How are the given combinations formed? What type of bond exists
between them?

Let Us Practice More

Activity 2: Name Game

Direction: Identify the type of compounds on the following. Write if it is
ionic, covalent, or metallic.

1. NaCl
2. Au
3.MgBr₂
4.MgO
5. NH₄
6.CO₂
7.Li₂O
8. Fe
9.O₂
10. CaF₂

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