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Lesson 5: Biological Macromolecule

BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULE
- Biological macromolecules are large, organic molecule such as
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
MONOMERS
- are atoms or small molecules that bond together to form more complex
structures such as polymers. There are four main types of monomers,
including sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides.
CARBOHYDRATES
- The word carbohydrate may be broken down to carbon and hydrate.
Another term for carbohydrate is saccharide. Carbohydrates are
classified either as simple or complex. Simple sugars are
monosaccharide (One) and disaccharides (Two). Complex sugars are
polysaccharides (Three or more).
- Carbohydrates are the primary energy source of the human body. The
different saccharides that humans eat are converted to glucose which
can be readily used by the body.
- Carbohydrates They are made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Monomer: saccharides
- Function: main energy source of the body
MONOSACCHARIDES (One Saccharide)

• Glucose – used in dextrose, blood sugar; the form utilized by the human
body.
• Galactose – found in milk and milk products.
• Fructose – found in fruits and honey
DISACCHARIDES (Two Saccharides)

• Maltose – glucose + glucose; found in malt.

• Sucrose – glucose + fructose; found in regular table sugar, sugarcane,
and sugar beet.
• Lactose – glucose + galactose; found in milk and milk products.
POLYSACCHARIDES (Many Saccharides)

• Starch/Amylose – storage form of glucose in plants.

• Amylopectin – storage form of glucose in plants.
• Glycogen – storage form of glucose in animals; stored in liver and
muscle.

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• Cellulose – structural material in plants; cell wall in wood, wood fiber
cannot be digested by humans.
LIPIDS OR FATS
- Lipids or fats are important nutrients in your body but eating too
many especially unhealthy fats such as saturated fats and trans fats can
lead to heart disease, cancer, and obesity.
- There are different classifications of lipids: triglyceride, phospholipid,
wax, and steroid.
- The lipid family is one of the most varied in terms of structure but they
share the common property of being insoluble in water.
- Fat refers to solid triglyceride usually from animal sources such as
meat, milk, butter, margarine, eggs, and cheese. Oil refers to liquid
triglycerides from plant sources.
- They are made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are soluble
(dissolve) in oil but are insoluble (don’t dissolve) in water.
- Monomer: fatty acid.
- Function: long-term storage of energy in the body.
2 CLASSES

• Saturated – unhealthy fats like butter.

• Unsaturated – healthy fats like oils.
PROTEINS
- Proteins are composed of four elements, namely: carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, and nitrogen.
- Proteins are made up of amino acids.
- Monomer: amino acid.
TYPES OF PROTEINS

• Keratin – is a structural protein found in hair, skin and nails.

• Fibroin – is found in silk. Have a high resistance to deformation. It is
also a good insulating material.
• Collagen – is the most abundant protein in the body. Its fiber-like
structure is used to make connective tissue.
• Myoglobin – stores oxygen in muscles.
• Enzymes – function to catalyze chemical reactions

Lipase – help in digestion of fats.

Pepsin – help in breaking down proteins into peptides
(smaller unit)

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Sucrase – also called invertase; help in digestion of sugars
and starches
NUCLEIC ACIDS
- Play an essential role in the storage, transfer, and expression of genetic
information.
- Nucleic acid was discovered by a 24-year-old Swiss physician named
Friedrich Miescher in 1868.
- He found out that nucleic acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and phosphorus.
- Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides.
Three Parts of Nucleotide:
1.) Nitrogen base
2.) Five-carbon carbohydrates or sugar.
3.) Phosphate group.
- Monomer: nucleotide
- Examples: DNA and RNA
TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS

• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) – is a nucleic acid that carries the

genetic code of organisms.
• RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) – carries the information from DNA to the
cellular factories for synthesis of proteins.
Remember this! CHO CHO CHON CHONP.

Lesson 6: Collision Theory

PHYSICAL CHANGE
- A change in which a substance undergoes a change in its physical
properties.
- A physical change is generally reversible.
- Change in appearance only.
CHEMICAL CHANGE
- A process by which one or more substances are changed into others
through chemical means.
- It is irreversible.
- Change in element properties.
COLLISION THEORY

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- All substances are comprised of millions of tiny particles in constant
motion. These particles are colliding with each other constantly in any
substance. All collisions between particles do not result in a reaction.
CONDITIONS IN COLLISON THEORY
1.) Substances or particles of reactants must physically collide with enough
energy.
2.) Substance or particles must come into contact or collide in the correct
orientation (facing the correct way).
- So that their electron shells can rearrange to form the products of the
reaction. Therefore, any factor which changes the frequency or energy of the
collisions will change the rate of the reaction.
CHEMICAL REACTION
- When two particles collide, sometimes a chemical reaction can occur,
which means the bonds between two or more particles are broken and
reformed, creating one or more new substances.
SEVERAL THINGS MUST HAPPEN FOR CHEMICAL REACTION
1.) The particles must come into contact with one another or collide.
2.) When the particles collide, the particles must be aligned correctly so that
the right parts of the atoms or molecules are exposed. If they are not oriented
correctly, no chemical reaction will take place.
3.) The particles must collide with enough energy to break their chemical
bonds. The amount of energy that must be available for a reaction to occur is
often referred to as the activation energy. It is the measure of the change in
the concentration of the reactants or products.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE REACTION

• Chemical Reaction – The activation energy refers to the minimum

energy required for a reaction to take place. When a collision provides
energy equal to or greater than the activation energy, product can form.
• Temperature – Temperature refers to how hot or cold a certain
substance is. Usually, a rise in temperature of 100C doubles the reaction
rate. The rate of a chemical reaction increases with increasing
temperature. As the temperature increases, collision between atoms and
molecules becomes faster resulting to build up of more energy.
• Concentration – The rate of a chemical reaction is affected by the
concentration of reacting substances. Concentration may also mean a
measure of how much of the solute (something to be dissolved) is

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dissolved in a solvent (dissolving medium) to form a homogeneous
mixture. So, a higher concentration means there is more of the solute in
the solution.
• Surface Area and Particle Size - Surface area is the measure of how
much exposed area a solid object has, expressed in square units. In a
reaction between a solid and a liquid, the more finely divided a solid is,
the faster is the rate of reaction.

Lesson 7: Catalyst
CATALYST
- Reaction rates generally increase with increasing reactant concentration,
increasing temperature, and the addition of a catalyst. Physical
properties such as high solubility also increase reaction rates. Solvent
polarity can either increase or decrease the rate of reaction, but
increasing solvent viscosity generally decreases reaction rates.
- the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering its activation
energy.
- A catalyst is a substance which speeds up a reaction but is chemically
unchanged at its end. When the reaction has finished, the mass of
catalyst is the same as at the beginning.
MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN DISRIBUTION
- A probability distribution used for describing the speeds of various
particles within a stationary container at a specific temperature.

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