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Slovin's Formula Is Used To Calculate The Sample Size Necessary To Achieve A Certain Confidence Interval When Sampling A Population

Data management refers to the practice of safely and securely storing, maintaining, organizing, protecting, processing, and ingesting data from various sources with efficiency. It involves data storage, maintenance, protection, organization, processing, and ingestion. Data storage is using recording media to retain data. Data maintenance is organizing data according to organizational needs. Data protection safeguards information from corruption, compromise or loss. Data organization categorizes data to make it usable. Data processing collects and translates data into usable information. Data ingestion transports data from various sources to storage where it can be accessed, used, and analyzed.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
180 views5 pages

Slovin's Formula Is Used To Calculate The Sample Size Necessary To Achieve A Certain Confidence Interval When Sampling A Population

Data management refers to the practice of safely and securely storing, maintaining, organizing, protecting, processing, and ingesting data from various sources with efficiency. It involves data storage, maintenance, protection, organization, processing, and ingestion. Data storage is using recording media to retain data. Data maintenance is organizing data according to organizational needs. Data protection safeguards information from corruption, compromise or loss. Data organization categorizes data to make it usable. Data processing collects and translates data into usable information. Data ingestion transports data from various sources to storage where it can be accessed, used, and analyzed.
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DATA MANAGEMET

Data management refers to the practice of managing the data by different processes such as storing, maintaining,
protecting, organizing, processing and ingesting the data retrieved by an enterprise from various sources safely and
securely with utmost efficiency.

➢ Data storage refers to the use of recording media to retain data using computers or other devices.
➢ Data maintenance is the process of organizing and curating data according to organization needs
➢ Data protection is the process of safeguarding important information from corruption, compromise or loss.
➢ Data organization is the practice of categorizing and classifying data to make it more usable.
➢ Data processing occurs when data is collected and translated into usable information
➢ Data ingestion is the transportation of data from assorted sources to a storage medium where it can be
accessed, used, and analyzed by an organization.

Determining the Sample Size

1. confidence interval or the margin of error (e) – it is the plus/minus number usually reported in the newspaper or
television when reporting the result of an opinion poll. It tells us how much ± percentage points the results
deviate from the real population value.

2. confidence level (in %) – tells the researcher how sure s/he can be that the responses of the sample represent that of
the population.

For example: A 95% confidence interval with a 5 percent margin of error (e = ± 5%) means that our statistic
will be within ± 5 percentage points of the real population with the value 95% of the time.

The

The Slovin’s Formula


Slovin's formula is used to calculate the sample size necessary to achieve a certain confidence interval when sampling a population

𝑵 1. What is the sample size if the 100 000


𝒏= population of a certain town is 100 𝑛=
𝟏 + 𝑵𝒆𝟐 1 + 100 000(0.0009)
000 and the margin of error is set at
100 000 100 000
𝑵 = 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 3% ? 𝑛= =
1 + 90 91
𝒏 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑵 = 100 000 𝑛 = 1 098.90 ≈ 1 099
𝒆 = 3% = 0.03
𝒆 = 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 1 099 rounded to the nearest
𝒏 =?
100 000 whole number
𝑛= Therefore, the sample size of a
1 + 100 000(0.03)2 population of acertain town is
1 099.
Solve each problem.

1. What is the sample size if the population of a certain What is the sample size of Metro Manila if its estimated
town is 100,000 and the margin of error is set at 2.5% ? population is 15 000 000 and the margin of error is 5% ?

Methods of sampling from a population

Probability Sampling Methods

Simple Random Sampling.It is the most basic sampling technique where samples are selected from a population entirely
by chance, and each member of the population has an equal or known chance of being included in the sample.
Systematic Sampling. Individuals are selected at regular intervals from the sampling frame. The intervals are chosen to
ensure an adequate sample size. If you need a sample size n from a population of size x, you should select
every x/nth individual for the sample. For example, if you wanted a sample size of 100 from a population of 1000, select
every 1000/100 = 10th member of the sampling frame.
Stratified Sampling. In this method, the population is first divided into subgroups (or strata) who all share a similar
characteristic. It is used when we might reasonably expect the measurement of interest to vary between the different
subgroups, and we want to ensure representation from all the subgroups.
Clustered Sampling
In a clustered sample, subgroups of the population are used as the sampling unit, rather than individuals. The population
is divided into subgroups, known as clusters, which are randomly selected to be included in the study
What is the difference between stratified and cluster sampling?
Stratified and cluster sampling may look similar, but bear in mind that groups created in cluster sampling
are heterogeneous, so the individual characteristics in the cluster vary. In contrast, groups created in stratified sampling
are homogeneous, as units share characteristics.

Non-Probability Sampling Methods

Convenience Sampling
Convenience sampling is perhaps the easiest method of sampling, because participants are selected based on availability
and willingness to take part. Useful results can be obtained, but the results are prone to significant bias, because those
who volunteer to take part may be different from those who choose not to (volunteer bias), and the sample may not be
representative of other characteristics, such as age or sex. Note: volunteer bias is a risk of all non-probability sampling
methods.
Quota Sampling
This method of sampling is often used by market researchers. Interviewers are given a quota of subjects of a specified
type to attempt to recruit. For example, an interviewer might be told to go out and select 20 adult men, 20 adult
women, 10 teenage girls and 10 teenage boys so that they could interview them about their television viewing. Ideally
the quotas chosen would proportionally represent the characteristics of the underlying population.
Judgment (or Purposive) Sampling
Also known as selective, or subjective, sampling, this technique relies on the judgment of the researcher when choosing
who to ask to participate. Researchers may implicitly thus choose a “representative” sample to suit their needs, or
specifically approach individuals with certain characteristics. This approach is often used by the media when canvassing
the public for opinions and in qualitative research.
Snowball sampling
This method is commonly used in social sciences when investigating hard-to-reach groups. Existing subjects are asked to
nominate further subjects known to them, so the sample increases in size like a rolling snowball. For example, when
carrying out a survey of risk behaviors amongst intravenous drug users, participants may be asked to nominate other
users to be interviewed.

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research


seeks to give an in-depth picture of why and how people is describing a phenomenon or behavior by collecting
behave, or why a phenomenon occurred by collecting data in numerical data or data in words, which are translated
words coming from interviews, observations, focus group into numbers in order to describe, generalize, and infer.
discussions, open-ended questions, etc. in order to draw
conclusions and make inferences.
Qualitative Quantitative
▪ Quality ▪ Quantity
▪ Attributes ▪ Measurement
▪ Characteristics ▪ Numerical Values

Solve each problem. Round-off your answers to the nearest whole number.

1. What is the sample size if the population of a certain 2. What is the sample size if the population of a certain town
municipality is 800,000 and the margin of error is set at is 75,000 and the margin of error is set at 4% ?
5% ?

3. A researcher plans to conduct a survey. If the 4. Suppose that you have a group of 20 000 call center
population of BCP is 18 000, find the sample size if the agents and you want to survey them to find out which tools
margin of error is 2.5%. are best suited for their jobs. You decide that you are happy
with a margin of error of 0.05. Find the sample size.
Managing and Understanding Data Using Descriptive Statistics

After gathering data, you need to present them in tables and/or graphs for easier analysis and interpretation. With the
responses logically presented in tables and graphs, we are now ready to analyze and interpret results. Afterwards, you
will give findings, draw conclusions, and make inferences. However, before you go on, let us differentiate the three
overarching terms, which we will use in this section.
Findings are results of any investigation; it may include proportions, percentage, ranks, and values that are taken from
the tables and graphs.
Conclusions are one’s opinions based on findings; it may not include numerical values found in the findings; it can start
with the phrase, “I therefore conclude that…”
Inferences are predictions/assumptions based on findings and conclusions; may start with the phrase, “If this trend will
continue, then…”

Proportions and Percentages

The basic statistics that one should know are the proportions and percentages. These are the most popular and most
abused statistics because of their relevance and importance. A proportion is the fraction of the whole
population/sample, which possesses the attribute under investigation. Whereas, a percentage is just a different way of
stating a proportion. It is equal to the proportion times 100.

Example 1. If there are 200 people living in a small village, Example 2. What proportion of the sample (120) is
and 50 of these are children, this could be expressed as a bothered (90) by the “Proliferation of Fake News
percentage: Online?”

50 1 90 3
= = 0.25 = 25% = = 0.75 = 75%
200 4 120 4
Therefore: 𝟐𝟓% of the village population are children . 𝑇𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆: 𝟕𝟓% 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅, 𝒘𝒉𝒊
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒏𝒆𝒘𝒔 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆

RANKING
In statistics, ranking is the data transformation in which numerical or ordinal values are replaced by their rank when
the data are sorted. For example, the numerical data 3.4, 5.1, 2.6, 7.3 are observed, the ranks of these data items would
be 2, 3, 1 and 4 respectively.
Given: Percentage scores of top 10 students in their exam in mathematics:
90 84 95 87 94 85 90 85 82 85

Scores Rank Answer the following:

1. Score of rank 1 student? _______

2. Score of rank 2 student? _______

3. Rank of the students who got 90 ? ______

4. Rank of students who got 85? ______

5. Rank of student/s who got the second to lowest

score? ______

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