GPAT ONLINE CLASSES

In collaboration with A.P govt.

PHARMACEUTICAL
ENGINEERING
PRESENTED BY
DR. T.E.G.K.MURTHY
PROFESSOR & PRINCIPAL
BAPATLA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
BAPATLA, ANDHRA PRADESH.
Topics going to cover in this session

1. Fluid flow

2. Heat transfer

3. Evaporation

4. Distillation
 1. Fluid Flow
• Contents:
– Types of Fluid flow

– Concept of boundary layer

– Basic equations of fluid flow

– Study of valves

– Measurement of flow rate

– Flow meters

– Manometers
 Types of flow
Reynolds number
• Laminar flow
Re= 𝜌𝐷
• Transitional flow 
• Turbulent flow
Concept of boundary layer
 Basic equations of fluid flow

• Conservation of mass (continuity equation)

• Rate of mass flow in – rate of mass flow out= rate of mass

accumulation

• Conservation of momentum (Cauchy equation, Navier- stokes,

Ealers equation)

• Rate of momentum accumulation=rate of momentum entering-

rate of momentum leaving +sum of forces acting on the
system

• Conservation of energy (Bernoulli equation)

 Study of valves

• Plug cocks are used for compressed air

• Most common types are gate and globe valves

• The direction of flow does not change in gate valve and not recommended
for controlling flow

• Automatic control valves are similar to globe valves

• Check valves are for unidirectional flow

 GATE VALVE GLOBE VALVE

CHECK VALVE BUTTERFLY VALVE NEEDLE VALVE

 Measurement of flow rate

• Direct weighing

• Hydrodynamic methods

• Direct displacement

• Miscellaneous methods dilution method

 Flow meters
• Full- bore meters • Insertion meters

– Venturi meter – Pitot tube

– Orifice meter – Thermal meters

– Variable area meters such as rotameters

– V-element

– Magnetic

– Vortex-shedding

– Turbine

– Positive displacement meters

– Ultrasonic meters

– Mass flow devices such as Coriolis flowmeters

– Stainless steel floats are common

 Rotameters
Venturi meter Orifice meter

Full- bore meters

Vortex-shedding Positive displacement

Turbine
meters
Ultrasonic meters
Coriolis flow meters

floats Full- bore meters

Insertion meters
Thermal

Pilot tube
Manometers
 2. Heat Transfer
• Contents
– Source of heat

– Mechanism of heat transfer

– Laws of heat transfer

– Steam as source of heating media

– Determination of requirement amount of steam

– Steam pressure

– Boiler capacity

– Steam trap
 Source of heat

• Sun
• Chemical
• Electrical
• Nuclear
 Mechanism of heat transfer

• Conduction Thermal and electrical

• Convection natural and forced

• Radiation

• Thermal radiation corresponding to 0.8- 400 µ

 Laws of heat transfer
• Fourier’s law
dq/dA = -K dT/dx

• Coefficient of thermal conductivity depends on the material of the body and

temperature

K=a+bt

• Accurate k values with water, mercury among liquids and silver, lead or
copper among the solids

• Newton’s law of cooling

q/A= h (Ts- T f )

• Stefan- Boltzmann law

q= bAT4

b=0.174X10 -8 Btu/ hr.ft2F

• Radiation of actual body

q=ɛbAT4
 Steam as source of heating media

• Cheap and plentiful raw material

• Easy to generate and distribute

• Cheaper than electricity

• Clean, odorless and taste less

• High heat content, heat materials quickly

• Heat is given up at a constant temperature

• 2-3 times higher than atmosphere, potential safety problems

• Use of high strength piping and equipment

 Determination of requirement amount of
steam
• The quantity of heat required to raise the
temperature of a material Q=MS∆t

• The quantity of heat required to cause vaporization

Q=M/L
 Steam pressure

• The saturation temperature will be dependent on

pressure

• Temperature increase with pressure

• Steam tables are available

 Boiler capacity

• Steam is generated at 600- 800 kpa and 160- 1700c

• Boiler efficiency= (steam value per hour.kg) x(h 2- h 1 )x100

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Fuel consumption per hour. Kg x fuel low calorific heating value

• Combustion efficiency
– Burner’s ability to burn the fuel

– Un burnt fuel quantities in exhaust, excess oxygen in exhaust

• Thermal efficiency
– Effectiveness of heat exchanger

– Affected by scale formation soot formation

– Steam is used at 150-300 KPa and 110- 1350c

– Reducing valve to reduce, adjust, and control the pressure to the

desired level operated manually or automatically

– Safety valve is positioned before the control valve to operate

against the pressure
 Steam trap

• To remove condensate and air

• Mechanical traps are based on density difference

and not useful to remove air

• Thermostatic devices based on sensible heat.

• Balanced pressure thermostatic steam trap

 Contents

• Basic concept of phase equilibrium

• Factors affecting evaporation

• Evaporators

• Multiple effect evaporators

Basic concept of phase equilibrium

• Homogeneous and physically distinct part of a system

separated from other parts by definite boundaries

• Number of components

• Degree of freedom
– One component system

– Two component system

• One component system
• Melting point, boiling point, triple point, sublimation and
polymorphism

• Two component system

• Solid- vapour system of two components

• Liquid- liquid systems of two components

• Liquid- gas system of two components

• Solid- solid system of two components

• Solid- liquid system of two components

• Solid- vapour system of two components
– Hydration and dehydration of salts
– Efflorescence and exsiccation
– Deliquescence and hygroscopicity
• Liquid- liquid systems of two components
– Completely miscible liquids
– Partially miscible liquids
– Immiscible liquids
• Liquid- gas system of two components
– Solution of gases in liquids
• Solid- solid system of two components
– Solution of solids in solids
• Solid- liquid system of two components
– Solution of solids in liquids
– Formation of eutectic mixtures
 Factors affecting evaporation

Liquid characteristics
• Concentration
• Foaming
• Temperature sensitivity, temperature and time of evaporation and
temperature and moisture content
• Scale

Materials of construction
Single and multiple effect operation
Type of product required
 Evaporators
• The steam heated tubular evaporators are
– Long tube vertical evaporators
a. Upward flow

b. Downward flow

c. Forced circulation
 Agitated film evaporators

– Evaporating pan, evaporating still and short tube evaporator are examples of

natural circulation evaporators

– Hemispherical shape pan fabricated with either copper or stain less steel for

best surface/ volume ratio

– A receiver and vacuum pump may be connected to still

– Calandria is a part occupied by a nest of tubes within the evaporator

– Short tube evaporator is preferred for a continuous process operated for one

product like cascara

– Length to diameter ratio in long tube evaporator is 140 : 1

 Agitated film evaporators

– Elevation of boiling point is not observed in film evaporator due to hydrostatic

head and also suitable for foam forming materials (climbing film evaporator

– Spider or spray nozzles are used in falling film type for uniform flow in tubes

– For highly heat sensitive materials, ) falling film evaporators are used

– Combination of climbing and falling film evaporators are used for high viscous

materials and for high percentage of evaporation

– Wiped film or rotary film evaporators provide mechanical agitation for too

viscous materials.
 Multiple effect evaporators
• Forward feed
• Backward feed
• For high viscous materials backward feed is preferred
• Mixed feed
 Contents
• Phase diagram

• Volatility

• Simple distillation

• Flash distillation

• Rectification/ fractional distillation

• Azeotropic distillation

• Extractive distillation
 Phase diagram
• It is a graphical representation of the physical states of a
substance under different conditions of temperature and
pressure.
 Volatility
• In order to separate a binary mixture using distillation process, there must be
differences in volatilities of the components.

• A measure for this is termed the relative volatility.

• Volatility of component-A as: partial pressure of component-A divide by mole

fraction component-A in liquid

• For a binary mixture of A and B, therefore:

• Volatility of A = pA / xA

• Volatility of B = pB / xB

• Relative volatility is the ratio of volatility of A (MVC) over volatility of B (LVC):

 Simple distillation
• Controlled by Rayleigh’s equation

• Known as differential distillation

– It consists of distillation flask, condenser and receiver

– Below 100, water/ steam bath, above 220, woods or Rose metal
bath, more than 250, oil bath

– Preparation of Water for injection and purified water

 Flash distillation
• Vaporization of entire liquid as flash as passes from high to low pressure

• Known as equilibrium distillation

• Continuous and used for multi component systems of narrow boiling range
 Rectification/ fractional distillation
• Reflux: Part of condensate back to the still

• Reflux ratio: ratio of reflux to the product

• Scrubbing and stripping

• Feed plate, rectifying section and stripping

section

• Plate columns (bubble cap and sieve plate

columns) and packed columns

• General purpose (ring and saddle type)

and high efficiency type

• Raschig type ring and berl type saddles

and structured grid packing are popular

• McCabe- Thiele method assumes the

composition in each plate is decided by the
mole fraction of one of the two
components
 Azeotropic distillation
• More volatile extraneous material
• Forms low boiling point azeotrope with one of the key
component
• 96.4% ethanol
• Use of benzene, heptanes or cyclohexane
 Extractive distillation
• Less volatile extraneous material

• Miscible with both components

• Structurally similar to one component

THANK YOU

@ UNIVERSITY MAIL/LINK
https://forms.gle/8fG8t6worjm5eLCi6