Unit- IV Airport Engineering

Lecture 2

Runway Orientation
 Wind Effect on Aircraft Movement

Tail wind pushes the Head wind is good for

landing aircraft-needing both landing and take-off Dangerous!
longer runway to stop!
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Reference: http://www.physicsclassroom.com
In landing, headwind provides necessary
drag force to slow down aircraft

3
 In take-off, headwind provides lift

L
I
F
T

Reference: http://www.walluyo.com 4
 Head Wind/Tail Wind

Crosswind Chaos Component

V Cos(𝜽)
𝜽
Wind Direction

V Sin(𝜽)

Cross Wind Component

 Crosswind Component Chaos
• It tends to drift the aircraft away from the runway
centerline.
• Its limiting values are prescribed by ICAO and FAA on
the basis of size of aircraft:
– Small: 15kmph
– Mixed: 25kmph
– Large: <35kmph

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 Runway Orientation

• For runway orientation wind data is utilized

• Wind data comprises of:

– wind intensity,

– duration of movement of wind

– direction of movement of wind

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 Typical Wind Data
Total Percentage of
Duration of Wind (%)
time wind blew
Direction
6.0-25 25-40 40-60 between 6.0 to
kmph kmph kmph 60kmph
N 7.4 2.7 0.2 10.3
NNE 5.7 2.1 0.3 8.1
NE 2.4 0.9 0.6 3.9
ENE 1.2 0.4 0.2 1.8
E 0.8 0.2 0 1
ESE 0.3 0.1 0 0.4
SE 4.3 2.8 0 7.1
SSE 5.5 3.2 0 8.7
S 9.7 4.6 0 14.3
SSW 6.3 3.2 0.5 10
SW 3.6 1.8 0.3 5.7
WSW 1 0.5 0.1 1.6
W 0.4 0.1 0 0.5
WNW 0.2 0.1 0 0.3
NW 5.3 1.9 0 7.2
NNW 4 1.3 0.3 5.6
Total 86.5
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Wind Data: Collection and Application

• Data collected over a period of, typically, 10

years.

• Systematically arranged on Wind Rose

diagram.

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 Wind Rose Diagram

• It is a compass shaped diagram

• It exhibits wind direction, duration of wind
movement at different speed ranges
• It shows wind speeds
• It is used in working out the orientation of
runway
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 Type of Wind Rose Diagrams

Type-I Shows
Direction and
Duration of
wind ONLY
Type-II Shows
Direction,
Duration and
Speed of wind

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 Types of Wind Rose Diagram
• Type 1:
– Concentric Circles: Wind DURATION
– Radial Lines: DIRECTION
• Type-2:
– Concentric Circles represent: WIND SPEED
– Numbers in Sectors: DURATION
– Radial Lines: DIRECTION
 Components of Wind Rose: Type-I
N
Procedure to use Wind Rose 3
Diagram Type-I NNW NNE
Step-1: NW 16 1 NE
2
Draw concentric circles showing 15
wind durations 14
2
3
WNW ENE
Step-2:
Divide the circles into 16 13 4
segments W 1 E
Step-3:
12 5
Plot the wind duration along
respective directions and join WSW ESE
11 6
the points
Step-4: 10 7
SW 9 SE
Runway is oriented along the 8
longest line in the diagram Circles show SSW SSE
duration for
S
which wind blew
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 Wind Rose: Type-I
Duration of Wind N
Direction
(kmph) NNW 15 NNE
N 10.3
NNE 8.1 12
NW NE
NE 3.9
9
ENE 1.8
E 1 WNW 6 ENE

Runway Orientation
ESE 0.4
SE 7.1 3
SSE 8.7
W 0 E
S 14.3
SSW 10
SW 5.7
WSW 1.6 WSW ESE
W 0.5
WNW 0.3
NW 7.2 SW SE
NNW 5.6
SSW SSE
S
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 Wind Rose Type-II
Step 1: Draw concentric circles showing wind speed

6.0kmph 25kmph 40kmph

60kmph

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 Wind Rose Type-II
Step-2: Mark 16 directions, each with a wind coverage area of 22.5, as
shown in the next slide

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 Wind Coverage Angle and Area
The percentage of time in a year during which the crosswind component remained below the
specified value (See Slide no. 6).

N
NNW NNE
5

22.5
NW 4

NE

WNW ENE
2

W 1

WSW ESE

SW SE

SSW SSE
S
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 Wind Rose Type-II
Step-3: Draw radial directions to show wind coverage area. This creates
segments in which wind coverage (% time) is written

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 Wind Rose Type-II
Step-4: Mark Calm Period

Calm Period is
the percentage Calm
Period
of time during
which the wind
is blowing at a
speed less than
6.0kmph (For
this example).
Calculation on
next slide
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 Typical Wind Data
Total Percentage of
Duration of Wind (%)
time wind blew
Direction
6.0-25 25-40 40-60 between 6.4 to
kmph kmph kmph 60kmph
N 7.4 2.7 0.2 10.3
NNE 5.7 2.1 0.3 8.1
NE 2.4 0.9 0.6 3.9
ENE 1.2 0.4 0.2 1.8
E 0.8 0.2 0 1
ESE 0.3 0.1 0 0.4
SE 4.3 2.8 0 7.1
SSE 5.5 3.2 0 8.7
S 9.7 4.6 0 14.3
SSW 6.3 3.2 0.5 10
SW 3.6 1.8 0.3 5.7
WSW 1 0.5 0.1 1.6
W 0.4 0.1 0 0.5
WNW 0.2 0.1 0 0.3
NW 5.3 1.9 0 7.2
NNW 4 1.3 0.3 5.6
Total 86.5
Calm Period = 100- 86.5 = 13.5 Percent 20
 Filling Wind Durations
Step-5: Fill wind coverage in designated segment for each direction from
the wind data

0.2
0.3 0.3

0.0 2.7 0.6

1.3 2.1
0.9
1.9 7.4 0.2
4.0 5.7
0.0 5.3 2.4
0.1 0.4
1.2
0.2
0.0 0.4
Calm 0.8 0.2
0.0
0.1
Period
1.0 0.3
0.5 0.1
3.6 4.3 0.0
0.1 6.3 9.7 5.5
2.8
1.8
3.2 3.2
4.6 0.0
0.3

0.5 0.0
0.0

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 Step-6: Determination of Runway
Orientation
• Place transparent strip of width equal to the
crosswind component (at the same scale)
along a direction
• Add the wind coverage percentages
superimposed by the strip + Calm period.
• Then place the strip along all other directions

See This procedure in the next slides…

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Strip placed Count the area
along the of sector under
the strip
North-South 0.3
0.2
0.3

direction 0.0
1.3 2.7 2.1
0.6

0.9
1.9 7.4 0.2
4.0 5.7
0.0 5.3 2.4
0.1 0.4
1.2
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.4 0.8 0.2
0.1

1.0 0.3
0.5 0.1
3.6 4.3 0.0
0.1 6.3 9.7 5.5
2.8
1.8
3.2 3.2
4.6 0.0
0.3

0.5 0.0
0.0

Cross Wind
Component=25kmph
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 0.2
0.3 0.3

0.0 2.7 0.6

1.3 2.1
0.9
1.9 7.4 0.2
4.0 5.7
0.0 5.3 2.4
0.1 0.4
1.2
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.4 0.8 0.2
0.1

1.0 0.3
0.5 0.1
3.6 4.3 0.0
0.1 6.3 9.7 5.5
2.8
1.8
3.2 3.2
4.6 0.0
0.3

0.5 0.0
0.0

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 0.2
0.3 0.3

0.0 2.7 0.6

1.3 2.1
0.9
1.9 7.4 0.2
4.0 5.7
0.0 5.3 2.4
0.1 0.4
1.2
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.4 0.8 0.2
0.1

1.0 0.3
0.5 0.1
3.6 4.3 0.0
0.1 6.3 9.7 5.5
2.8
1.8
3.2 3.2
4.6 0.0
0.3

0.5 0.0
0.0

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 0.2
0.3 0.3

0.0 2.7 0.6

1.3 2.1
0.9
1.9 7.4 0.2
4.0 5.7
0.0 5.3 2.4
0.1 0.4
1.2
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.4 0.8 0.2
0.1

1.0 0.3
0.5 0.1
3.6 4.3 0.0
0.1 6.3 9.7 5.5
2.8
1.8
3.2 3.2
4.6 0.0
0.3

0.5 0.0
0.0

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 0.2
0.3 0.3

0.0 2.7 0.6

1.3 2.1
0.9
1.9 7.4 0.2
4.0 5.7
0.0 5.3 2.4
0.1 0.4
1.2
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.4 0.8 0.2
0.1

1.0 0.3
0.5 0.1
3.6 4.3 0.0
0.1 6.3 9.7 5.5
2.8
1.8
3.2 3.2
4.6 0.0
0.3

0.5 0.0
0.0

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 0.2
0.3 0.3

0.0 2.7 0.6

1.3 2.1
0.9
1.9 7.4 0.2
4.0 5.7
0.0 5.3 2.4
0.1 0.4
1.2
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.4 0.8 0.2
0.1

1.0 0.3
0.5 0.1
3.6 4.3 0.0
0.1 6.3 9.7 5.5
2.8
1.8
3.2 3.2
4.6 0.0
0.3

0.5 0.0
0.0

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 0.2
0.3 0.3

0.0 2.7 0.6

1.3 2.1
0.9
1.9 7.4 0.2
4.0 5.7
0.0 5.3 2.4
0.1 0.4
1.2
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.4 0.8 0.2
0.1

1.0 0.3
0.5 0.1
3.6 4.3 0.0
0.1 6.3 9.7 5.5
2.8
1.8
3.2 3.2
4.6 0.0
0.3

0.5 0.0
0.0

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 0.2
0.3 0.3

0.0 2.7 0.6

1.3 2.1
0.9
1.9 7.4 0.2
4.0 5.7
0.0 5.3 2.4
0.1 0.4
1.2
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.4 0.8 0.2
0.1

1.0 0.3
0.5 0.1
3.6 4.3 0.0
0.1 6.3 9.7 5.5
2.8
1.8
3.2 3.2
4.6 0.0
0.3

0.5 0.0
0.0

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 Final Orientation
• Wind Coverage = Sum of the percentages
under the strip for each direction + Calm
Period
• The direction with maximum wind coverage is
the direction along which runway is oriented
• In case wind coverage is less than 95% -
Another runway is constructed
• For busy airports, the wind coverage may be
increased to 98% or 100%.
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