Name: nassar khaled mesoud

ID: 2001464
Section: 3
Dept: CSE
Experiment No.: 3
Experiment: Open Circuit Characteristics of Separately
Excited DC Generator
Course Code: EPM213s
Course Name: Energy and Renewable Energy
1. Working Principle:
a. Transformer works on Faraday's law of mutual induction.
b. Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction states that, when a change
takes place in the magnetic flux which is linked with a circuit, an
electromotive force current will induce in the circuit.
c. The transformer consists of two separate winding placed over the
laminated silicon steel core.
d. The winding to which AC supply is connected is called primary winding
and to which load is connected is called secondary winding.
e. It works on the alternating current only because an alternating flux is
required for mutual induction between the two winding.
f. When the AC supply is given to the primary winding with a certain
voltage, an alternating flux sets up in the core of the transformer, which
links with the secondary winding and because of it, an emf is induced in
it called Mutually Induced emf.
g. The direction of this induced emf is opposite to the applied voltage.

2. Types of Transformers:
a. Core type transformer
b. Shell type transformer
3. Objective:
To determine the parameters of the transformer equivalent circuit shown in
Figure (1) through the open and short circuit test.
The equivalent circuit parameters can also be obtained from the physical

dimensions of the transformer core and its winding details. Complete analysis of
the transformer can be carried out once its equivalent parameters are known.

4. Theoretical Background:
Open Circuit Test (no load test)
• a voltmeter, wattmeter and an ammeter are shown connected on the low
voltage side of the transformer. The high voltage side is left open circuited.
The rated voltage applied to the primary with the help of a variable ratio
auto-transformer. When the voltmeter reading is equal to the rated voltage
of the low voltage winding, all the three instrument readings are recorded.
 • The ammeter records the no-load current or exciting current Io. Since Io is
quite small (2 to 5 % of rated current), the primary leakage impedance drop
is almost negligible, and for all practical purposes, the applied voltage V1 is
equal to the induced emf E1.
• The input power given by the wattmeter reading consists of core loss and
ohmic loss. The exiting current being about 2 to 5 percent of the full load
current, the ohmic loss in the primary winding = I2c Rc varies from 4 to 25
percent of the full load primary ohmic loss. In view of this fact, the ohmic
loss during open circuit test is negligible in comparison with the normal
core. Hence, the wattmeter reading can be taken as equal to transformer
core iron loss.
Vo is the applied rated voltage on low voltage side,
I o is the exciting current or no- load current, and
𝑷𝒐 = 𝑰𝒐 𝑽𝒐 𝐜𝐨 𝐬 𝝋𝒐

where: φo is the phase angle between Io and Vo , and cos φo is the no-load power
factor.

From the phasor diagram of Figure (3), it follows that:

Ic = Io cos φo
Im = Io sin φo
𝑽𝒐 𝑽𝒐
Then, the core loss resistance 𝑹𝒄 = =
𝑰𝒄 𝑰𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋𝒐
𝑽𝒐 𝑽𝒐
and, the magnetizing reactance 𝑿𝒎 = =
𝑰𝒎 𝑰𝒐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝋𝒐
It must be kept in mind that the value of Rc and Xm, in general, refer to the side in
which the instruments are placed (the low voltage side in the present case). A
voltmeter is sometimes used at the open circuit secondary terminals, in order to
determine the turns ratio.
Thus, the open circuit test gives the following information:
• core loss at rated voltage and frequency
• shunt branch parameters of the equivalent circuit
• turns ratio of the transformer

Short Circuit Test

• The low voltage side of the transformer is short–circuited and the
instruments are placed on the high voltage side, as illustrated in Figure (4).
• The applied voltage is adjusted by an auto-transformer, to circulate rated
current in the high voltage side.
• In a transformer, the primary emf is almost equal to the secondary emf,
therefore a rated current in the high voltage side causes rated current to
flow in the low voltage side winding.

• A primary voltage of 2 to 12 % of its rated values is sufficient to circulate

rated current in both primary and secondary windings.
• From Figure (5), it is clear that the secondary leakage impedance drop
appears across the magnetizing branch. about half ( 1 to 6 % ) of the
applied voltage appears across the secondary leakage impedance and also
across the magnetizing impedance. In this case, the core flux induces an
emf having a small value compared to that induced when the rated voltage
 is applied to the primary winding. Since the core loss is proportional to the
square of the core flux, the core loss decreases to 0.36 % of its rated value.

• The wattmeter, in short circuit test, records the core loss and the ohmic
loss in both winding. Since the core loss has been proved to be almost
negligible as compared to the rated voltage core loss, the wattmeter can be
used to register only the ohmic losses in both transformer windings.
Let Vsc , Isc and Psc be the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings
then from Figure (6):

𝑉𝑠𝑐 2 + 𝑋2
Zsc = = √𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑒𝑞
𝐼𝑠𝑐
𝑃𝑠𝑐
Req =
𝐼𝑠𝑐 2
2 − 2
Xeq = √𝑍𝑒𝑞 𝑅𝑒𝑞

• Here, Req , Xeq and Zeq are, respectively, the equivalent resistance,
equivalent leakage reactance and equivalent leakage impedance
referred to the H.V. side. These parameters can however be referred to
the L.V. side if required.
• In the analysis of a transformer equivalent circuit, the values of
equivalent resistance and equivalent leakage reactance referred to
either side are lumped together.
• If the leakage impedance parameters for both primary and secondary
are required separately, then its usual to take:

R1 = R2 = 0.5 Req
X1 = X2 = 0.5 Xeq
 • When rated current is made to flow in the H.V. winding. The L.V.
winding must also carry rated current because the transformer action
requires I1N1 = I2 N2
• The ohmic loss in both the windings are given by the wattmeter reading.
Then, the power required during these two tests is equal to the
appropriate power loss occurring in the transformer.

5. Devices used in experiment:

a. Voltameter
b. Ammeter
c. Single phase transformer
d. Wattmeter

6. What precautions we must take in the short circuit

test?
The short-circuit test must be on the high-voltage side.
If the test is performed on the low-voltage winding, then the high voltage winding
being short-circuited and hence, the voltage will be inconveniently low, and the
current would be inconveniently high.
7. Procedures:
Open Circuit Test

1- Connect the circuit as shown above.

2- Vary the input voltage in steps.
3- For each voltage, measure the corresponding input currents and
powers through the ammeter and wattmeter.
4- Calculate the transformer parameters from the relations:
𝑷𝒐
no-load power factor 𝐜𝐨𝒔 𝝋𝒐 =
𝑰𝒐 𝑽𝒐
𝑽𝒐 𝑽𝒐
the core loss resistance 𝑹𝒄 = =
𝑰𝒄 𝑰𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋𝒐

𝑽𝒐 𝑽𝒐
the magnetizing reactance 𝑿𝒎 = =
𝑰𝒎 𝑰𝒐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝋𝒐

Short Circuit Test

1. Connect the circuit as shown above.
2. Vary the input current in steps by varying the supply voltage.
3. For each current, measure the corresponding input voltages and powers
through the voltmeter and wattmeter.
4. Calculate the transformer parameters from the relations:
𝑽𝒔𝒄
the equivalent impedance Zsc = = √𝑹𝟐𝒆𝒒 + 𝑿𝟐𝒆𝒒
𝑰𝒔𝒄
𝑷𝒔𝒄
the equivalent resistance Req =
𝑰𝒔𝒄𝟐

the equivalent reactance Xeq = √𝒁𝟐𝒆𝒒 − 𝑹𝟐𝒆𝒒

8. Determine the voltmeters, ammeters & watt meters ratings in
both open circuit test & short circuit test used for a transformer
rating 5 KVA, 500 V / 200 V.
In the Open Circuit test:
Wattmeter = 250 W, Voltmeter = 200 V, Ammeter = 2 A

The voltage is in rated value: 200v or one step more.

Current will be 2% - 5% of Irated so I = 5% ∗ (Srated / VLV) = 1.25 A, Ammeter will be in 2A or one
more step
Wattmeter = I*V = 1.25 ∗ 200 = 250 watts, the wattmeter will be in 250 watts of one more step.

In Short Circuit test:

Wattmeter = 500 W, Voltmeter = 50 V, Ammeter = 10 A
The current is in rated value: I = Srated /VHV = 10A, Ammeter will be in 10A or one more step
Voltage will be 5% - 10% of V rated so V = 10% ∗ 500 = 50v Voltmeter will be in 50v or one more
step
Wattmeter = I*V = 10 ∗ 50 = 500 wattmeter will be in 500 watts of one more step

9. Readings From Measurements:

Open Circuit test:
Voltage (V) Current (A) Power (W)
100 0.32 7.5

𝑃𝑜 7.5 𝟏𝟓
𝑃𝑜 = 𝐼𝑜 𝑉𝑜 co s 𝜑𝑜 → co s 𝜑𝑜 = = 100∗0.32 -> 𝐜𝐨 𝐬 𝝋𝒐 = 𝑃. 𝐹 = → 𝝋𝒐 = 𝟕𝟔. 𝟒𝟒
𝐼𝑜𝑉𝑜 𝟔𝟒

𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑜 100
𝑹𝒄 = = = = 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑Ω
𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑜 0.32 ∗ (15)
64
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑜
𝑿𝒎 = = = 𝟑𝟐𝟏. 𝟒𝟔Ω
𝐼𝑚 𝐼𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜑𝑜
Short Circuit test:
Voltage (V) Current (A) Power (W)
20 4.5 64

𝑃𝑠𝑐 64
Req = = = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟔Ω
𝐼𝑠𝑐 2 4.52
𝑉𝑠𝑐
Zsc = = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒Ω
𝐼𝑠𝑐

2 − 𝑅2 =
Xeq = √𝑍𝑒𝑞 𝑒𝑞 √4.442 − 3.162 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝟗Ω

X1 = X2 =1.56Ω
R1 = R2 =1.58Ω