REFRIGERANTS

COMPRESSORS
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

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 REFRIGERANT COMPRESSOR

Is a machine used to compress the vapour refrigerant

from the evaporator and to raise its pressure so that
the corresponding saturation temperature is higher
than that of cooling medium. It also continually
circulates the refrigerant through the refrigeration
system
 Contents of the Report

Part 1: Part 2: Part 3: Part 4: Part 5:

COMPARISON OF
TYPES OF THERMODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE ROTARY, SCREW AND
PERFORMANCE
COMPRESSOR PROCESSES DURING CHARACTERISTICS CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS
RECIPROCATING AND
COMPRESSION OF RECIPROCATING
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
COMPRESSOR

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TYPES OF COMPRESSOR

The compression of the suction vapour from

the evaporator to the condenser pressure can (i) Positive displacement machines, namely
be achieved by mechanical compression reciprocating, rotary, scroll and screw compressors.
fundamentally, there are two types of
machines: positive displacement machines (ii) Non-positive displacement machines, namely
and Non-positive displacement machines centrifugal compressors.

03
 TYPES OF COMPRESSOR
The compression of the suction vapour from
the evaporator to the condenser pressure can
be achieved by mechanical compression
fundamentally, there are two types of
machines: positive displacement machines
and Non-positive displacement machines

(i) Positive displacement machines, namely

reciprocating, rotary, scroll and screw compressors.

(ii) Non-positive displacement machines, namely

centrifugal compressors.

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 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
COMPRESSOR
Positive displacement
compressors have chambers
which decrease in volume
during compression.

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 RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR

A reciprocating
compressor is also known
as a piston compressor
because it uses pistons
that are aided by a
crankshaft to increase the
level of pressure in gases.

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 RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

The compressor in which the vapour refrigerant is compressed by

the reciprocating (i,e. back and forth) motion of the piston are called
reciprocating compression. These compressors are used in
refrigerants which have comparatively low volume per kg and a
large differential pressure, such as ammonia (R-717), R-12, R-22
and methyl chloride (R-40)
Two types of reciprocating compressors in general use are single acting
vertical compressors and double acting horizontal compressors

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 RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
OPEN TYPE COMPRESSOR
Open types have a separate
housing for the compressor
and the motor.
They rely on lubricant in the
system to splash on pump
components and seals

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 RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
HERMETICALLY COMPRESSOR
Hermetic types seal the
compressor and motor
together in the same
housing.
These compressors are
leak-free and can sit for
long periods unused, but
cannot be maintained or
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repaired. 12
 RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
SEMI-HERMETICALLY COMPRESSOR
Semi-hermetic types also contain the
motor and compressor in one housing,
but instead of a one-piece housing they
incorporate gasketed/bolted covers.

These compressors are leak-free

and can sit for long periods
unused, but cannot be maintained
or repaired.
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 ROTARY COMPRESSOR
Rotary compressors have
two screws that turn in
opposite directions, trapping
the air between them
causing compression.

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 ROTARY COMPRESSOR
ROLLER TYPES ROTARY COMPRESSOR

A stationary cylinder houses

a roller in a rolling vane
compressor. The roller has
two or more vanes that are
positioned in the rotor's slot

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 ROTARY COMPRESSOR
VANE TYPE COMPRESSOR

A rotary vane compressor are

made up of a cylindrical
casing, two openings (one
suction and one discharge)
and an eccentrical positioned
rotor

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 ROTARY COMPRESSOR
SCREW COMPRESSOR

A rotary screw compressor

is a type of air compressor
that produces compressed
air by using two rotating
screws also know as rotor

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 NON POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
COMPRESSOR

Also known as steady flow compressor, use solid

boundary dynamicaction to achieve pressure rise.
Here fluid is not contained in a definite volume and there is no
subsequent volume reduction as in positive displacement
compressors.

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 NON POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
COMPRESSOR
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
Centrifugal compressors, also known
as dynamic compressors A centrifugal
compressor imparts kinetic energy
into the airstream by increasing the
velocity of the air using a rotating
element and then converts this kinetic
energy into potential energy in the
form of pressure.
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 RECIPROCATING
COMPRESSOR

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 IMPORTANT TERMS
1.Suction pressure - It is the absolute pressure of refrigerant at the
inlet of a compressor

2. Discharge pressure - It is the absolute pressure of refrigerant at

the outlet of a compressor

3. Compression ratio (pressure ratio) - It is the ratio of absolute

discharge pressure to the absolute suction pressure.
NOTE : compression ratio may also be defined as the ratio of total
cylinder volume to the clearance volume
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 IMPORTANT TERMS
4.Suction volume- It is the volume of refrigerant sucked by the
compressor during its suction stroke. It is usuall denoted by Vs
5.Pistion displacement volume or stroke volume or swept volume- It is
the volume swept by the piston when it moves from its top or inner dead
position to bottom or outer dead centre position.

D= Diameter of cylinder
L= length of piston stroke

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 IMPORTANT TERMS
6. Clearance factor - It is the ratio of clearance volume (Vc) to the
piston displacement volume (Vp)
C = Vc / Vp

7. Compressor Capacity- It is the volume of the actual amount of

refrigerant passing through the compressor in a unit of time. It is equal to
the suction volume (Vs). It is expressed in m3/s

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 IMPORTANT TERMS

8. Volumetric efficiency- It is the ratio of compressor capacity or the

suction volume (Vs) to the piston displacement volume (Vp).

NOTE: A good compressor has a volumetric

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efficiency of 70 to 80 percent 12
 RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

Principle of operation of a single stage, single acting reciprocating

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 WORK DONE BY A SINGLE-STAGE, SINGLE ACTING
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR

There are three different operations of the compressor. Work is done on

the piston during the suction of refrigerant. Similarly, work is done by the
piston during compression as well as discharge of the refrigerant. It may
be noted that the work done by the compressor is mathematically equal to
the work done by the compressor during compression as well as
discharge minus the work done on the compressor during suction

TWO IMPORTANT CASES OF WORK DONE

1. When there is no clearance volume in the cylinder, and
2. When there is some clearance volume
 WORKING BY A SINGLE -STAGE, SINGLE ACTING
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR WITHOUT CLEARANCE VOLUME

Consider a single-stage, single acting reciprocating compressor without clearance as

show by the p-v diagrams in figure

Let :

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 WORKING BY A SINGLE -STAGE, SINGLE ACTING
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR WITHOUT CLEARANCE VOLUME

Work done during Isothermal compression:

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 WORKING BY A SINGLE -STAGE, SINGLE ACTING
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR WITHOUT CLEARANCE VOLUME

Work done during polytropic compression:

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 WORKING BY A SINGLE -STAGE, SINGLE ACTING
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR WITHOUT CLEARANCE VOLUME

Work done during polytropic compression:

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 WORKING BY A SINGLE -STAGE, SINGLE ACTING
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR WITHOUT CLEARANCE VOLUME

Work done during polytropic compression:

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 WORKING BY A SINGLE -STAGE, SINGLE ACTING
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR WITHOUT CLEARANCE VOLUME

Work done during polytropic compression:

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 WORKING BY A SINGLE -STAGE, SINGLE ACTING
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR WITHOUT CLEARANCE VOLUME

Work done during Isentropic compression:

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 POWER REQUIRED TO DRIVE A SINGLE -STAGE RECIPROCATING
COMPRESSOR

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 WORK DONE BY RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR WITH
CLEARANCE VOLUME

Consider a single-stage, single acting reciprocating compressor with clearance as show

by the p-v diagrams in figure

Let :

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 WORK DONE BY RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR WITH
CLEARANCE VOLUME

Consider a single-stage, single acting reciprocating compressor with clearance as show

by the p-v diagrams in figure

Let :

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 WORK DONE BY RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR WITH
CLEARANCE VOLUME

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 WORK DONE BY RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR WITH
CLEARANCE VOLUME

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 WORK DONE BY RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR WITH
CLEARANCE VOLUME

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