MODULE 1

Organic Chemistry (Lecture) – Mrs. Jocelyn Albelda

BS PSYCHOLOGY– BSCOS1A-1 (LB1-LB2, 1ST SEM, A.Y 2022-2023)

and (inorganic - if they came

from "mineral" or non-living
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
matter).
➔ Is the chemistry of ● He believed in VITALISM
carbon-containing
compounds.
➔ Not all compounds that ADDITIONAL INFO
contain carbon are organic
VITALISM – idea that organic
compounds.
compounds could only originate
◆ Some compounds of from living organisms through
carbon that are not
the action of some vital force.
classified as organic
(carbonates,
bicarbonates, oxides FRIEDRICH WOHLER
of carbon, carbides, ● In 1828, he made the
and cyanides) discovery that would result in
the abandonment of Vitalism
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS as a scientific theory.
➔ Is one that contains carbon. ● Discovered that UREA (an
➔ Exhibit covalent bonding by organic compound) could be
sharing its electrons. made by heating
AMMONIUM CYANATE
➔ The sharing of its electrons
(which is an organic
gives rise to the different
compound).
characteristics and
● Wöhler mixed silver cyanate
molecular shapes explained
and ammonium chloride to
in different theories and
produce solid silver chloride
concepts.
and aqueous ammonium
cyanate.
Lesson 1: History, Sources ● His discovery also
and General Characteristics of represented ISOMERISM
Organic Compounds (the possibility of two or
more different structures
JON JACOB BERSELIUS (ammonium cyanate crystals
● He was the first to define and urea crystals) based on
Organic chemistry as a the same chemical formula
branch of modern science in (N2H4CO).
1806.
● Classified chemical FRIEDRICH AUGUST K ÉKULÉ
compounds into two groups: ● By the 1860s, chemists like
(organic - if they originated in him were proposing theories
living or once-living matter) on the relationship between

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MODULE 1
Organic Chemistry (Lecture) – Mrs. Jocelyn Albelda
BS PSYCHOLOGY– BSCOS1A-1 (LB1-LB2, 1ST SEM, A.Y 2022-2023)

a compound's chemical OTHER BRANCHES OF

formula and the physical CHEMISTRY
distribution of its atoms.
● Established the foundation
Inorganic chemistry
for the structural theory in
● study of all elements other
organic chemistry.
than organic compounds.
Physical Chemistry
Sources and General
● study of the theoretical
Characteristics of Organic
aspect of the structure and
Compounds
changes of matter, energy
There are three (3) generally changes take place.
accepted sources of organic Analytical Chemistry – the study
compounds: of:
● carbonized organic matter ● Qualitative Chemistry –
● living organisms WHAT constituents are
● invention / human ingenuity present.
● Quantitative Chemistry –
HOW MUCH is present.
Biochemistry
MODULE 1: POWERPOINT ● study of the chemistry of
biologically important
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY elements and compounds.
➔ Branch of Chemistry Physics
concerned with substances ● study of matter and energy
derived from living things. and their transformation.
➔ Study of carbon compounds
➔ Study of hydrocarbon SCIENTIST WHO
compounds and its CONTRIBUTED FOR THE
derivatives DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC
➔ Compounds of carbon and CHEMISTRY
hydrogen only
Friedrich Wohler
ADDITIONAL INFO ● Prepared an organic
compound from inorganic
CARBON is the most versatile compound.
element. ● The first to synthesize the
organic substance known as
UREA.

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MODULE 1
Organic Chemistry (Lecture) – Mrs. Jocelyn Albelda
BS PSYCHOLOGY– BSCOS1A-1 (LB1-LB2, 1ST SEM, A.Y 2022-2023)

Food
ADDITIONAL INFO
➔ 3 main classes: carbo, fats,
and protein
VITALISTIC FORCE – first
Fuel
theory in organic chemistry.
➔ coal and petroleum

Marcella Berthelot (1827 – 1907) Plastics

● Prepared many organic ➔ PVS, Styrofoam, Teflon
compounds from inorganic
compounds or elements. Natural and Synthetic Fibers
● Demonstrated that plants ➔ cloth, Nylon Silk, and Cotton
and animals are not unique Wool
as the only source of organic Drug and Medicine
compounds. ➔ aspirin, decongestant drug,
● This work finally disproved sedative, contraceptive and
the VITAL FORCE THEORY. fertility
Herman Kolbe (1845) Hygiene and Beauty
● Prepare Ethane (CH3CH3) ➔ soaps, detergent, perfumes,
by Electrolysis of K Acetate. and cosmetics

Edward Frankland Agricultural Chemicals

● Prepared Butane from ➔ fertilizer, pesticides and
Iodoethane and Zinc. herbicides

August Kekule & Archibal Couper Color

(1858) ➔ paints and dyes
● Discovered that Carbon has
a valence of 4 and can unite
with itself. SOURCES OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
William Henry Perkin (1857)
● Discovered the first synthetic Animals
dye which is PURPLE in ➔ fats, protein (starch,
color. cellulose)

Plants
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF
➔ starch, cellulose
CARBON COMPOUNDS TO LIFE
AND CIVILIZATION Coal
➔ coal, tar, benzene, phenol,
Biochemistry naphthalene
➔ source of energy

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MODULE 1
Organic Chemistry (Lecture) – Mrs. Jocelyn Albelda
BS PSYCHOLOGY– BSCOS1A-1 (LB1-LB2, 1ST SEM, A.Y 2022-2023)

Wood
➔ wood alcohol, acetone,
acetic acid

Petroleum
➔ fossil fuels; product of the
decay of plants and animals

Laboratory Synthesis
➔ present synthesis

PRINCIPAL SOURCES

● Plants
● Animals
● Coal
● Petroleum CH3OCH3
● Natural Gas

3 TYPES OF FORMULA

Molecular Formula
● shows the actual number of
each kind of atoms in the
molecules
○ Ex. C2H8
Empirical Formula Lesson 2: Atomic Orbitals,
● shows the simplest integral
(whole number) ratio of the Molecular Orbitals & Hybrid
number of atoms present in Orbitals
the compound
○ Ex: 1(CH4)
Structural Formula IMPORTANT INFO:
● shows how the constituent
particles are joined up in the Lewis structures can be used to
simplest unit of the depict the bonding in organic
compound. compounds.

WAYS OF WRITING Covalent bond involves the

STRUCTURAL FORMULA ‘sharing’ of a pair of electrons

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MODULE 1
Organic Chemistry (Lecture) – Mrs. Jocelyn Albelda
BS PSYCHOLOGY– BSCOS1A-1 (LB1-LB2, 1ST SEM, A.Y 2022-2023)

● the overlap of an s orbital

between two atoms and this leads
and a p orbital (as in HCl),
to the formation of a bond holding
and
the two atoms together.
● the end-to-end overlap of
two p orbitals (as in Cl2).
VALENCE BOND THEORY ● A pi bond (π bond) is a type
● Most often used to describe of covalent bond that results
the bonding in organic from the side-by-side overlap
molecules. of two p orbitals.
● In this model, bonds are
considered to form from the HYBRIDIZATION
overlap of two atomic ➔ is a concept of mixing two
orbitals on different atoms, atomic orbitals with the same
each orbital containing a energy levels to give a
single electron. degenerated new type of
● Describes a covalent bond orbitals.
as the overlap of half-filled ➔ is the mixing of atomic
atomic orbitals. orbitals to form new orbitals
with different energies and
A σ (sigma = single) bond is a shapes than the original
covalent bond in which the electron orbitals.
density is concentrated in the ➔ the idea that atomic orbitals
region along the internuclear axis; fuse to form newly
that is, a line between the nuclei hybridized orbitals, which in
would pass through the center of turn, influences molecular
the overlap region. Single bonds in
geometry, molecular shapes,
Lewis structures are described as
σ bonds in valence bond theory. and bonding properties.
➔ is also an expansion of the
valence bond theory
● Sigma bonds can be formed ➔ is a process of redistribution
from head to head overlaps of the energy of orbitals of
of the following atomic individual atoms to give
orbitals. orbitals of equivalent energy
● When two s orbitals overlap which happens when two
to form one big lobe (as in atomic orbitals combine
H2), together to form hybrid
orbital in a molecule.

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MODULE 1
Organic Chemistry (Lecture) – Mrs. Jocelyn Albelda
BS PSYCHOLOGY– BSCOS1A-1 (LB1-LB2, 1ST SEM, A.Y 2022-2023)

TYPES OF HYBRIDIZATION: one another. Each of the

hybrid orbitals formed has
sp Hybridization 33.33% s character and
➔ is observed when one s and 66.66% ‘p’ character.
one p orbital in the same ➔ The molecules in which the
main shell of an atom mix to central atom is linked to 3
form two new equivalent atoms and is sp2 hybridized
orbitals have a triangular planar
➔ the new orbitals formed are shape.
called sp hybridized
orbitals. sp3 Hybridization
➔ It forms linear molecules with ➔ When one ‘s’ orbital and 3 ‘p’
an angle of 180° orbitals belonging to the
➔ is also called diagonal same shell of an atom mix
hybridization. together to form four new
Examples of sp equivalent orbital,
Hybridization: ➔ This type of hybridization is
● All compounds of called a tetrahedral
carbon-containing hybridization or sp3.
triple Bond-like C2H2 ➔ The new orbitals formed are
(-CΞC-). called sp3 hybrid orbitals.
➔ These are directed towards
sp2 Hybridization the four corners of a regular
➔ is observed when one s and tetrahedron (Links to an
two p orbitals of the same external site.) and make an
shell of an atom mix to form angle of 109°28’ with one
3 equivalent orbital. another.
➔ The new orbitals formed are ➔ The angle between the sp3
called sp2 hybrid orbitals. hybrid orbitals is 109.280
➔ is also called trigonal ➔ Each sp3 hybrid orbital has
hybridization. 25% s character and 75% p
➔ a mixture of s and p orbital character.
forms in trigonal symmetry Example of sp3
and is maintained at 120o. hybridization:
➔ all the three hybrid orbitals ● Ethane (C2H6),
Methane (CH4)
remain in one plane and
make an angle of 120° with

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MODULE 1
Organic Chemistry (Lecture) – Mrs. Jocelyn Albelda
BS PSYCHOLOGY– BSCOS1A-1 (LB1-LB2, 1ST SEM, A.Y 2022-2023)

ATOMIC STRUCTURE SUBATOMIC PARTICLES:

ATOM NEUTRON
➔ smallest unit of an element ➔ neutral or zero charged
having the properties of that
element PROTON
➔ are composed of a central ➔ has positive charge
nucleus surrounded by
electrons which occupy a ELECTRON
discrete region of space. ➔ has negative charge

NUCLEUS POSITRON
➔ the small, dense center of ➔ identical to electron but with
positive charge in the atom. a positive charge
➔ The nucleus contains two
types of stable particle which NEUTRINO
comprise the most of the ➔ uncharged species of zero
mass of an atom: mass

Neutron BETATRON
➔ UNCHARGED ➔ is an electron unstable
Proton particle omitted from the
➔ POSITIVELY nucleus.
CHARGED

MOLECULE QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL

➔ are the smallest particles of ➔ model of the atom in which
a compound that still exhibits the position of the electron
the chemical properties of around the nucleus is
that compound. described in a probability
region called ORBITAL.
ELEMENT
➔ are the units of the building QUANTUM THEORY or WAVES
block of which everything is THEORY (Erwin Schrodinger)
made. ➔ relate that an electron is not
a particulate but a quantity.
ISOTOPES
➔ elements with the same NEIL BOHR
atomic number but different ➔ developed one of the first
atomic mass. models of the atom called
planetary model.

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MODULE 1
Organic Chemistry (Lecture) – Mrs. Jocelyn Albelda
BS PSYCHOLOGY– BSCOS1A-1 (LB1-LB2, 1ST SEM, A.Y 2022-2023)

➔ the relative position of these

ENERGY LEVELS or ENERGY energies level their distance
SHELLS from the nucleus and the
➔ the energy around the energy of electrons.
nucleus occupied by
electrons. 2. The Azimuthal subsidiary
➔ Energy levels are quantum number (orbital
represented by numbers quantum numbers)
1,2,3… or letters K,L,M,N… ➔ describes the shape of the
orbital or the electron cloud
ATOMIC ORBITAL ➔ they are represented by the
➔ a region around the nucleus letter S, P, d, f. where:
of an atom in which there is
a high probability of finding S = Sharp
one or two electrons. P = Principal
d = Diffuse
f = Fundamental

3. The Magnetic Quantum

Number
➔ describes the spatial
orientation of the orbitals

S = 1 – orientation
P=3
d=5
f=7

4. The Spin Quantum Number

➔ specifies the direction of the
spin of the electron around
its own axis as the electron
moves around the nucleus
whether clockwise or counter
clockwise.
Four quantum number set the
probability limit within which an HYBRIDIZATION
electron can be found. ➔ refers to the combination of
inter-mixing of pure atomic
1. Principal Quantum number (n) orbitals to produce equal
➔ represented by number numbers of hybrid orbitals
1,2,3,4… or letters k,l,m,n

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MODULE 1
Organic Chemistry (Lecture) – Mrs. Jocelyn Albelda
BS PSYCHOLOGY– BSCOS1A-1 (LB1-LB2, 1ST SEM, A.Y 2022-2023)

which are more stable in NON-POLAR

directional character’. ➔ formed between 2 atoms of
the same kind
HYBRID BOND ORBITALS ➔ M.O bond is symmetrical
➔ formed due to overlapping or ➔ equal sharing of electrons
different orbitals through
hybridization.
BOND CHARACTERISTICS

Lesson 3: Characteristics of
5. Bond Polarity
Covalent Bonds
can be correlated by:
➔ electronegativity value of the
COVALENT BOND bonded atom
➔ (whether sigma or pi), result ➔ presence of a formal charge
from a formation of a on one of the bonded atom
bonding M.O which bears ➔ presence of adjacent
resolution to the atomic ➔ difference in hybridization of
orbitals (or pure hybrid two identical atom
portal) from which it is ➔ either polar or non-polar
derived.
➔ properties of covalent bond 6. Bond Length
are related to the properties ➔ distance between two nuclei
of the atomic pure and
hybrid orbitals responsible Factors affecting Bond
for its formation. Length:
● Bond polarity
● Types of
TWO TYPES OF COVALENT hybridization
BOND: ● Number of pi bond
● Presence of adjacent
POLAR groups or atom
➔ formed between two ● Pi + sigma electron
dissimilar atoms delocalization
➔ uneven/unequal distribution
or distribution of electron 7. Bond Energy/Strength/Enthalpy
between two atoms ➔ the energy required to break
➔ one end partially positive the only bond in atomic
and one partially negative molecules or to dissociate
➔ bonding M.O is not the bonded atoms to their
symmetrical ground state.

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MODULE 1
Organic Chemistry (Lecture) – Mrs. Jocelyn Albelda
BS PSYCHOLOGY– BSCOS1A-1 (LB1-LB2, 1ST SEM, A.Y 2022-2023)

Factors affecting Bond

Energy:
● Bond polarity
● Type of hybridization
● The number of pi
bond
● Bond length
● Loss of overlapped of
bonding orbitals

8. Bond Angle
➔ the angle between the lines
representing the direction of
the bond i.e. the orbitals
containing the bonding
electrons.
➔ a covalent bond is directed
in space forming a definite
angle with each other.

Normal Bond Angle:

Sp ³ – 109.5
Sp² – 129
Sp – 180

9. Bond Order
➔ refers to the valence
multiplicity between atoms in
the molecules.

Types of Bond Order:

● Total bond order –
include both sigma +
pi bond
● Mobile bond order –
only include pi bond

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