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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
42 views232 pagesUntitled
Uploaded by
Tony ZhouCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL A LEVEL
Mau TEU ‘atshes by Posen Edation Line, 80 Star, Landon, WO2R ORL.
wwipersongboaechoolcom
‘Copies ool speciteabon ora Pearson qualifications ay be found on the
‘webate: hipe//quatteatons pearon.com
“ext © Poaroon Eaveaton Lites 2019
ed by Fichard Hutchison an Ene Pade
“ype! by Tach Sots, Gatstans UK
(rial uations © Pasron Edveaton Linea 2019
‘misatd by ©Tect-Se Li, Gateead, UK
‘Cove design by © Pearson Education Lite
“horas o Geog Atwood, Jack Baaleugh, an Betisen, Gordon Davies,
‘Ket Gales, Dania Gober, Alta Macpnarson, Anne Mefioor, Berwen
‘Maran, Su Nenelaon, Diane Over Joe Peta, Kesh Plager Cong San oe
‘Sleakowsh Harry Sth, aot Staley, Retort Wara-Peen anc Dae ins to bo
‘certo s the ators of his work have been asserted by them mn accordance
‘wr tre Copyright Designs ana Patots Act 1988
Fst pusianes 2019
‘teh Library Cataloguing in Puttcation Data
Endorsement Statement
rower to enaure hal hi retcuce fe highly sia forthe atocited
Pearson auton, thas bob trou ave process by the awaring body
“Ths proces covfme al thwsoure fy comes the teaching a earn
contnt ofthe sposteaton or prof a soctoation at which ti med lso
onfima that emonavates an appropiate balance betweon the devaonent
fai sts role an ncetndig aan panton
Ensocstmant a nt cover any gusance on atetementactitas or proceenea
{@9-procice uestons or advice on how to wsewerasossrien questions)
Iruted mtn recite, rer does t pesca parc appreach 10h
teaching oF delivery ofa elated course.
le the pubiars have made erry arp to enue that advice onthe
(qualflcaton ands assessments accurate, the oficial epecfeaten ahd
‘icoited assesment gute mater re the any eave sere
Irtoraton ana stous aways be refs to for dott guidance,
Pearson examiners have nt contributed to any actions inthis resource relevant to
‘ramnaton papers er whien hey have responsbiy.
ascecoment st by Poaron. Endorsmant of arovoure dees mean that he
resource i rogue to schave ths Pearson quailtin, pox dows rea that
Is tre ery eutabe matora avaible to support the qualcaton and ary rsource
1s produced by te awarding body shal ieudo hand ther appropte Nato ARGU raid
in x,
5 hx) 180° < x < 180"
a Sketch the graph of y = (x)
b Write down the coordinates of the minimum, A, and the maximum, B
Sketch the graphs of :
i h(x 909) +1 ii as) zhi
In each case, find the coordinates of the images of the points O, A and B, with O being the origi
2.7) Solving modulus problems
You can use combinations of transformations together with [f(x)| and f(jx|) and an understanding of
domain and range to solve problems.
Given the function t(x) = 3}x- Il = 2,x ER:
a sketch the graph of the function
state the range of the function
+3
© solve the equation t(x
es
Use transformations to sketch
the graph of y=3|x—1)-2 De aiied Pa Uy
b The range of the function t(x) is y ER,
yee Nato ARGU raid
Example
‘The function fis defined by f: x ++ 6 ~ 2Lv+ 31
‘A sketch of the graph of the function is shown in the diagram.
a State the range of f.
b Give a reason why
€ Solve the inequality f(x) >
does not exist,
fa The range of f(x) is f(x)
b fia)is
Therefore, F does not exist
fe fly) =5 at the polnts A ard B
iany-to-one function.
BAA cures
5] Only one-to-one functions have inverses.
oO
At AG = 2x4 3)=
2 +3)
x+3
Ab BiG ~ (20+ 3)
200+ 3)
The solution to the inequality f(x) > 5 is
Zex<-3
2 2 Cal aid ae Seeley
CEEN END wore
©® | Foreach function:
i skoteh the graph of y = fx)
ii state the range of the function, Cine )
For part b, transform the graph of y= |x| by:
a fixe 4by-3,xeR
+ a tranlton by vector (72)
1
+ a vertical stretch with scale factor 3
+ a tranlaton by vector (®.)
2 Given that p(x) = jr +4|- 5.x eR:
a sketch the graph of y= p(x)
b shade the region of the graph that satisfies y > p(x)
3 Given that q(x) = -3)a] + 6,7 R:
a sketch the graph of y= q(x)
b shade the region of the graph that satisfies » < q(x)
4 The function f is defined as:
Exe diet 6l+1veR
a Sketch the graph of y= f(x)
b State the range of the function.
€ Solve the equation f(x)
5,
5. Given that g(x) = —5)y- 2] +7, xe R:
a sketch the graph of y= a(x)
b state the range of the function
© solve the equation g(x) =
+1
6 The functions m and n are defined as:
m(x)=-2v +k, xER Geary
n(x) = 3-4] +6, ER ‘m(x) = n(x) has no real roots’ means that
Hiereieenocenies = m(s) and y= nx) do not intersect.
‘The equation m(x) = n(x) has no real roots.
Find the range of possible values for the constant k (4marks) Nato ARGU raid
@® 7
‘The functions s and t are defined as:
sx) =-10= x, ER
U(x) = xt H|-8, x ER
where b is a constant.
The equation s(x) = (x) has exactly one real root. Find the value of b. (4marks)
The function h is defined by:
ey = he -7,xER
The diagram shows a sketch of the graph y = h(x)
a State the range of h. (1 mark)
b Give a reason why h-! does not exist. (L mark)
€ Solve the inequality h(x) < -6 (Amarks)
State the range of values of k for which the
equation h(x) = $+ has no solutions, (4 marks)
The diagram shows a sketch of part of the graph
y =h(), where h(x) =a —2hv+ 3h. ER
The graph crosses the y-axis at (0,4)
a Find the value of « marks)
b Find the coordinates of P and Q. marks)
€ Solve h(x) = ix+6 (Smarks)
The diagram shows a sketch of part of the graph y= m(x),
where m(x) =~] + 3]+7,.reR
a State the range of m. (mark)
3
b Solve the equation m(x)
© Given that m(x) = &, where k is a constant,
has two distinct roots, state the set of possible
values for k (4.marks)
Sx 42 (4 marks)
(r= his) me asi ea ee WRU}
Challenge
[EST 1 The functions f and g are defined by:
Geary f(x) =2[x— 4-8, x ER
gh) =x-9,.xER
The diagram shows a sketch of the graphs of y= f(x) and y = g(x)
a Find the coordinates of the points 4 and B.
b Find the area of the region R.
2. The functions f and g are defined as:
fi) 3|+10.xER
glx) =2\y-3]+2.0ER
‘Show that the area of the shaded region is. &
rear (2)
1 a On the same axes, sketch the graphs of y= 2 — x and y
b Hence, or otherwise, find the values of x for which 2 ~
lv +1]
= 2+]
2 The equation [2x ~ 11] =} + k has exactly two distinet solutions
Find the range of possible values of k (Amarks)
dees
G@) 3 Solve [5x 7
4 a On the same set of axes, sketch y = [12 - 5x] and y =-2x +3 (3 marks)
b State, with a reason, whether there are any solutions to the equation
[12-Sxj=-2043 (2 marks)
marks) Nato ARGU raid
5 For each of the following mappings
i state whether the mapping is one-to-one, many-to-one or one-to-many
ii state whether or not the mapping could represent a funetion.
Pe
4
Gp 7
e y f
‘The function f(x) is defined by: fix) = {
x-2 x>1
a Sketch the graph of f(x) for -2 = x <6
b Find the values of x for which f(x) =
‘The functions p and q are defined by:
Piveee43N-4,0ER
axe irtLxeR
a Find an expression for pq(x).
b Solve pq(x) = aa(x)
‘The function g(x) is defined as g(x
w+ TVR, =O
a Sketch y= g(x), and find the range.
b Determine
© Sketch y = g-'(x) on the same axes as y = g(x), stating the relationship between,
e7l(x), stating its range.
the two graphs.
‘The function f is defined by:
ten 2tt® vemro
a Find f'(x).
b Find: i the range of f(x)
ii the domain of f-4(x)
(4marks)
(Gmarks)
(2 marks)
(3 marks)
(3marks)
Gmarks)
(2 marks)
(4 marks)
(2marks)
A me asi) Pa Uy
10 The functions f and g are given by:
x 1
bia oxel
+ XERX?L
sxe 2 veRx>0
1
a Show that ©) = ——aeH (3 marks)
b Find the range of f(x). (mark)
© Solve ffx) = 70 (4marks)
© 11 The following functions f(x), g(x) and h(x) are defined by:
f(x) = 4x 2), KER, x 0
sQ)=+ LXER
hy =3rER
a Find £(7), (3) and h(~2), b Find the range of f(x) and the range of g(x).
© Find g(x) Find the composite function f(x).
© Solve gh(a) = 244
GP) 12. The function f(x) is defined by f:x + x2 + 6x — 4, x ER, x> a, for some constant a.
a State the least value of a for which f-! exists, (A marks)
b Given that a = 0, find f-', stating its domain. (marks)
@®) 13 The functions f and gare given by: fix 4 4x= 1.x ER
1
gg reRwes
Find in its simplest form
athe inverse function f-! (2 marks)
b the composite function gf, stating its domain (marks)
€ the values of x for which 21x) = (x), giving your answers to 3 decimal places. (4 marks)
© 14 The functions f and gare given by
fixe 5 xeR,x#2
exe ZveR, x20
a Find an expression for f(x) (2 marks)
b Write down the range of f=1(x) (mark)
© Calculate gf(1.5) (2 marks)
Use algebra to find the values of x for which g(x) = fx) +4 (marks)
15, The function n(x) is defined by:
S-x, x <0
ey me
a Find n(-3) and a(3). b Solve the equation n(x) = 50 Nato ARGU raid
16
®uv
g(x) = tan x, 180° 0, showing the coordinates of the points where
the graph meets the coordinate axes. (3 marks)
b On the same axes, sketch the graph of y=+. (2 marks)
¢ Explain how your graphs show that there is omly one solution of the equation
sPx+al-1=0 marks)
Find, using algebra, the value of x for which x/2x+a|— 1=0. (Smarks)
rc Cre aiid Pa Uy
22. The diagram shows part of the curve with equation y
f{x)= 8 = Te 4 Sinx 48, x>0
The points 4 and Bare the stationary points of the curve.
Using calculus and showing your working, find the
coordinates of the points 4 and B. (4 marks)
b Sketch the curve with equation y = ~3f(x— 2) (3 marks)
€ Find the coordinates of the stationary points of the
curve with equation y = ~3f(x - 2), State, without
proof, which point is a maximum and which point
(x), where
isa minimum, 3 marks)
23. The function f has domain 5 < x <7 and is linear from , a9)
(5, 6) to (-3, 2) and from (-3, -2) to (7, 18). ‘i
The diagram shows a sketch of the function.
a Write down the range of f (mark) 3,6)
b Find -3) @ marks)
© Sketch the graph of y= f(«)], marking the points at -————*
which the graph meets or cuts the axes. (3 marks) Cy
‘The function g is defined by gs x++ x°— 7+ 10
Solve the equation fy(x) = 2 GB marks)
©® 2% The function p is defined by: y
pve 2+ 4] +10
The diagram shows a sketch of the graph.
a State the range of p. (1 mark)
b Give a reason why p~! does not exist. (1 mark)
© Solve the inequality p(x) > —4 (4marks)
4. State the range of values of k for which the equation
poy= -}: + ichas no solutions, (4 marks)
Challenge
EEE a sketch, ona single diagram, the graphs of y =
Creamy constant and a> 1
at x?and
br al, where aris
b Write down the coordinates of the points where the graph of y = a? — x? cuts
the coordinate axes.
Given that the two graphs intersect at x = 4, calculate the value of a. Nato ARGU raid
i
eer ou
10
Fry
12
13
14
15
16
A modulus function is, in general, a function of the type »
© When f(x) > 0, [f(x)] = fl)
© When f(x) <0, |f{x)] = =F)
To sketch the graph of y = |ax + bj, sketch y = ax + hand then reflect the section of the
graph below the x-axis in the x-axis,
Amapping is a function if every input has =~. YY
a distinct output. Functions can either be if By a
one-to-one or many-to-¢ ER JA
many-to-one.
‘one-to-one —-—many-to-one nota function
f(x) means apply g first, then apply f ced) oe
falx) = feo)
e £
fe
Functions f(x) and f(x) are inverses of each other. f(x) =. and f(x) =x
The graphs of y= f(x) and y= f-"(x) are reflections of each other in the line y = x
The domain of f(x) is the range of f-4(x).
The range of f(x) is the domain of f(x).
To sketch the graph of y = |flx)f:
‘© sketch the graph of y =flx)
© ‘reflect any parts where f(x) < 0 (parts below the x-axis) in the x-axis
‘© delete the parts below the x-axis,
To sketch the graph of y= filx)}:
‘© sketch the graph of y = f(x) for x > 0
© reflect this in the y-axis
c+ 4) isa horizontal translation by ~ pages 47-49
“> pages 49-53
Simplify expressions, prove simple identities and solve equations
involving secant, cosecant and cotangent
Prove and use sec?.x = 1 + tan? x and cosec? x
© Understand and use inverse tr
their domain and ranges
> pages 53-57
L+cot?x + pages 57-61
nometric functions and
> pages 62-65
r knowledge check
Sketch the graph of y = sin. for -180° = x = 180°.
Use your sketch to solve, for the given interval, the
equations:
a sinx=08
2 Prove that —_t____1
sinxcos.x tanx
an x
Ye
+ Pure2 Section 6.3 Trigonometric functions can be used
to model oscillations and resonance in
bridges. You will use the functions in this
chapter together with differentiation and
integration in chapters 6 and 7.
Find all the solutions in the
to the equation 3 sin?(2x) =
aterval 0 1
= The graph of y = cot x, x © R, has period 180° or = radians. It has vertical asymptotes at all the
values of x for which tan x =0
ot TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS COGaitoky
+ The domain of y = cot.x is x € I, x # 0°, 180%,
hx 0°, 1808, “The domain can also be given as
360°, ... or any multiple of 180° cD « pal G
+ Inradians the domain is x € Rx #0, 7,2m,
or any multiple of =
+ The range of y =cotwisy €R
a Sketch the graph of y= 4 cosee x, -7
sm
b Using tan 2
sind = tan A cos
Cara} Sa aaa ey
, and that angle A is obtuse, find the exact values of:
Seen
You are told that A is obtuse. This means it lies
in the second quadrant, so cos 4 is negative,
and sec A is also negative. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS ai
Prove the identities:
a cosect9 cot! d
1+ costo
T= cos?
b sec? — cost = sin2H(I + sec?)
1+ costa a
area LseGageme
Ets
ae
You can start from either the LHS or the RHS when.
proving an identity. Try starting with the LHS using,
cos? = 1 —sin?@ and se®A= 1+ tan?@
Solve the equation 4 cosec? # 9 = cot in the interval 0° < 6 < 360°
tan = £ or tan ara} Sa aaa ey
For tan = 3
©
Bar|
3a
= 367°, 219° (3 st)
For tan =
a5
1 ©
Solve this equation numerically
1B your calculator.
= 1357, 315°
Give answers to 3 significant figures where necessary.
1. Simplify each of the following expressions.
a l+um( b (sec — 1y(sec@ + 1) © tan?A(cosec?#— 1)
4 (sec 1jeor? € (cosee?d — cota)? £ 2-twntd-+ sec?
tand sec ; : cosecd coll
— h (1 sin?9)(1 + tan?) i
ject = 200029 tant0 + tan!) k Acosec!20 + Acosee?20 cot220
® 2 Given that eosee x= ghey, where k> I. find, in terms of k, possible values of cot.
3 Given that cot and that 90° < #< 180°, find the exact values of:
a sind » cose
4 Given that tan 0 = j, and that 180° < @ < 270°, find the exact values of:
a seco b cose ¢ sing
5 Given that cos! and that is a reflex angle, find the exact values of:
a tan b cosecd TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS COGaitoky
©®_ 6 Prove the following identities:
a sec! — tan‘ = sin? = cot? + cost x
= (see? — 1)(1 = sin?)
ec 8 + tan?8 b cose’
€ sec? A(cot? A ~ cos? A) = cot? A
f sec?@ + cosec?@ = sec? # cosee?@
h (sec — sin #)(sec # + sind) = tan?9 + cos?9
sec? = 5, and that is obtuse, find the exact value of sin 4,
©
9
Solve the following equations in the given intervals:
tan9, 0° < 0 = 360° b tan?@—2sec0+1=0,-7< 050
€ cose? +1 = 3eotA, 180° = A= 180° cot = 1 cosee?#, 0 0 < Ir
@ 3sec30 = 2 tan? 49, 0° < 6 = 360° f (secé — cos)? = tan@ — sin?6,0 <6 = 7
g tan?20 = sec20 — 1, 0° < 0 < 180° h sect — (1+ /3)tand + (3 =1,0<0< 2x
B®) 9 Given that tan?k = 2seck,
a find the value of seek (marks)
b deduce that eosk = /2 = 1. (2 marks)
€ Hence solve, in the interval 0° = k = 360°, tan?k = 2seek,
giving your answers to 1 decimal place. (marks)
10 Given that a= 4sce x, b = cos x and ¢ = cot
a express b in terms of a (marks)
b show that c (B marks)
GP) 11 Given that x
a show that + (3 marks)
b Hence express x? + 4 +2 in terms of 6, in its simplest form. (Smarks)
p-l
pape? (S marks)
@® 12 Given that 296020 ~ tan*9= p, show that cosee 62 CHAPTER 3 Sa aaa ey
You need to understand and use the inverse trigonometric functions arcsin x, arccos.x and arctan x
and their graphs.
= The inverse function of sin x is called arcsin x.
ELE The sin-* function on your calculator will
give principal values in the same range as arcsin.
© The domain of y = arcsinxis-1<4<1
© The range of y = arcsin x is ora Sarcsinx < zor -90° < arcsin.x < 90°
ex)
Sketch the graph of y = aresin x TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS COGaitoky
= The inverse function of cos xis called arccos x.
The dom:
of y= arccosxis-1x<1
# The range of y = arccos.x is 0 < arccos.x <7 or 0° < arccos.x < 180°
= The
rse function of tan x is called arctan x.
a CEEED vic seins
arccos x, the function arctan x is
defined forall real values of x.
# The domain of y = arctanxis re R
© The range of y = arctanx is a aresin x, -1 = x=
and the funetion g is such that gx) = f2x)
a Sketch the graph of y= flx) and state the range of f (Smarks)
b Sketch the graph of y = g(x) (2 marks)
© Define g in the form g:.x ++ ... and give the domain of g (3 marks)
Define g-! in the form gl: ... (marks)
9 a Prove that for 0 << 1, arccos x= aresin /T = (4marks)
b Give a reason why this result is not true for -1 ,
sketch the graph of y =arcsec x and state the range of arcsec x. CMa aKy Bie ater ages
Give any non-exact answers to equations to 1 decimal place.
1 Solve tan x = 2 cot x, in the interval -180° = x = 90° (4 marks)
ee
terms of g (4:marks)
3 Given that p = sin@ and g = 4cot @, show that p*g? = 16(1 - p*) (4 marks)
® 4 a Solve, in the imterval 0" << 180°,
2eotd fi 2cot
bb Solve, in the interval 0° = 0 = 360°,
1 seo(20- 15) =cosec 135° Hi sec? + tan=3
¢ Solve, in the interval 0 = x < 2m,
cosecd cosec# — 8
i coseo(x +
15
GP) 5 Given that Ssin x cosy + 4cos.x sin find the value of coty. ( marks)
©® 6 Prove that:
a (tan d + cot Ay(sin 8 + cos) = seed + cosecd b OE = sect
cosec.x ~ sinx
€ (1=sinxi(1 + coseex) = eos.x eotx — - e te
L 1 (sec# — tan A)(seed + tan)
e + 2sec 0 tand f 7 = cos
cosec— 1 * cosec +1 1+ tanto
a Prove that 7a 4 Tees (4 marks)
b Hence solve in the interval ~2a
4. Use AFAC to write an expression for the lengths
iFC ii FA
=
€ Use your completed diagram to show that:
i sin(a- 9) =sina cos 9 cosa sin
i cos(a 8) =cosa cos 3+ sine sing me arse} ea ee OMEN es
©® 2 Use the formulae for sin (A ~ B) and cos(A ~ B) to show that
_ tan A-tanB
nA BET yan tan B
3. By substituting A = P and B= -@ into the addition formula for sin( + B), show that
sin(P~ Q) = sin Pcos Q- cos P sin @
4A student makes the mistake of thinking that CHEE Fis ccnmon
sin(A + B) = sin A + sin B Errante ey
Choose non-zero values of 4 and B to show that tater ornare eam,
this identity is not true.
©® _§ Using the expansion of cos(4 - B) with A = B= 0, show that sin?@ + cos?
@® 6 @ Use the expansion of sin (4 ~ B) to show that sin (5-6) = cos
Use the expansion of cos( — B) to show that cos (5
® 7 Write sin(x + a) in the form psin.x +g cos x, where p and g are constants to be found.
in the form acos.x + 6 sin.x, where a and are constants to be found,
®
Write cos (x +
® 9 Express te following asa single sine cosine or tangent:
a sin 15° cos 20° + cos 15° sin 20° ‘b sin 58° cos 23° - cos 58° sin 23°
tan 76° ~ tan 45°
1+ tan 76° tan 45°
© cos 130° cos 80° — sin 130° sin 80°
00520 cos 0+ sin 20sind £ 0:40 cos 3 ~ sin 40 sin30
0). (50), (0) (58 tan + tan30
asin} eos(57) teos(5)sin(] oh Spo
sin(A + B) cos B~ cos(A + B) sin B
5 oos22) cas
® 10 Use the addition formulae for sine or cosine to write each of the following as a single
trigonometric function in the form sin (x + 8) or cos (x #0), where 0<0.<
a loins + eos) b Lcosx-sinx) —¢ sin + VT e0sx) eae UNC ean Cais
©® 11 Given that cosy = sin (x + y), show that tan y= seex = tanx
® 12 Given that tan (x ~ y) = 3, express tan y in terms of tan.x
©® 13 Given that sin x(cosy + 2sin y) = cos x(2cos y sin),
> First multiph
find the value of tan s+ EDD Fist matory
out the brackets.
® 14 Incach of the following, calculate the exact value of tan x:
a tan(x—45°)=4 b sin(x— 60°) = 3 cos(x + 30°) © tan(x- 60°) =2
15 Given that tan (x +) =}, show that tan.x =8— S\ marks)
@® 16 Prove that
(o442
cost + c0s(0+72) + cos(a+ 42) =0
‘You must show each stage of your working, (4marks)
‘This triangle is constructed from two
1a Find expressions involving x,y, ‘expressions should all
A and Bor S involve all four variables.
y
the area of 7) O You will need to use the
the area of 7; formula Area
the area ofthe large triangle. each case
Rees EX
sin(A + 8) =sin A cos B+ cos A sin B
©) ising the angle addition formulae
The addition formulae can be used to find exact values of trigonometric functions of different angles.
Gx)
ons ;
208 45° sin 30"
2)(3)
5 cen aie} Se aU a Le
Given that sin and 180° < A < 270°, and that cos
a cos(A- B) b tan(4 +B)
a c03(4 ~ B) = cosd cos B+ sind sin B
cos? A = 1 ~ sin?
4 Bis obtuse so sinB= 3
cos(d - B)
(-8)(-#8) + (-3)+8)
= tad + ton
iB told +B) TT and ton
itl
So tan(A + B)
cosec(A ~ B)
sin = B)
sin(A ~ B) = sind cos B~ cos.A sinB
sin(A ~ B)
Zl
cosec (4 ~ B)
Ea
1 Without using your calculator, find the exact value of:
a cos 15° b sin 75° sin (120° +
and Bis obtuse, find the value of:
Remember there are two
possible solutions to
cost Use a CAST diagram
to determine which one to use.
tan 165°
45°) eae UNC ean
Cais
2. Without using your calculator, find the exact value of:
a sin 30° cos 60° + cos 30° sin 60°
© sin33° cos 27° + c0s33° sin 27°
€ sin 60° cos 15° — cos 60" sin 15°
tan 45° + tan 15°
8 [tan as tan 15°
x
Ta
1+ tan ty tang
1
© _ 3 a Express tan (45° + 30°) in terms of tan 45° and tan 30°
+3
b- Hence show that tan 75°
1
4 Given that cot 4
5 a Using cos(# + a) = cos@ cosa — sin@ sina, or otherwise, show that cos 105°
b Hence, or otherwise, show that sec 105
to be found.
© 6 Given that sin A = $ and sin
value of:
a sin(A + B) b cos(4-B)
b cos 110° cos 20° + sin 110° sin 20°
d cosy cost = sing sine
goog m sing sing
£ cos 70° (cos 50° — tan 70° sin 50°)
1 tans?
T+ tan 15
J v3cos 15° - sin 15°
(2 marks)
(marks)
and cot(A + B) = 2, find the value of cot B.
(4 marks)
~Va(1 + VB), where a and b are constants
(Bmarks)
= 3, where A and Bare both acute angles, calculate the exact
© sec(A~ By
® 7 Given that cos 4 = -§, and 4 is an obtuse angle measured in radians, find the exact value of:
b cos(n+ A)
¢ sin +4) a tan (7 +4)
®_8 Given that sin A = 75, where A is acute, and cos B = ~}, where Bis obtuse, calculate the exact
value of:
a sin(4~ B)
® 9 Given that tan 4
value of:
a sin(A +B)
©® 10 Given that tan 4 =
in degrees, where:
a Aand Bare both acute
b Ais reflex and Bis acute.
b cos(4-B)
where is reflex, and sin B
b tan(4-B)
© cot(A-B)
5
where B is obtuse, calculate the exact,
© cosee(4 +B)
and tan B = 3, calculate, without using your calculator, the value of A +B
7 ccm aie} Se aU a Le
@ Double-angle formulae
You can use the addi
\n formulae to derive the following double-angle formulae.
= sin2d =2sin A cos
= cos2A = cos? A ~sin? A =2cos' A -1=1-2sin?A
2tanA
= tan24 =—Stan a
1-tan’A
ax)
Use the double-angle formulae to write each of the following as a single trigonometric ratio:
a cos? 50° — sin? 50°
= cos 100°
Asin70"
Asn 7 = 45in70" cos7
= 2[2sin70" cos 70)
= 2sin(2 x 70%) = 2sin140°-—+
Given that x= 3s
@and y= 3 ~ 4.0824, eliminate @ and express y in terms of x.
The equations can be written a5 Carns eae UNC ean Cais
Given that cos.x =
and that 180° < x < 360°, find the exact value of:
a sin2x b tan 2x
180° < A < 360% so sind
sin 2 = 2sinx cos
©®_ 1 Use the expansion of sin( + B) to show that sin24 = 2sin A cos A ED sanes
@® _ 2 a Using the identity cos(4 + B) = cos A cos B = sin A sin B, show that cos24
b Hence show that:
i cos24 = 2cos4—1
i cos24 = 1 -2sin? A
® 3 Use the expansion of tan (4 + B) to express tan 24 in terms of tan 4.
79 Cm arse} Se aU a Le
©® 4 Write each of the following expressions as a single trigonometric ratio:
a 2sin 10° cos 10° b 1 -2sin?2 © c0s240° — sin? 40°
1 230°
© Fein 245°) cos (24.5 F Geos
sin 8° 2)
sy sin (75)
Without using your calculator, find the exact values of:
b 2co:
€ (sin 75° — cos 75°? a
6 a Show that (sin 4 +.c0s Ay’ = 1 + sin 24 (3 marks)
b Hence find the exact value of ( sing + cos. (2 marks)
7 Write the following in their simplest form, involving only one trigonometric function:
21an($)
b 6sin29 cos 20 oe
¢ (T#¢0820 £ sin? 0.cos'
g 4sin@ cos0 cos 20 nn i sin*@ — 2sin?@ cos? 0 + cos!
seca —2
® 8 Given that p = 2 cos# and q = cos 28, express q in terms of p.
® 2 Eliminate # from the following pairs of equations:
= c0s20 b x= tand, y= cot 20
20 x= 3005204 I, y=2sin?
a x=cosh,y=
sind, y
©® 10 Given that cos. = §, find the exact value of cos 2x.
® 11 Find the possible values of sin & when cos 20 = 35
® 12 Given that tan =}, and that ds acute,
a find the exact value of: i tan 20 ii sin 20 ili cos 20
b deduce the value of sin 40. eae UNC ean Cais
© 13 Given that cos A
a find the exact value of} i cos24— ii sina ili cosec24
j-and that A is obtuse,
b show that tan 24 = 4
Given that 7<0<
find the value of tan (4) when tan
2 (4 marks)
Given that cos.x + sin. = mand cos. ~ sin.x =n, where m and n are constants, write down,
in terms of m and n, the value of cos 2x. (4 marks)
16 In APOR, PO =3cm, PR=6cem, OR
a Use the cosine rule to show that cos 20 =
Sem and ZOPR=20
5
(3 marks)
b Hence find the exact value of sin @. (2 marks)
@®) 17 The line /, with equation y = jx, bisects the angle between the x-axis and the line y = mux, > 0
Given that the scales on each axis are the same, and that / makes an angle @ with the x-axis,
a write down the value of tan 4 (1mark)
show that m= (marks)
18 a Use the identity cos (4 + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B to show that cos24 = 2cos’A- 1
(marks)
The curves C, and C, have equations
Cry =4cos2x
Gry = 6c0s'x ~3sin 2x
b Show that the x-coordinates of the points where C, and C; intersect satisfy the equation
cos 2x + 3sin 2x (marks)
© 19 Use tha foot tat tan 24 w 257 fo derive ths GEDD se the identities forsin2a
formula for tan 24 in terms of tan 4. os a Cee
‘numerator and denominator by cost.
Solving trigonometric equations
You can use the addition and the double-angle formulae to help you solve trigonometric equations. Ca ate} Se aU a Le
Solve 4 cos (0 ~ 30°
4.2056
0 cos 30" + 4sin@ sin 30° = By2sind
v2 sind
= 6y2 sing 1
2/3 cos + 2sin@ = 8/2 sind
2V3 cos = Gy? - 2)sind
By2-2
tan = 0.3719,
= 204%, 2004
Solve 3¢0s 2x ~ cos.x +2-= 0 for 0° < x < 360°
Using a double angle formula for cos 2x
Bcos2x~cosx#2=0
becomes
32 cos*x - 1) - cosx+2=0
Gcos?x-3-cosx+2
Zsind in the range 0° < 0 < 360°. Round your answer to 1 decimal place
23 — = bond a aaa
= a
Choose the double-angle farmula for
05 2x which only involves cos x:
cos2x=2costx=1
This will give you a quadratic equation
incosx.
Gcos?x- cosx-1=0
So @cosx + IK2cosx
Solving 4 or cosx=t
109.5" cos"(3) = 60"
Sox = 60%, 108.5", 2505", 300° eae UNC ean
Cais
Le UL
ek)
answers to 2 decimal places.
Solve 2tan2y tany =3 for 0 = y = 2n. Give your
T= tay
Atanty= 3 = Sta0ty
7eanty = 3
taney = 3
tny= a3
y= 056, 2.56, 372, 5.70
em)
a By expanding sin (24 + 4) show that sin 3
b Hence, of otherwise, for 0 < 0.<2r, solve 16sin
terms of =.
2 LHS = sin3d = sin(2d + A)
= sin 2A cos + cos 2A sin
= @sind cos.A)cos A
+ (0 = Zein? A)sin A
= 2sind cos + sind - 2sin?A
= 2oin Atl = sin? A) + sind = Bont A
sind ~ sin? A+ sind — 2sinF A
= 3sind — 433d = RH
b 16sin?0- 12sind - 2/3 = 0
16 sin? 8 12sind = AS
4 sin 30 = 2S
3
sin30= ="
4% Sx 10x Mx 16m In
CaS aa eras
Sa 10m tx I
=3sind 4s
Cans
in A
39 — 12 sind - 23 =
aiving your answers in
Gets
‘The question says ‘hence’ so look for an
‘opportunity to use the identity you proved in
part a. You need to multiply both sides of the
identity by ~4, Cm arse} ea ee OMEN es
©® 1 Solve, in the interval 0° = 6 < 360°, the following equations. Give your answers to I d.p.
a 3cos@ = 2sin (0 + 60°) b sin(0 + 30°) +2sind =0
© cos(0) + 25°) + sin (0+ 65°) = 4 cos = 60s (0 + 60°)
(sin +.cos) (2marks)
2 a Show that sin (0+ 7
b Hence, or otherwise, solve the equation -1 (sin + 080) =-L, 0< 0 < 2x (4marks)
€ Use your answer to part b to write down the solutions to sin @ + cos = 1
over the same interval. (2 marks)
©® 3 a Solve the equation cos cos 30° ~ sind sin 30° = 0.5 for 0° < 6 = 360°
Hence write down, in the same interval, the solutions of V3 cos ~ sin # = 1
® 4 a Given that 3 sin (x - y) ~ sin(x + y) =0, show that tanx = 2tan y
b Solve 3sin(x ~ 45°) - sin(x + 45°) = 0 for 0° 0 and 0° < a < 90° (or 5) form Rcos (xa), and
where Rosa =a, Rsina = band R= Va? +b acosx—Bsin.xwill be
written in the forrn
Use the addition formulae to expand sin (x + a) or cos (x a), Reos (r+),
then equate coefficients. Cm aise} Se aU a Le
Show that you can express 3 sin x + 4os.x in the form:
a Rsin(x +a)
b Reos(x =a)
where R > 0, 0° 0,0 0, 0° 0, and the value of tan «.
2. Given that 13 sin 0 + v6 cos @ = 3c0s(0 ~ a), where 0° < a < 90°, find the value of «.
3. Given that 2sin 9 — V3 cos 0 = -3.c0s (0 + a), where 0° < a < 90°, find the value of a.
4 a Show that cos 0 ~ V3 sin can be written in the form Reos (0 + a). with R> Oand 0Oand 0° Oand 0° 0 and 0Oand 0? 0 and 0° Oand 0° 0-and 0° < a < 90°,
a find the value of R and the value of a. (marks)
b Hence solve the equation 12¢0s 29 ~ Ssin 20 = -6.5 for 0° << 180° (S marks)
€ Express 24cos? 4 — 10 sin 0 cos in the form acos 20 + bsin 20 + ¢, where a,b
and ¢ are constants to be found. (marks)
Hence, or otherwise, find the minimum value of 24 cos? - 10 sin 0 cos@ (2 marks)
G@ Proving trigonometric identities
You can use known trigonometric identities to prove other identities.
a Show that 2sin (4) cos(4) eos = 3 sin20
b Show that 1 + cos 4 = 2cos?20
vee aell) cl =
sind = 2sie(2)coo(8) |
Always be aware that the addition formulae can
= sind cos@ ———1 be altered by making a substitution.
22) cos(2) cos9
sin 20
2
= RHS
+ c0s40
= 14+ 2cas?20-1
2cos? 20
= RH
i eae UNC ean
2
Prove the identity tan26= yang
= 2tand
ue 1 tamed
Divide the numerator and denominator by
and.
So tan20 = —
Prove that V3 cos 40 + sin 40 = 2cos|
RHS = 20s (40 -
6
= 2cos4deos(£) + 2sin40sin(2)
= 2cos40(‘3) + 2snaa(2)
V3 cos 40 + sin40 = LHS
zx)
® 1 Prove the following identities:
cos 2A
208.4 + sind = COSA Sind
cos 20 _
© ap = ne
€ (sin? @ cos + cos 6 sind) = sin 2
2 cosec# ~ 2cot 28 cosé = 2sin#
sin 2x
‘cos 2x
Cais
Gru
Dividing the numerator and denominator by
{common term can be helpful when trying to
rearrange an expression into a required form.
Geta
‘Sometimes itis easier to begin with the RHS of
the identity.
sind ~ cos
secd=1
secd+1 mn aLaT} Se aU a Le
©® 2 Prove the identities:
cos sind _ cos(A +B)
a sin (A + 60°) + sin (4 ~ 60" ‘sinB cos B ~ sin BoosB
sin(x +) COHN
¢ +1 =cotxcot
eos.x cosy sinxsin y 7
© cos(0+ +4) f
g sin?(45° + 0) + sin?(45° - 0) = 1 h cos(d + B) cos (4 = B) = cos? A ~ sin? B
B®) 3 a Show that tan# + cot# = 2cosec 24 (3 marks)
b Hence find the value of tan 75° + cot 75° (2 marks)
3sin 6 cos? 6 ~ sin’ (B marks)
B®) 4 a Show that sin3
bb Show that cos 34 = cos? — 3sin?4 cos (marks)
© Hence, or otherwise, show that tan 39 = 2@n@= tan (Amarks)
1-3tan?@
Given that is acute and that cos 4 = 4, show that tan 30 = wee (marks)
5 a Using cos 2A = 2cos? 2sin? A, show that:
2/x) — Lt eos
1 oost( 2
b Given that cos = 0.6, and that @ is acute, write down the values of:
o a sin fii tan (2)
icos($) —sin(S) ——itvtan(4)
© Show that cost(4) = 403 + 4eos.d + c0s24)
P) 6 Show that cos‘@ = 3 + }cos 2 + Leos49. You must show each stage of your
working, (6 marks)
Prove that sin? (x +») = sin?( sin 2x sin2y (S marks)
Prove that cos 20 — /3 sin20 = 2cos (20+ 3) (4 marks)
€P) 9 Prove that 4cos (2 ~2) = 23 -4)3 sin? + 4sind cosé (4marks)
® 1 show en
a cos +sin
2sin(0+7) bb /3sin 20 - cos 20 = 2sin (20- ¢) eae UNC ean Cais
Challenge
1
‘a Show that cos 4 + B) ~ cos (A = B) = -2sin sin B
bb Hence show that cos P -c050'= -2sin("*2) sin(?= 2)
¢ Express 3 sin.x sin Zx as the difference of cosines.
2
2 a Provethat sin P+ sinQ=2sin(“*9) cos(#=9)
Ce
@®1
@®4
@®5
b Hence, or otherwise, show that 2sin [4.7]
:)
Without using a calculator, find the value of
1-an 5°
a sin 40° cos 10° ~ cos 40° sin 10 b ¢ TaaiSe
Given that sin
where vis acute and that cos(x ~ ») = sin y, show that tan y
5
The lines f and /, with equations y = 2v and 3y =.v— 1 respectively, are drawn on the same set,
of axes. Given that the scales are the same on both axes and that the angles /, and f; make with
the positive x-axis are A and B respectively,
a write down the value of tan A and the value of tan B
b without using your calculator, work out the acute angle between /; and fh.
In AABC, AB= Semand AC= dom, ZABC = (0 - 30°)and ZACB = (6 + 30°.
Using the sine rule, show that tan @ = 3y3
‘The first three terms of an arithmetic series are v3 cosé,
Find the value of 0.
in (9 — 30°) and sin@, where @ is acute.
‘Two of the angles, A and B, in AABC are such that tan A =3, tan B
a Find the exact value of: i sin(4 +B) ii tan2B.
b By writing Cas 180° ~ (4 + B), show that cos C
‘The angles x and y are acute angles such that sin x = = and cosy = 4
a Show that e
b Find the value of cos 2y,
© Show without using your calculator, that:
i tan(e+y)=7 airy ea ee OMEN es
©® 8 Given that sin x cosp
a show that sin (x+y) = Ssin (x=).
Given also that tan y = k, express in terms of kz
and cos x sin y = 4,
b tnx
© tan2x
9 a Given that /3sin20-+2sin*¢ = 1, show that tan 20 = 1 (2 marks)
b Hence solve, for 0 0 =, the equation /3 sin 20 + 2sin?9= (marks)
10 a Show that cos 24 = 5 sin may be written in the form asin?@ + bsind +
where a, 6 and ¢ are constants to be found. (marks)
b Hence solve, for —1 <0 = x, the equation cos 20 = Ssin@ (marks)
11a Given that 2sin.x = cos (x - 60°), show that tan x= 7 (4 marks)
b Hence solve, for 0° = x = 360°, 2sin x = cos (x ~ 60°), giving your answers to
| decimal place, (2 marks)
12. a Given that 4 sin (x + 70°) = cos (x + 20°), show that tan x= =5 tan 70° (4 marks)
b Hence solve, for 0° Oand0° Oand 0< a <5, find:
a the value of R and the value of a, to 2 decimal places (4 marks)
b the maximum value of 14cos? 4+ 48sin@ cos (1 mark)
€ Solve the equation 7 cos 26 + 24sin 24 = 12.5, for 0 <4 < x, giving your answers to
2 decimal places. (S marks)
18 a Express 1.5sin 2x + 2.cos 20 in the form Rsin (2x + a), where R>Oand 0 Oand 0° 0 forall
values of x, 2-2 @
© Show that f(x) > 0 forall values
of x. =2 ®
«Pure 3 Section 1.1
Given that 3
find the values of d,e and f. @
€ Pure3 Section 1.2
Solve the inequality x +31> 7-2 @)
+ Pure 3 Sect
‘The function p(x) is defined by
ayeSx<-2
PO ted 2
a Sketch p(x), stating its range, a)
b Find the exact values of a such that
pla) = -20 a
‘€Pure3 Section 2.2
‘The functions p and q are defined by
1
PW) = GER NA+
ax) =2x-5,xER
a Find an expression for qp(x) in the
ax+b
form 8
b Solve qp(x) = 15 @)
Let r(x) = qpta)
¢ Find r(x), stating its domain, (3)
«Pure 3 Sections 2.3, 2.6
The functions f and g are defined by:
+2
fxs tt verre
gx InQx-5).xe Rx >F
a Sketch the graph of f. @)
b Show that (a) = 42 ®
© Find the exact value of gf (4) @
Find g(x), stating its domain. eB)
Pure Sections 2.3,2.4
‘The functions p and q are defined by:
pO) =3x+hxER
QQ) = 1-28, xER
Given that pq(x
a show that b= @
bb find p-\(x) and g(x) @
show that >
pq) = qtptay= 2", where
a, band c are integers to be found. (4)
‘© Pure3 Sections 23,24
The figure shows the graph of
f(a), 5 S05
‘The point (2, 4) is the maximum.
turning point of the graph, Sketch, on separate diagrams, the graphs of:
oy
@
2
Show on cach graph the coordinates of
any maximum turning points,
4 Pure 3 Sections2.5,2.6
‘The function h is defined by
hiv 2x 3P-8, xR
a Draw a sketch of y = h(x), labelling
the turning points and the x- and
srintercepts.
b Write down the coordinates of the
turning points on the graphs with
@)
equations:
i y=3h(x+2) @
ii y=hi—9) @
y= [hoo] @)
€ Sketch the curve with equation
y= h(-Iy). On your sketch, show the
coordinates of all turning points and
all x- and y-intercepts. @
«Pure 3 Sections 2.5, 2.6
‘The diagram shows a sketch of the graph
of y=fod.
The curve has a minimum at the point
A(L, -1), passes through the x-axis at
the origin, and the points B (2, 0) and
(5, 0); the asymptotes have equations
and y= 2.
& 2
fala estat
a Sketch, on separate axes, the graphs of:
iy=lfool @)
y=-fle +1) @)
ily = f(-2x) @)
in each case, showing the images of the
points 4, Band C.
b State the number of solutions to each
equation:
i 309) @
ii 2Ifo9) @
‘€ Pure 3 Sections 2.6, 2.7
‘The diagram shows a sketch of part of
the graph y= q(x), where
g(x) = Hx B-3,6<0
The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, 3}
a Find the value of b. @)
b Find the coordinates of A and B. (3)
© Solve q(x) =—$x +5 6)
& Pure 3 Section 2.7
The funetion fis defined by
fi) = Fe +448, xER
‘The diagram shows a sketch of the graph
fo).
a State the range of f, a
b Give a reason why f-!(x) does not
exist. a
€ Solve the inequality ffx) >2x+4 (6) Palast as
@ State the range of values of & for which 17 a Prove that
the equation f(x) = $x +k has no sind | cos .
a = 2cosec20,4# 900° 3)
solutions. @ 2080 sing = “SO "
+ Pure 3 Section2.7 b Sketch the graph of wee 20 for
oy 0° <0 < 360" @
(2)j14| a Sketch, in the interval —2n @ a express a in terms of b @
Show that
b_ Hence solve, in the interval 0 = x= 4,
cosx
@
+ Pure 3 Section 3.4
@
Pure 3 Section 3.3 & a
@®2
© 3
Given that
aresin.x, “1S 1, =
a express arvcos x in terms of y.
<3
@
b Hence find, in terms of zr, the value of
resin x + arccos.x a
+ Pure 3 Section3.5
a Prove that, for. > 1,
1
arceos
wesin.
¥ @
b Explain why this identity is not true for
O 0
and 0 pages 105-108,
aphs > pages 103-105
© Describe and use the natural logarithm function > pages 108-110
Use logarithms to estimate the values of constants in
non-linear models “> pages 110-116
Use and interpret models that use exponential functions
~ pages 116-118
Gaacice stad
1 Given that x =3 and
using a calculator:
ass by ¢ 21 dT e 11
+ International GCSE Mathematics
2. Simplify these expressions, writing each answer as a single power: ay a
a6s@ bypei% € aa Radioactive atoms contain
pe an excess of energy in their
aie cst Hathematiz) nucleus (ie. more energy than
3 Plot the following data on a scatter graph ne
and draw a line of best fit they release this excess energy
pe [2] 2 [35 * [se as alpha, beta or gamma
radiation. The time it takes a
l radioactive atom to decrease
Determine the gradient and j~intercept of your line of best fit es to half ts original value is
1, evaluate these expressions without
58 | 74 | 94 | 103 [128
giving your answers to 1 decimal place. called the half-life. This is an
+ International GCSE Mathematics exponential decay. ‘ EXPONENTIALS AND LOGARITHMS. Crary
@® Exponential functions
Functions of the form f(x) = a', where a is @ constant, are called exponential functions
You should become familiar with these functions and the shapes of their graphs.
For example, look at a table of values of y = 2 (Notation ae
Pl 2 [272 [0,1 [2] 3 | ~ weenbeclled anintex, a power
se Eee bes) (eraterranent
The value of 2" tends toward 0 as x decreases,
and grows without lenle as Increases Recall that 2°=1 and that
The graph of y & Pure 1 Section 1.6
isa smooth curve that looks like this:
tg
a f= |
E
a On the same axes, sketch the graphs of y =3*, y= 2° and y= 1.5"
3)° and y = 2
When x > 0, 3°> 2" > 15"
When x < 0,3" <2" < 15"
b On another set of axes, sketch the graphs of
3-2 rasa} EXPONENTIALS AND LOGARITHMS
Gx
Sketch the graph of » = (4)" "and give the coordinates of the point where the graph crosses the y-axis.
<3) Gece
graph is a translation of the graph If you have to sketch the graph of an unfamiliar
function, try writing its a transformation of a
familiar function, ‘© Pure 1 Section 4.4
3)" by the vector (2)
The graph crosses the y-axis when
eae B18
EID reeves
1a Draw an accurate graph of y= (1.7)' for—4-= x54
1b Use your graph to solve the equation (1.7)'= 4
2a Draw an accurate graph of y= (0.6)' for 4x <4
b Use your graph to solve the equation (0.6) = 2
3 Sketch the graph of y
© 4 Foreach of these statements, decide whether itis true or false, justifying your answer or offering
a counter-example.
a The graph of y =a passes through (0, 1) for all positive real numbers «.
b The function f(x) = a’ is always an increasing function for a > 0
© The graph of y =a", where a is a positive real number, never crosses the x-axis.
5 The function f(x) is defined as f(x) = 3°, x € F. On the same axes, sketch the graphs of:
a y=fx) b y= 2x) © yafiy-4
Write down the coordinates of the point where each graph crosses the y-axis, and give the
‘equations of any asymptotes.
© 6 The graph of » = ka* passes through the Substitute the coordinates into y = ka® to
points (1, 6) and (4, 48). Find the values create two simultaneous equations. Use division
of the constants & and a. to eliminate one of the two unknowns. EXPONENTIALS AND LOGARITHMS. Crary
7 The graph of » = pq* passes through the points (-3, 150) and (2, 0.048)
a By drawing a skeich or otherwise, explain why 0
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