Tourism and Hospitality Components drainage systems, and other constructed

facilities such as highways, airports, railroads,

The travel industry is a tourism and hospitality
network, which includes both the public and 3. Superstructure — is the above ground facility
private sectors. Gee, Choy, and Makens (1997) services such as airport buildings, passenger
define the travel industry as “the composite of traffic terminals, hotels, motels, resorts,
organizations, both private and public, that are restaurants, shopping centers, places of
involved in the development, production, and entertainment, museums, stores, and similar
marketing of products and services to serve the structures;
needs of the travelers.”
4. Transportation and transportation
Category 1 equipment — include items such as ships,
Travel Agency airplanes, trains, buses, limousines, taxis,
Hotel automobiles, cog railways, aerial tramway, and
Retail Shops similar passenger transportation facilities;
Restaurants
Airlines 5. Hospitality resources — include the cultural
Ground Transportation wealth of an area which makes as, possible the
successful hosting of tourists. residents toward
Category 2 1e visitors, courtesy, friendliness, sincere
Contract Food Services interest, willingness to serve and to get better
Contract Laundry acquainted with visitors, and other
Food Suppliers manifestations of warmth and friendliness.
Tour Organizers
Travel Publications Natural Resources

The natural resources of a destination area

Category 3 provide an excellent asset to sell to tourists. The
Planners physical characteristics of an area can be
Government Agencies generalized as natural scenery, climate, and
Financial Institutions environment.
Real Estate Developers
Educational and Vocational Training Institution Infrastructure
• Water
Tourism and Hospitality Supply Components • Power
• Communication
1. Natural resources ~ include elements in an • Sewage/Drainage
area for the use and enjoyment of visitors such • Healthcare
as climate, landforms, terrain, flora, fauna, • Streets/highways
bodies of water, beaches, natural beauty, and • Transportation
water supply for drinking, sanitation, and similar 1. General
uses; 2. Air
3. Rail
2. Infrastructure — consists of all underground
and surface developmental construction such as 4. Bus
water supply systems, sewage disposal systems,
gasoline, electrical and communications systems,
Security - while on vacation, tourists are in an Transportation/Land Travel
unfamiliar environment. Because of this, the 1. Taxi and Limousine Service
need for assurance regarding their safety is Adequate taxi and limousine services are
important. important in a tourist area. Taxis should have
removable and washable seat covers so that they
Hospitality resources - refer to the general will present a clean appearance to the passenger.
feeling of the welcomed that the visitors receive
while visiting a destination area. 2. Bus Service
Tour buses should have large windows,
Hospitality training - aims to motivate service comfortable seats, air-conditioning units, and
providers to be hospitable in dealing with restroom facilities.
tourists. It is assumed that providing more
hospitable services will result in a more satisfied 3. Rail Services
tourist The majority of seasoned travelers prefer to
travel by train because of its safety record and
Attitude Toward Self- If an individual’s self- the convenience and satisfaction of viewing the
esteem or attitude toward self is low, that scenery from a comfortable air-conditioned car.
individual will tend to behave in such a way that
the feedback from others will confirm the low Air Travel
opinion of himself. Porter service is important at air terminals. The
porters’ helpful behavior and attitude are
Attitude Toward Others - The second aspect is essential and their training and supervision
the attitude toward others. Service providers should be adequate.
should be assisted in developing positive feelings
toward fellow employees and tourists that will Sea Travel
result in positive behavior toward the tourists. Sea travel is a major factor in tourism and
hospitality. Examples of these are the Manila
Attitude Toward the Tourism and Hospitality Bay Sunset Cruise in the Philippines, the Miami
Industry -The third aspect of a positive attitude Cruise in Florida, the Rhine River Cruise in
as service providers toward tourists can be Germany, and the Canal Cruise in Holland.
brought about only when employees are made
aware of how important tourism and hospitality Superstructure
are to their county, city, and community.
Accommodation- While away from home, the
Community Awareness Programs - Although the tourist needs to eat and sleep. Sleeping
tourists are most directly affected by the degree accommodations range from hotels of
of hospitality shown by service providers, the international standards and condominiums to
overall feeling of being welcomed within a campgrounds and the homes of relatives and
community will also enhance or detract from the friends.
vacation experience.
Types of Accommodations 9. Hostels — provide minimal amenities such as
a bunk bed and a commonly shared toilet and
1. Hotels — provide accommodation, meals, and bathroom. The traveler provides his or her own
refreshments for those who may reserve their bedding.
accommodations in advance but need not do so
10. Campgrounds — appeal mostly to families
2. Condominium —an apartment or individual who travel in recreational vehicles (RVs);
dwelling unit owned by an individual but the
management and services, such as maintenance 11. Health spas — are hostels and resorts which
and security, are handled by an independent cater to individuals who go to spas or mineral
company. springs for weight reduction or medical
treatment;
3. Motels or motor hotels — provide bedrooms,
baths, and parking to motorists; rooms are 12. Private homes — provide lodging to tourists
usually accessible from the parking lot. They are when accommodations are not available during
usually near the highways; peak periods.

4. Inns — are lodging establishments catering to

transients that do not meet the minimum Hotel Classifications
requirement of an economy hotel; There are different ways of classifying hotels.
One way is by location, such as city center,
5. Apartments — are hotels (apartelles), suburban, airport, highway, and resorts. Another
buildings, or edifices containing several way is by types of guests, such as commercial,
independent and furnished or semi-furnished convention, and resort.
apartments that are regularly leased to tourists
and travelers for dwelling, Food and Beverage
More of the tourist dollar is spent on food and
6. Paradores — are old convents, monasteries, beverage than on any other service. Countries
castles, or fortresses converted into hotels by the which are highest in per capita eating places and
government and operated by a national tourism sales are also top tourist countries.
office. First-class paradores are found in Spain
and Ireland.

7. Pensions —private or family-operated tourist

accommodations similar to boarding houses or
guesthouses. They offer food and lodging to
tourists and are well-known for their informal
family atmosphere;

8. Bed-and-breakfast accommodations - provide

a room, bath, and a hearty breakfast to tourists
and/or travelers.
Agency–Supplier Relationship OUTBOUND TOUR OPERATOR
-The outbound tour operator will craft ideal
SUPPLIERS BY TYPE OF AGENCY itineraries and sell those itineraries to individuals
or groups as a packaged product.
FOR RETAIL TRAVEL AGENCIES -
their suppliers, in terms of products, will be DESTINATION MANAGEMENT COMPANY (DMC)
mainly local wholesale agencies, located in their -A DMC is a company that sells and packages
outbound market, that provide them with solutions within their destination.
structured services. -DMCs get rates from their suppliers for products
which they then package and sell to operators,
FOR WHOLESALE TRAVEL AGENCIES – advisors, or even directly to the consumer.
dedicated to tour planning, their product
suppliers will be destination tour operators, LOCAL SUPPLIERS
hotel chains, and major outfitters, such as bed -In the growing and ever-changing world of travel
banks. there are many businesses that offer services on
the ground for travel experiences.
SUPPLIERS OF A TRAVEL AGENCY -Local communities are an important part of the
• AIRLINES travel experience and DMCs’ relationships with
• HOTELS and connections to these communities are
• CRUISE COMPANIES important.
• CAR RENTAL COMPANIES
• EXCURSION PROVIDERS ONLINE TRAVEL AGENCIES (OTAS) / WEB-BASED
• TRAVEL INSURANCE COMPANIES MARKETPLACE
• WHOLESALE COMPANIES -OTAs are best known for selling flights, hotels,
• ATTRACTIONS OR ENTERTAINMENT and cars.
COMPANIES -OTAs curate products from the DMC and directly
connect the DMC with the consumer.
SUPPLIER - A supplier is an entity that provides
goods and services to another organization. ANCILLARY TOURISM SERVICE

CONSUMER - The consumer travels to the • Services that derive much of their revenue
destination and experiences the travel product. from tourism and yet are clearly not part of the
When a consumer books a trip “direct” with a industry is called ancillary services.
local supplier or operator
Services To the Tourist
TRAVEL ADVISOR - The travel advisor is a curator • Guides: frequently known as retained by
of a personalized experience for a consumer. The principals for their expertise in general or
travel advisor’s unique role is to understand the specialist subjects
needs of their clients and to know the depths of – Qualified guides: who have professional
the travel market qualifications to operate. E.g., Blue Badge
– Amateur guides without qualifications: Mainly
used to cut costs
– Driver who is also a guide: Who operates on a Foreign Transactions
freelance basis, taking up to four individuals on • Travelers can pay for services and goods while
tour in their own vehicle abroad by;
– Taking foreign bank notes with them
Couriers – Taking traveler’s cheques
– Employed by coach companies or tour – Arranging the advance transfer of funds to a
operators specified foreign bank
– They supervise groups of tourists who – Using travel vouchers
participate in – Using credit cards or charge cards
tours – Travel money cards
– Acts as a source of information
– Also known as tour escorts, tour leaders, tour Incentive Travel Vouchers
managers, or tour directors These are provided by companies to the
– A driver who is also a courier may take the employees or dealers with attractive travel
responsibility of both driving and looking after packages as rewards for achievements
the passengers
Duty-free Shopping
Courier vs Guide The purchase of duty-free goods at airports, on
• Attached more importance to their social and board ships, and at airports
people management functions.
• Stress on imparting information as the most Services To the Suppliers
important function of their job. • Education and training:
– Earlier most employees of travel agencies, tour
Animateur operators, and hotels were trained on the job,
• Members of the industry who entertain often by observing supervisors at work
tourists.
– Street entertainers, jugglers, acrobats, fire- The Trade Press
Eaters, living sculptures, etc. -These are journals covering both social and
– Evening entertainers on stage commercial activities
– Sports instructors -They provide the heaviest concentration of
– Cartoon characters in Disney land advertisements for jobs in the industry
Financial Services
• Insurance: a very important aspect of a tourist’s
travel arrangements which covers the following Hotel Guide Books
contingencies: • Hotel guidebooks have always served the
– Medical care and hospitalization needs of both the trade and the public
– Personal accidents – Independent guides
– Cancellation or curtailment of the holiday – Paid entry guide
– Delayed departure – Registration guides
– Baggage loss or delay
– Money loss Travel Guide Books
• Travel guidebooks are enjoying huge popularity
as more and more holidaymakers travel further
Marketing Services INTERNATIONAL TOURISM ORGANIZATIONS
-Tourism Consultants Since tourism is a diverse industry made up of
-Representative Agencies many different segments, there is a need to
-Advertising and Promotional Agencies interrelate and share information
-Technical Services
World Tourism Organization (WTO)
Tourism Consultants
Management and marketing consultants offer Memberships are available at three levels:
advice to companies on the organization and -Full members are sovereign states
operation of their business. -Associate members are a group of territories not
responsible for their external relations
Representative Agencies -Affiliate members are international bodies
• For a royalty on sales, these organizations act concerned with specialized interests in tourism
as general sales agents for a company within a as well as commercial and non-commercial
defined territory. bodies and associations whose activities are
• A valuable service for smaller companies related to the aims of the WTO
seeking representation abroad. -September 27 – World Tourism Day Madrid,
Spain – headquarters of WTO
Advertising And Promotional Agencies
• Do much more than design advertisements and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
place them in the media.
• Involved in the entire marketing strategy of the -ICAO standardizes machine-readable passports
company and biometric passports worldwide
• Design brochures for the studios -Issues airport and airline code systems (4 letter
• Use of technology in the promotion code for airport, 3 letter code for airlines)
-RPLL – Ninoy Aquino Int’l Airport
Technical Services -PAL – Philippine Airlines
• Purpose-made systems for the tourism -Montreal, Canada – Headquarters of ICAO
business -Raymond Benjamin – Secretary-General
• Deals with travel information, accounting, (French)
management, -November 1944
• Network allows agents to access the principal's
computer reservation system
-First Freedom
The Future of Ancillary Services The right or privilege, in respect of scheduled
• Role of tour guides is becoming important. international services, granted by one State to
• Technology replaces tour guides in giving another State(s) to fly across its territory without
information. Walking tours can be downloaded landing.
onto MP3 players
• Tourists still seek out ‘low-tech’ experiences -Second Freedom
where their interaction with humans is a main the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled
attraction. international services, granted by one State to
another State(s) to land in its territory for non-
traffic purposes
-Third Freedom -Region 2 – Europe, West Asia, and Africa
the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled -Region 3 – Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and
international services, granted by one State to islands on the Pacific Ocean
another State to put down, in the territory of the
first State, traffic coming from the home State of World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC)
the carrier -Forum for business leaders in the travel and
tourism industry.
-Fourth Freedom -WTTC works to raise awareness of the full
the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled economic and social impact and potential of the
international services, granted by one State to travel and tourism industry.
another State to take on, in the territory of the -Leader in travel and tourism research
first State, traffic destined for the home State of -London, United Kingdom – Headquarters
the carrier
Regional Organizations
Freedoms of the Air -Some countries and regions feel that it is
important to bond together to strengthen their
-Fifth Freedom respective tourism programs
The right or privilege, in respect of scheduled -These organizations have become excellent
international services, granted by one State to sources of information
another to put down and take on, in the territory
of the first State, traffic coming from or destined Caribbean Tourism Organization
for a third State -CTO
-Provides leadership for tourism organizations in
International Maritime Organization (IMO) the Caribbean region
-Introduced SOLAS, an international maritime -Headquarters in Barbados
safety treaty -Mission is to provide, to and through its
-London, United Kingdom – Headquarters of IMO member the services and information needed for
-Thimio E. Mitropoulos – Secretary-General the development of sustainable tourism for the
(Greek) economic and social benefit of the Caribbean
people

International Air Transport Association (IATA) Pacific Asia Travel Association

-An international trade group of airlines -PATA
-Havana, Cuba (April 1945) -1951
-IATA’s mission is to represent, lead, and serve -Needed a pioneer to connect nations with travel
the airline industry being the common bond
-IATA simplifies the travel and shipping process
while keeping costs down. European Travel Commission
-Montreal, Canada – Headquarters of IATA -ETC
-IATA assigns 3-letter airport codes and 2- -1948
letter airline codes used worldwide -Goal is to attract overseas customers to the
-IATA divided the world into three regions European market
for fare calculations -Responsible for the worldwide promotion
-Region1 –south, central, and North America overseas of Europe as a tourist destination
Organization for Economic Cooperation and TIEZA/PTA manages the establishments
Development -Banaue Hotel and Youth Hostel
-Paris, Dec. 14, 1960 -Club Intramuros Golf Course
-An international organization assisting -Hilaga/Paskuhan Village
governments in the domains of economic, social, -PTA Tent (Clamshelter 2)
and governance challenges of a globalized -Intramuros light and sound museum
economy such as democratic governance and -MacArthur Park Beach Resort
the market economy -Balicasag Island Dive Resort
-Zamboanga Golf Course and Beach Park
Tourism at the national level -Gardens of Malasag Mountain Resort
-The government plays an important role in
formulating policy to guide tourism development Philippine Convention and Visitors Corporation
and promotion in line with other national Tourism Promotions Board (TPB)
economic and social objectives -Nonstock, nonprofit corporation/ EO 867
-Cover not only the marketing of conventions
Employment and training – determining and incentive travel but also general tourism
manpower needs, developing tourism training
programs Intramuros Administration
Coordinating public and private sectors –
determining roles in mixed economics -PD 1616 as amended by PD 1748
-Formulate, coordinate, and execute policies on
National Tourism Office (NTO) the implementation of all programs, projects,
-Countries that are visited by tourists have an and activities of the government relating to
official organization that regulates and Intramuros
encourages tourist activities -Enter into contracts with any private persons or
-Its importance varies from country to Country entities or any government agency, either
domestic or foreign, for the effective discharge of
DOT its function and responsibilities
-Is the primary government agency charged with -Tasked with the orderly restoration and
the responsibility to encourage, promote, and development of Intramuros as a monument to
develop tourism as a major socioeconomic the Hispanic period of Philippine history.
activity; to generate foreign currency and -It ensures that the general appearance of
employment; Intramuros shall conform to Philippine-Spanish
-Secretary of Tourism (head) architecture of the 16th to 19th century
-Assistant secretary for internal services and
legislative liaison – responsible for the legal National Parks Development Committee
service, administrative service as well as the -January 14, 1963, by virtue of EO 30
financial and management service -An attached agency of the DOT
-Undersecretary for planning, product Undertake the development of new parks
development and coordination- responsible for ◦ Upgrade and maintain park facilities
the Office of tourism development planning, ◦ Develop and operate cultural and educational
office of product research and Development as programs
well as the Office of Tourism coordination
◦ Facilitate private sector participation in Professional Tourism Organization
appropriate aspects of parks development 1. World Association of Professional
maintenance Training in Tourism- vocational training
2. Council on Hotel, Restaurant, and
National Parks Development Committee (NPDC) Institutional Education – nonprofit
-Established primarily for the purpose of association for schools, colleges, and
developing and maintaining assigned parks universities offering hotel and restaurant
specifically Luneta, Paco Park, Pook ni Maria management, food service
Makiling Park and Burnham Park management, and culinary arts
-T.M. Kalaw St. Rizal Park – Headquarters 3. Association of Travel Marketing
Executives- nonprofit research and
Nayong Pilipino educational organization of individual
-Attached to DOT in 1991 by virtue of EO 497 travel marketing executives
-The only tourist complex showcasing the many 4. Society of Travel and Tourism
primary attractions and scenic places in the Educators- increase professional
Philippines knowledge through interaction with all
levels of travel and tourism educators
The United States Travel Data Center is – an 5. Philippine Travel Agencies Association
independent, nonprofit research and (PTAA) – 1979; aims to foster unity in the
educational organization that aims to improve travel industry to promote the welfare of
the quality and range of statistical data its member and the traveling public
describing travel and tourism
Tourism Organization in the Philippines
Travel Industry Association of America- The Hotel and Restaurant Association of the
nonprofit association of companies and Philippines –(HRAP-1952); upgrade the
government organizations which were formed to management skills and personnel services to
promote travel to and within the United States maintain proper standards at home as well as
keep abreast with progressive trends abroad
Professional Tourism Organization- promote a
very favorable tourism climate Tourism Educators of Schools, Colleges and
Universities (TESCU)-is a bona fide organization
Travel and Tourism Research Association- travel of tourism educators; training and develop
research students for a productive and a meaningful
career in tourism; closer relationship between
American Society of Travel Agents – the largest industry and educators
travel association in the US
Council of Hotel and Restaurant Educators of
Universal Federation of Travel Agents the Philippines (COHREP)- generate a wide
Association –to acts as negotiating body for the acquaintance and closer cooperation among
various branches of the tourism and travel those interested in hotel and restaurant
industries on behalf of travel agents education; support culture of hospitality that
embodies the value system, ethics, and morals of
a hospitality educator
Philippine Association of Conventions/
Exhibitions
1. Organizations and Suppliers Inc. (PACEOS)
2. Network of independent travel agencies
3. Movement of incentive travel executives
4. Guides, Inc. (Phil)
6. The Association of Administrators in
Hospitality, Hotel, and Restaurant Management
Educational Institutions (AAHRMEI) –establish
linkages among different schools nationwide for
the advancement of the quality and relevant
education; initiate programs and activities that
are necessary for the total development of
administrators, faculty members, practitioners
and students