AoPS Community Russian TST 2016

www.artofproblemsolving.com/community/c3333100
by oVlad, quangminhltv99, Radar, ThE-dArK-lOrD, va2010, buzzychaoz, Kent Merryfield, parmenides51

Days 1-6 Unavailable

Day 7 June 7, 2016

P1 Find all x, y, z ∈ Z+ such that

(x − y)(y − z)(z − x) = x + y + z

P2 A family of sets F is called perfect if the following condition holds: For every triple of sets
X1 , X2 , X3 ∈ F , at least one of the sets

(X1 \ X2 ) ∩ X3 ,

(X2 \ X1 ) ∩ X3
is empty. Show that if F is a perfect family consisting of some subsets of a given finite set U ,
then |F | ≤ |U | + 1.
Proposed by Micha l Pilipczuk

P3 Two circles, ω1 and ω2 , centered at O1 and O2 , respectively, meet at points A and B. A line through
B meet ω1 again at C, and ω2 again at D. The tangents to ω1 and ω2 at C and D, respectively,
meet at E, and the line AE meets the circle ω through A, O1 , O2 again at F . Prove that the length
of the segment EF is equal to the diameter of ω.

P4 A regular n-gon and a regular m-gon with distinct vertices are inscribed in the same circle. The
vertices of these polygons divide the circle into n + m arcs. Is it always possible to inscribe an
(n + m)-gon in the same circle so that exactly one of its vertices is on each of these arcs?

Day 8 June 16 (Group NG)

P1 For which even natural numbers d does there exists a constant λ > 0 such that any reduced
polynomial f (x) of degree d with integer coefficients that does not have real roots satisfies the
inequality f (x) > λ for all real numbers?

P2 For a finite set A of positive integers, a partition of A into two disjoint nonempty subsets A1 and
A2 is good if the least common multiple of the elements in A1 is equal to the greatest common

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divisor of the elements in A2 . Determine the minimum value of n such that there exists a set of
n positive integers with exactly 2015 good partitions.

P3 Prove that for any points A, B, C, D in the plane, the following inequality holds
AB BC AC
+ ⩾ .
DA + DB DB + DC DA + DC

Day 8 June 16 (Groups A & B)

P1 There are 100 saucers in a circle. Two people take turns putting marmalade of various colors in
empty saucers. The first person can choose one or three empty saucers and fill each of them
with marmalade of arbitrary color. The second one can choose one empty saucer and fill it with
marmalade of arbitrary color.
There should not be two adjacent saucers with marmalade of the same color. The game ends
when all the saucers are filled. The loser is the last player to introduce a new color of marmalade
into the game. Who has a winning strategy?

P2 The same as P1 from Day 8, Group NG

P3 Two circles ω1 and ω2 intersecting at points X and Y are inside the circle Ω and touch it at points
A and B, respectively; the segments AB and XY intersect. The line AB intersects the circles
ω1 and ω2 again at points C and D, respectively. The circle inscribed in the curved triangle CDX
touches the side CD at the point Z. Prove that XZ is a bisector of ∠AXB.

P4 The same as P2 from Day 8, Group NG

Day 9 June 17, 2016 (Group NG)

P1 Several people came to the congress, each of whom has a certain number of tattoos on both
hands. There are n types of tattoos, and each of the n types is found on the hands of at least
k people. For which pairs (n, k) is it always possible for each participant to raise one of their
hands so that all n types of tattoos are present on the raised hands?

P2 ABCDEF is a cyclic hexagon with AB = BC = CD = DE. K is a point on segment AE

satisfying ∠BKC = ∠KF E, ∠CKD = ∠KF A. Prove that KC = KF .

P3 Let 2Z + 1 denote the set of odd integers. Find all functions f : Z 7→ 2Z + 1 satisfying

f (x + f (x) + y) + f (x − f (x) − y) = f (x + y) + f (x − y)

for every x, y ∈ Z.

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AoPS Community Russian TST 2016

Day 9 June 17, 2016 (Groups A & B)

P1 The positive numbers a, b, c are such that a2 < 16bc, b2 < 16ca and c2 < 16ab. Prove that

a2 + b2 + c2 < 2(ab + bc + ca).

P2 The same as P2 from Day 9, Group NG

P3 The same as P2 from Day 9, Group NG

P4 The same as P3 from Day 9, Group NG

Day 10 June 23, 2016 (Group NG)

P1 Find all natural n such that for every natural a that is mutually prime with n, the number an − 1
is divisible by 2n2 .

P2 Let x, y, z be positive real numbers. Prove that

 
1 1 1 5
(xy + yz + zx) + + > .
x2 + y 2 y 2 + z 2 z 2 + x2 2

P3 The diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD intersect at P , and there exist a circle Γ tangent
to the extensions of AB, BC, AD, DC at X, Y, Z, T respectively. Circle Ω passes through points
A, B, and is externally tangent to circle Γ at S. Prove that SP ⊥ ST .

Day 10 June 23, 2016 (Group A)

P1 Let a and b be natural numbers greater than one. Let n be a natural number for which a | 2n − 1
and b | 2n + 1. Prove that there is no natural k such that a | 2k + 1 and b | 2k − 1.

P2 An Olympiad has 99 tasks. Several participants of the Olympiad are standing in a circle. They all
solved different sets of tasks. Any two participants standing side by side do not have a common
solved problem, but have a common unsolved one. Prove that the number of participants in the
circle does not exceed  
99 99
2 − .
50

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AoPS Community Russian TST 2016

P3 Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that a2 + b2 + c2 ⩾ 3. Prove that

a2 b2 c2 3
2
+ 2
+ 2
⩾ .
a+b b+c c+a 2

P4 The same as P3 from Day 10, Group NG

Day 10 June 23, 2016 (Group B)

P1 The circles ω1 and ω2 intersect at K and L. The line ℓ touches the circles ω1 and ω2 at the points
X and Y , respectively. The point K lies inside the triangle XY L. The line XK intersects ω2 a
second time at the point Z. Prove that LY is the bisector of the angle XLZ.

P2 The same as P1 from Day 10, Group A

P3 The same as P2 from Day 10, Group A

P4 The same as P3 from Day 10, Group A

Day 11 June 24, 2016 (Group NG)

P1 In the cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, the diagonal BD is divided in half by the diagonal AC. The
points E, F, G and H are the midpoints of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA respectively. Let P =
AD∩BC and Q = AB ∩CD. The bisectors of the angles AP C and AQC intersect the segments
EG and F H at the points X and Y respectively. Prove that XY ∥ BD.

P2 Let q be an odd positive integer, and let Nq denote the number of integers a such that 0 < a < q/4
and gcd(a, q) = 1. Show that Nq is odd if and only if q is of the form pk with k a positive integer
and p a prime congruent to 5 or 7 modulo 8.

P3 A simple graph has N vertices and less than 3(N − 1)/2 edges. Prove that its vertices can be
divided into two non-empty groups so that each vertex has at most one neighbor in the group it
doesn’t belong to.

Day 11 June 24, 2016 (Group A)

P1 A cyclic quadrilateral ABCD is given. Let I and J be the centers of circles inscribed in the
triangles ABC and ADC. It turns out that the points B, I, J, D lie on the same circle. Prove that
the quadrilateral ABCD is tangential.

P2 Prove that
21 22 22016
1+ + + · · · + > 0.
1 − 21 (1 − 21 )(1 − 22 ) (1 − 21 ) · · · (1 − 22016 )

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AoPS Community Russian TST 2016

P3 The same as P2 from Day 11, Group NG

P4 The same as P3 from Day 11, Group NG

Day 11 June 24, 2016 (Group B)

P1 The infinite checkered plane is divided into dominoes. If we move any horizontal domino of the
partition by 49 cells to the right or left, we will also get a domino of the partition. If we move
any vertical domino of the partition up or down by 49 cells, we will also get a domino of the
partition. Can this happen?

P2 The same as P1 from Day 11, Group A

P3 The same as P2 from Day 11, Group A

P4 The same as P2 from Day 11, Group NG

Day 12 June 29, 2016

P1 101 blue and 101 red points are selected on the plane, and no three lie on one straight line. The
sum of the pairwise distances between the red points is 1 (that is, the sum of the lengths of the
segments with ends at red points), the sum of the pairwise distances between the blue ones
is also 1, and the sum of the lengths of the segments with the ends of different colors is 400.
Prove that you can draw a straight line separating everything red dots from all blue ones.

P2 Prove that a function f : R+ → R satisfies

 
1 1
f (x + y) − f (x) − f (y) = f +
x y

if and only if it satisfies f (xy) = f (x) + f (y).

P3 The scalene triangle ABC has incenter I and circumcenter O. The points BA and CA are the
projections of the points B and C onto the line AI. A circle with a diameter BA CA intersects the
line BC at the points KA and LA .
-Prove that the circumcircle of the triangle AKA LA touches the incircle of the triangle ABC at
some point TA .
-Define the points TB and TC analogously. Prove that the lines ATA , BTB and CTC intersect on
the line OI.

Day 13 June 30, 2016

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AoPS Community Russian TST 2016

P1 The squares ABCD and AXY Z are given. It turns out that CDXY is a cyclic quadrilateral
inscribed in the circle Ω, and the points A, B and Z lie inside this circle. Prove that either AB =
AX or AC ⊥ XY .

P2 In a class, there are n children of different heights. Denote by A the number of ways to arrange
them all in a row, numbered 1, 2, . . . , n from left to right, so that each person with an odd number
is shorter than each of his neighbors. Let B be the number of ways to organize n − 1 badminton
games between these children so that everyone plays at most two games with children shorter
than himself and at most one game with children taller than himself (the order of the games is
not important). Prove that A = B.

P3 Prove that any rational number can be represented as a product of four rational numbers whose sum is zero.

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