DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Engineering Mathematics

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 1

Differential Equation: Definition
• A differential equation is an equation containing derivatives or
differentials and expresses a relation between an unknown
function and its derivatives.
• A DE may contain one or more derivatives of one or more
functions of one or more independent variables.
• Depending on the number of independent variables, differential
equations are classified as:

Ordinary differential equations Partial differential equations

di ∂2u ∂2u
+ 10i = 2cos 4t 2
+ 2 = f (x, y)
dt ∂x ∂y
10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 2
Order and Degree of DE
• The order of a DE is the highest derivative in the equation.
• The degree of a DE is the power of the highest ordered derivative,
after the equation has been rationalized and cleared of fractions
with respect to all the derivatives.
• Examples:

2 3
d y ! $
3 dy
+ y # & + 2y = 2sin x Second order, first degree
dx " dx %

3/2
Ry!! = "#1+ y! $% 2
Second order, second degree

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 3

Linear vs Nonlinear
A differential equation is linear if:
• The dependent variable and its derivatives are of first degree
• All coefficients are constants or a function of the independent
variable
Examples:

dy dy
+y=0 linear + x 2 = 0 linear
dt dx

dy dy
+ y 2 = 0 non-linear y + x 2 = 0 non-linear
dt dx
10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 4
Examples of Differential Equations

dP " P%
= kP $1− ' Logistic equation
dt # M&

d2x 2
2
= −ω x acceleration of a body in SHM
dt
3/2
"
Ry = #1+ y %
!! ! 2$
Radius of curvature

∂2 u 1 ∂2 u
2
= 2 2 one-dimensional wave equation
∂x v ∂t

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 5

Exercises:
Determine the degree and Determine whether the
order of the following following equations are
differential equations. linear or nonlinear
1. 5y’ = cos x 1. y’ + 2y = x2 + 1
2. 3y” + 9y = e–2x 2. y” – 5eyy’ + 3t = 0
3. 2y’y’’’ – 3y’2 = 0 3. y” – 4y’ – 5t2 = 0
4. y’2 + 8x3y’ = 16x2y
4 2
4.
d x d x 2
− t − 1 = t
5. 2xy”2 + y(y’)3 = 3e–x dt 4 dt 2
5. uxx + uuyy = sin t
6. uxx + sin (u) uyy = cos t

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 6

The Modeling Process
• A mathematical model is an expression involving variables,
functions or equations that represents a real-world phenomenon.
• The purpose of a model is to understand a certain phenomenon
and to make predictions about the future behavior or outcomes of
a system, event or quantity.
• The figure below illustrates the modeling process:

formulate solve interpret

Real-world Mathematical Mathematical Real-world
Problem Model Conclusions predictions

test

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 7

Differential Equations in Everyday Lives

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 8

The Solution of a DE

The solution of a differential equation is a

function or a relation that satisfies the equation.

General solution Particular solution

• The set of all solutions of a • The solution which is free of

differential equation arbitrary constants
• complete solution • satisfies a unique condition

• contains one or more

The solution of an nth order equation
arbitrary constants called must have at least n derivatives.
parameters.
10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 9
 Finding the Solution
32

• Given the DE of the form

dn y 24

n
= f (x)
dx

• Solution is found by 16

integration
• Example: Solve the DE
8

d2y
2
= 4cos 2x
dx y=-2cosx+x+c1x+c2; c1=1; c2 = 0, 2, 4, 6

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

• Ans: y = –cos 2x + c1x + c2

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 10
Formation of a Differential Equation

GENERAL represents FAMILY OF described by DIFFERENTIAL

SOLUTION CURVES EQUATIONS

Examples:
• Find the differential equation of the family of lines passing
through the origin.

• Find the differential equation of the family of parabolas with

vertex at the origin with their foci on the y-axis.

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 11

Example:

• Find the differential equation of the 2-parameter

family of curves defined by y = c1x3 + c2/x. Express
your answer in standard form.

• Answer: x2y” – xy’ – 3y = 0

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 12

First Order Equations
A first order differential equation may be
Separable written in differential form and standard
form:
Homogeneous
M (x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 Differential form
Exact equation
y! = f (x, y) Standard form
Nonexact DE

Linear

Bernoulli

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 13

First Order Equations
• Obtain the general solution of
Separable
𝒅𝒚
𝒙 = 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑
𝒅𝒙

A. y = 2 ln x – ¾ x3 + c

B. y = 2 ln x – 4/3 x3 + c

C. y = 2 ln x – ¾ x2 + c

D. y = 2 ln x – 4/3 x2 + c
10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 14
First Order Equations
Solve the differential equation
Separable
𝒅𝒚 𝟔𝒙𝟐
=
𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒚 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚

A. y2 + sin y = 2x3 + c
B. y2 + sin y = 3x3 + c
C. y2 + sin y = 6x3 + c
D. y2 + sin y = x3 + c

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 15

First Order Equations
Solve the differential equation 𝒚𝟐 𝒚# = 𝒙𝟐
Separable

A. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄

B. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒄

𝟑
C. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄

𝟑
D. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒄

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 16

First Order Equations
Solve the differential equation 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚" + 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟎

Separable 𝐀. 𝒚 =
𝒙𝟐
𝟏+𝒄

𝒄
𝐁. 𝒚 =
𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐

𝒄𝒙
𝐂. 𝒚 =
𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐

𝒙
𝐃. 𝒚 =
𝟏 + 𝒄𝒙𝟐

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 17

Problem:

• Solve the equation 9yy’ + 4x = 0

• Ans: 9y2 + 4x2 = C

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 18
Initial-Value Problems
• The problem of finding the particular solution of a DE that satisfies
a given initial condition is called an initial value problem.

• For the DE dy/dx = f(x, y); y(x0) = y0 I.C.

• An nth order equation requires n conditions.

• Example: Solve the initial value problem y’ = ay – b, y(0) = y0

• Answer: y = b/a + (y0 – b/a)eax

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 19

Example: Initial-Value Problem
• Find the solution of the initial value problem y’ = xy3 that
satisfies y(0) = 2.

2
• Ans: y=
1− 4x 2

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 20

First Order Equations
• The first order differential equation in
the form

Homogeneous M (x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0

is homogenous when M and N are

homogeneous functions of the same
degree in x and y.

Example: 2xydy +(x2 – y2)dx = 0

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 21

QUESTION:
• Which of the following equations is not homogeneous?

A. 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒙
𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒆𝒚
B. 𝒚# = 𝒙
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝒚

C. 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

D. 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒚𝟑 − 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒚# = 𝟎

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 22

QUESTION:

Solve the equation 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

𝒄
A. 𝒚=
𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − 𝒙
𝒄𝒙
B. 𝒚=
𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − 𝒙
𝒙
C. 𝒚=
𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − 𝒄
𝒄𝒙 − 𝒙
D. 𝒚=
𝐥𝐧 𝒙
10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 23
First Order Equations
• The differential equation of the form

𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Exact equation is exact if

𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
=
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

Examples: 3x 2 ydx + (y + x 3 )dy = 0

x 2 ydx + (x + 2y)dy = 0
10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 24
First Order Equations
Solve the equation

(2x + y – 3)dx + (x – 4y + 1)dy = 0

Exact equation

Answer: x2 – 3x – 2y2 + y + xy = C
10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 25
Exercise Problem:
• Solve the equation y2dt + (2yt + 1)dy = 0.
• Ans: y + y2t = C

• Solve 2xy dx + (1 + x2)dy = 0.

• Ans: x2y + y = c

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 26

Nonexact Equations

Solve the equation

y(x + y + 1)dx + x(x + 3y + 2)dy = 0

Ans: x2y2 + 2xy3 + 2xy2 = C

Solve the equation y(x + y)dx + (x + 2y – 1)dy = 0

Ans: yex(x + y – 1) = C
10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 27
First Order Equations
first order linear differential equation:

𝒚! + 𝒑 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒒(𝒙)

General Solution:

𝒚𝒆∫ 𝒑𝒅𝒙 = * 𝒒 𝒆∫ 𝒑𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Linear

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 28

First Order Equations
Solve the equation

𝒙𝒚! + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙𝟐

Solve for i(t):

𝒅𝒊
Linear + 𝟐𝒊 = 𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒕
𝒅𝒕

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 29

Problem:

• Solve the equation y’ + y tan x = sin 2x , y(0) = 1

A. y = 2cos x – 3cos2 x
B. y = 2cos x + 3cos2 x
C. y = 3cos x – 2cos2 x
D. y = 3cos x + 2cos2 x

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 30

First Order Equations

𝒚! + 𝑷 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝑸 𝒙 𝒚𝒏 Bernoulli equation

If n = 1, the equation becomes separable.

If n ≠ 1, the equation can be expressed as

y −n y" + P(x)y 1−n = Q(x)

let z = y1 – n, dz = (1 – n)y–n dy

dz
+ (1 − n)P(x)z = (1 − n)Q(x) linear in z
Bernoulli dx

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 31

Problem:
Solve the equation

𝒅𝒚 𝒚 𝒚𝟐
+ = 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒙

𝟐𝒙
𝐀𝐧𝐬: 𝒚 =
𝟏 + 𝑪𝒙𝟐

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 32

Applications of First Order Differential Equations
• Equation of Curves
• Orthogonal Trajectories
• Growth and Decay Problems
• Temperature Problems
• Rectilinear Motion
• Mixing Problems

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 33

Problem: Equation of a curve

• A curve passes though the point (2, 1). Find its

equation if its slope at any point is 4x2y.

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 34

Orthogonal Trajectories
An orthogonal trajectory is a family of curve that intersects
every member of a given family of curves always at right angles.

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 35

Orthogonal Trajectories
Find the orthogonal trajectory Find the orthogonal trajectory of
of the family of lines passing the family of parabolas x = ky2
through the origin.

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 36

Growth and Decay
A bacteria culture has an initial population of 800. After 2
hours, the number of bacteria increased by three-fourths. If the
culture grows at a rate proportional to its size,
A. Give the differential equation that represents the growth of
bacteria
B. Find the relative growth rate
C. Find the growth rate after 3 hours
D. How many bacteria are present after 3 and a half hours?
E. How long will it take for the number of bacteria to triple?

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 37

Growth and Decay
A radioactive substance has a mass of 100 mg. After 10 years it
has decayed to a mass of 75 mg.
A. What will the mass of the substance be after another 10 years?
B. What is the half-life of this substance?

In September 1991 the famous Iceman (Oetzi), a mummy from the

Neolithic period of the Stone Age found in the ice of the Oetztal
Alps (hence the name “Oetzi”) in Southern Tyrolia near the
Austrian–Italian border, caused a scientific sensation. When did
Oetzi approximately live and die if the ratio of carbon to carbon in
this mummy is 52.5% of that of a living organism?

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 38

Problem:

Use the fact that the world population was 2560 million
in 1950 and 3040 million in 1960 to predict the world
population in 2020.

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 39

Newton’s Law of Cooling
• Newton’s law of cooling states that the rate of change in the
temperature of an object is proportional to the temperature
difference between the object and its surroundings.

𝒅𝑻
= −𝒌 𝑻 − 𝑻𝒔 , 𝑻 𝟎 = 𝑻𝟎
𝒅𝒕

𝑻 = 𝑻𝟎 − 𝑻𝑺 𝒆+𝒌𝒕 + 𝑻𝑺

The law also applies to warming objects.

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 40
Problem:
John Paul stayed at Teagen® and ordered a cup of Taro milk
tea. When the milk tea was served to him at around 8:15 pm, its
temperature is 95°C. The temperature inside the shop is
maintained at 16°C. At around 8:30, he observed that the
temperature of the milk tea dropped by 20 degrees. What is the
temperature of John Paul’s beverage at exactly 8:40? If John
Paul wants to drink the milk tea when its temperature is 40°C, at
what time will this happen?

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 41

Problem:
A homicide victim was found and Sherlock Holmes is tasked to
estimate the time of death. The body was found in a room
whose temperature is kept constant at 68°F. The Sherlock
arrived at the scene at around 9:40 in the evening. Immediately,
he measured the body’s temperature and records, 94.4° F. At
around 11:00, the detective measured the temperature of the
corpse and finds 89.2° F. If the victim’s temperature is normal
(98.6° F) at the time of he was murdered, estimate the time of
death. Express you answer in HH:MM format.

Ans: 8:46 PM

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 42

Free-fall with Air Resistance
An object with mass m is dropped from
rest at a certain height h0 above the
ground. The air exerts a force on the
kv
object that is proportional to its velocity.
A. What is the differential equation that
describes the motion of the object? mg

B. Find the velocity v of the object as a 𝒅𝒗

𝒎𝒈 − 𝒌𝒗 = 𝒎
function of time 𝒅𝒕
C. What is the terminal velocity vT of the 𝒌
' 𝒕
object? 𝒗 = 𝒗𝑻 𝟏 − 𝒆 𝒎

vT = terminal velocity, k = drag coefficient

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 43
Problem:
A body falls from rest against a resistance that is proportional
to the speed at any instant.
A. If the terminal speed of the body is 128 ft/s, find its speed
after 2 second.
B. If the object is dropped at a height of 150 ft, what is its
elevation from the ground after 2 seconds?
C. When will the object hit the ground?

Ans: 50.61 ft/s, h =

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 44
Mixture Problems

S [kg] = ?
Ri [L/min]

Ci [kg/L] Ro [L/min]

Co [kg/L]
at t = 0, S = S0 and V = V0

𝒅𝑺 𝑺
= 𝑹𝒊 𝑪𝒊 − 𝑹𝒐 𝑪𝒐 𝑪𝒐 =
𝒅𝒕 𝑽𝒐 + 𝑹𝒊 − 𝑹𝒐 𝒕

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 45

Problem:

• A tank contains 20 kg of salt dissolved in 5000 L of

water. Brine that contains 0.03 kg of salt per liter of
water enters the tank at a rate of 25 L/min. The
solution is kept thoroughly mixed and drains from the
tank at the same rate. How much salt remains in the
tank after half an hour?

• Ans: 38.1 kg
10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 46
Problem:

• A tank contains 100 L of water. A solution with a salt

concentration of 0.4 kg/L is added at a rate of 5
L/min. The solution is kept mixed and is drained from
the tank at a rate of 3 L/min. If S is the amount of salt
(in kilograms) after t minutes,
A. Find the concentration after 20 minutes.
B. How much salt is present inside the tank at the same
time?

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 47

Higher Order Linear Differential Equations

• An nth order linear differential equation may be written in

general form as

𝑑. 𝑦 𝑑.+/ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎. . + 𝑎.+/ .+/ + ⋯ + 𝑎/ + 𝑎0 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

where the coefficients ai are all functions of x. If f(x) = 0,

the equation is said to be homogeneous.

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 48

The D Operator
• The D operator is defined as
- .
𝑑𝑦 -
𝑑 𝑦 .
𝑑 𝑦
𝐷𝑦 = 𝐷 𝑦= - 𝐷 𝑦= .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
• Any homogeneous linear differential equation can be written in
the form f(D)y = 0 where f(D) is the linear differential operator.

𝑑. 𝑦 𝑑 .'/ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎. . + 𝑎.'/ .'/ + ⋯ + 𝑎/ + 𝑎0 𝑦 = 0 ⟺ 𝑓 𝐷 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑- 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 -
-
− 4 + 3𝑦 = 0 ⟺ 𝐷 − 4𝐷𝑦 + 3 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 49
Homogeneous LCCDE
𝑑! 𝑦 𝑑!"#𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎! ! + 𝑎!"# !"# + ⋯ + 𝑎# + 𝑎$𝑦 = 0 → homogeneous LCCDE
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Consider the second order homogeneous LCCDE

𝑎- 𝑦 ## + 𝑎/ 𝑦 # + 𝑎0 𝑦 = 0

The corresponding auxiliary or characteristic equation in the variable

m is
𝑎- 𝑚- + 𝑎/ 𝑚 + 𝑎0 = 0

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 50

Second Order LCCDE

Depending on the nature of the roots of the auxiliary

equation, the homogeneous solution can obtained.
• Case 1: real and distinct roots (m1 ≠ m2)
𝑦 𝑥 = 𝐶/ 𝑒 1! 2 + 𝐶3 𝑒 1" 2
• Case 2: real but repeated roots (m1 = m2 = m)
𝑦 𝑥 = 𝐶/ 𝑒 12 + 𝐶3 𝑥𝑒 12
• Case 3: complex conjugate roots (m = a + bi)
𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑒 42 𝐶/ cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶3 sin 𝑏𝑥

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 51

Homogeneous Higher Order Differential Equations
• Solve the following differential equations and IVPs:

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝟐
+𝟒 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝑫𝟐 − 𝟒𝑫 + 𝟒 𝒚 = 𝟎

𝒅𝟐 𝒊 𝒅𝒊
𝟐
+ 𝟐 + 𝟓𝒊 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝟒 𝒔 𝒅𝟑 𝒔 𝒅𝟐 𝒔 𝒅𝒔
𝟒
− 𝟔 𝟑 + 𝟏𝟑 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎 =𝟎
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒔 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 52
Nonhomogeneous Equations
• The nonhomogeneous LCCDE is written as
n n−1
d y d y dy
an n + an−1 n−1 + ... + a1 + a0 y = f (x)
dx dx dx
• The general solution is composed of two parts: complementary
solution and the particular solution.
y = yC + y P
• The complementary solution yC refers to the solution of the
homogeneous equation obtained when f(x) = 0.
• The particular solution yP can be obtained using the method of
undetermined coefficients
10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 53
Nonhomogeneous LCCDE
• In engineering, differential equations, which usually are functions
of time models a certain physical system
n n−1
d y d y dy
an n + an−1 n−1 + ... + a1 + a0 y = f (t)
dt dt dt
SYSTEM
Differential
input, f(t) equation with output, y(t)
initial conditions

• The term f(t) represents an input or excitation (force, applied

voltage, etc.) while the solution, y(t) corresponds to the response
or output of the system.
10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 54
Nonhomogeneous Higher Order DE
Solve the equation 𝒚## + 𝟒𝒚# + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙

'𝒙 '𝟑𝒙
𝟏 𝟐𝒙
𝐀. 𝑨𝒆 + 𝑩𝒆 + 𝒆
𝟓

'𝒙 '𝟑𝒙
𝟏 𝟐𝒙
𝐁. 𝑨𝒆 + 𝑩𝒆 + 𝒆
𝟏𝟎

'𝒙 '𝟑𝒙
𝟏 𝟐𝒙
𝐂. 𝑨𝒆 + 𝑩𝒆 + 𝒆
𝟏𝟓

'𝒙 '𝟑𝒙
𝟏 𝟐𝒙
𝐃. 𝑨𝒆 + 𝑩𝒆 + 𝒆
𝟐𝟎
10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 55
Nonhomogeneous Higher Order DE
Solve the equation 𝒚## + 𝟕𝒚# + 𝟏𝟐𝒚 = 𝟓𝒆𝟐𝒙

𝟑𝒙 𝟒𝒙
𝟏 𝟐𝒙
𝐀. 𝑨𝒆 + 𝑩𝒆 + 𝒆
𝟐

𝟑𝒙 𝟒𝒙
𝟏 𝟐𝒙
𝐁. 𝑨𝒆 + 𝑩𝒆 + 𝒆
𝟑

'𝟑𝒙 '𝟒𝒙
𝟏 𝟐𝒙
𝐂. 𝑨𝒆 + 𝑩𝒆 + 𝒆
𝟔

'𝟑𝒙 '𝟒𝒙
𝟏 𝟐𝒙
𝐃. 𝑨𝒆 +𝒆 + 𝒆
𝟒
10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 56
Nonhomogeneous Higher Order DE
𝟕 𝟓
Solve the equation 𝒚 + 𝟕𝒚 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚 = 𝟓𝒆 , 𝒚 𝟎 =
## # 𝟐𝒙
𝟔
, 𝒚#
𝟎 = −𝟑

*𝟑𝒙 *𝟒𝒙
𝟏 𝟐𝒙
𝐀. 𝟐𝒆 + 𝟑𝒆 + 𝒆
𝟑

*𝟑𝒙 *𝟒𝒙
𝟏 𝟐𝒙
𝐁. 𝟐𝒆 −𝒆 + 𝒆
𝟒

*𝟑𝒙 *𝟒𝒙
𝟏 𝟐𝒙
𝐂. 𝟐𝒆 +𝒆 + 𝒆
𝟔
𝟏 𝟐𝒙
𝐃. 𝟐𝒆*𝟑𝒙 − 𝒆*𝟒𝒙 + 𝒆
𝟔

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 57

Problem:
Find the particular integral of
the differential equation

𝒚## + 𝟑𝒚# + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙

𝟏 𝟏
𝐀. − 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝐂. − 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
𝐁. − 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝐃. − 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟎

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 58

Problem:
Find the general solution of the
differential equation

𝒚## + 𝟒𝒚# + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟓

'𝒙 '𝟑𝒙
𝟓 '𝒙 𝟑𝒙
𝟓
𝐀. 𝑨𝒆 + 𝑩𝒆 + 𝐂. 𝑨𝒆 + 𝑩𝒆 +
𝟐 𝟐

'𝒙 '𝟑𝒙
𝟓 𝒙 𝟑𝒙
𝟓
𝐁. 𝑨𝒆 + 𝑩𝒆 + 𝐃. 𝑨𝒆 + 𝑩𝒆 +
𝟑 𝟑

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 59

Problems:

Find a homogeneous LCCDE that has a solution of

1. y = 2e–t + 3e2t
2. y = 7e3x + 2x
3. y = 6 + 3x ex – cos x

10:58 PM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Engr. Jefril M. Amboy 60