DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODIFIED T-SQUARE 1

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

A ruler is a tool commonly used to measure or to draw straight horizontal or

vertical line. Furthermore, the tool uses two systems in measuring. The English and Metric

System. English System uses Feet (ft.), Inches (“), Yards, and Miles. While Metric

System/Units includes Millimeter (mm), Decimeter (dm), Centimeter (cm), Meter (m),

and Kilometer (km) and etc (Britannica, 2015).

T-square is a tool mostly used in drafting or in technical drawing. It is a T-shaped

instrument, T-square is used for establishing a horizontal reference on the drafting board.

The tool contains a long ruler with a 90-degree angle straight-edged head. T-squares are

made of either wood or acrylic plastic, and most are between 45cm and 105cm in length.

In drafting equipment, one of the tools often used is the T-square. Along with the triangle,

protractor and compass. There are kinds of T-square like Regular Fixed Head T-square,

Long Fixed Head T-square, English T-square and etc. The Stainless-Steel T-Square –

These T-Squares have a stainless-steel blade for accurate line drawing and cutting, a single

hole for hanging and a plastic blue head. The blade features graduated inch markings in

16ths and 32nds on one side and centimeter markings on the other. The study/product

aims to make T-square/s a lot more convenient for everyone, or in short, hassle free

(Britannica, 2015).

The draftsmen use T-squares during the 17th century to help them draw straight lines.

The instrument was also used in conjunction with a set square or triangle to draw vertical

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and diagonal lines. Its name originated from being identical with the letter “T”. Someone

named Eugene James Towne (1847–after 1900) of North Dana, Massachusetts Patent

model for Parallel Rule and T-Square during 1877. The said instrument contains a wooden

handle attached to a brass protractor which is divided into single degrees and both

directions are numbered from 10 to 170 (American History, 2019).

There was a Patent Model made for T-square and Patent Rule by Eugene James

Towne. He made the instrument in United States: Massachusetts, North Dana, and year

1877. Furthermore, the said creator received a patent for this device. This instrument is

made of a wooden handle connected to large brass thumbscrew protractor which both

directions are divided from 10-170 single degrees and is numbered by tens. Its protractor

is connected by a split nut with a large brass thumbscrew which runs the width of the

instrument. Him and J. W. Goodman, who’s known for making billiard table legs, pianos,

and other wooden stuffs in North Dana; they planned to make or produced more of this

instrument. But however, people did not seem to cope/used it (American History, 2013).

According to Art news (2022), there is a perfect T-square in a specific drawing.

The first one is the Ludwig Precision Standard T-square. This T-square features a big head

with thin and long aluminum body making the T-square a little bendy and so light

weighted. However, it will still work as it should as long as we’re gentle with it. Its

measurements are inches and centimeters. In addition, the T-square’s crosspiece contains a

good slip which allows you to keep them in touch from your workspace. Next one is the

Westcott Junior T-Square, if price matters or if you are on a tight and low budget, this T-

square is the perfect one for the users. Its measurements will most likely to be erased due

to time using the tool. It is like a cheaper version of Ludwig’s Precision T-square. Alvin

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Stainless Steel Professional Graduated T-Square it’s long body is made with literally

metal, it is the top pick due to it’s sturdiness and reliability. It’s long steel body is

connected to a head made with aluminum. The head’s function is just the same from all of

the said T-squares, wherein you can attach it at the end of your drafting table or workspace

to ensure a straight and beautiful lines. But for some reason, the price of this T-square is

way too pricey for someone, but it is definitely worth it. Other cheaper T-squares will

loosen and warp due to time but Alvin Stainless Steel Professional Graduated T-Square

will still be the same even if it is frequently used. That’s why Alvin Stainless Steel

Professional Graduated T-Square is still better and affordable. Lastly, the Mr. Pen T-

square, this T-square is made out of carbon steel and it has a black finish with white, laser-

printed measurements making it easier to read. It contains two measurement systems, The

English and The Metric. It also used or helps when cutting paper and photos due to its

features. The purpose of the study and the product is to save space and to make rulers or

T-square more convenient to bring and hassle free, especially for students who doesn’t

have any more space in their bag due to having a lot of things to carry with

RATIONALE

The study aims to make your T-Square foldable, for that reason you can put your T-

Square in your everyday bag and not have a different courier for it, in that way you won’t

have to worry about having a second bag on your shoulder. Another benefit of a Foldable

T-Square is for people to have more space in their workspace if they have a big, and most

importantly a small workspace, and also for them to be able to measure in a certain angle

like in a 90° surface or if you’re measuring the elevation of a cabinet from top to left

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elevation, then this Modified tool can help you do it.

An instrument used for hand-drawing items like architectural designs is the T-

square (T-shaped ruler). A T-square is formed like the letter T, as the name suggests. The

larger element that makes up the body (the blade) is joined at a ninety-degree angle to the

shorter piece at the top (the head). Straight lines are drawn using the blade. Most T-squares range

in length from 45 to 105 cm and are made of wood or acrylic plastic.

T-squares should be selected with consideration for the board and paper being

used, as they are typically used in conjunction with drafting boards. The T-head square's

hooks into the drafting board's left side and can be used to measure (MAU, 2013)

Statement of the Problem

The aim of this research is to develop a modified T-Square to make it a Foldable T-

Square.

1. How is the Foldable T-Square described in terms of;

1.1; materials,

1.2; comparison to other T-Square, and

1.3; quality,

2. What is the level of acceptability of the Foldable T-Square in terms of:

2.1; functionality,

2.2; sustainability, and

2.3; quality,

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Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Description of the
Modified T-square in terms
of.

1.1 materials

1.2 comparison, and; Product Development

1.3 quality? Product Analysis Modified T-square

2. Appraisal of the Modified Product Evaluation

T-square in terms of

2.1 functionality

2.2 sustainability, and;

2.3 quality?

Figure1: Research Paradigm

Figure 1 displays the input-process-output of the study. The research showed a

description of the Modified T-square in terms of materials, comparison, and quality in the

input: the Modified T-square was assessed in terms of functionality, sustainability, and

quality with the assistance of professionals. In the process, the study used product

development, product analysis, and product evaluation. The output of the research is

expected to have a product of a Modified T-square.

Significance of the Study

The following would be beneficial to the following:

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Architects. With the foldable T-square, architects can store the T-square with less

hassle, all they need to do is fold it and keep it, even in small spaces.

Drafting Students. It helps students to easily carry a T-square with them, especially

with our T-square, students can eliminate half of that length.

Designers. They wouldn't need other rulers, because with our foldable T-square,

you can keep using it as a normal T-square, or you can fold it to make more of a flexible

ruler.

Engineers - Like architects, engineers can store the T-square more easily and

conveniently with our foldable T-square by simply folding it and storing it wherever.

Scope and Delimitation

The research about “Development of a Modified T-square” aims to give the user

more space for their tools, so when they bring a T-square, it will not be that big and can fit

in our bags. A Foldable T-Square can still be used as a regular ruler or T-square. By

folding the T-square, you can make more space on your workspace and can keep it in a

much secure place.

But even if the users take care of the T-square properly, the printed numbers or

scales may still disappear after some time. Because its foldable there might be some times

that it will get some scratch that will lead it on becoming blurry that will cause the plastic

on having a bad quality and have to buy another one. A regular T-square is expensive so

this foldable one might be more expensive than a regular T-square so people might not

like its price and will choose the normal one more.

Definition of Terms

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Acceptability: the verification or acceptance that a manufactured item meets

required specifications or standards and useable for purpose (Collins dictionary, 2023)

Durability -All products have varied requirements for durability, so the topic of

durability is frequently one that is intriguing to debate. When the word “durability” is

used, people frequently mean “laundry wash durability,” “dry cleaning durability,” or

“abrasion resistance.” The required number of cycles, however, varies greatly by industry.

Durability in laundry washes is more difficult to achieve than in dry cleaning cycles,

where independent tests have revealed that the pulsed plasma process created by the

author’s company could, at its first attempt, achieve the same level of repellency as a top

benchmark for solution-based applications. Once optimized, additional improvements are

thought to be achievable. Although there is some drop down in mechanical durability

when compared to industry standards, very good oil and water repellency is still offered

(science direct, 2015).

Functionality: is the ability to suitably fulfill a function; it is practicality. And the

totality or any feature of what a product, like software or a computer, can perform for a

consumer. (Merriam-Webster, 2023).

Material: is the matter, an object is made up of. It is a relatively broad term to be

defined. They are classified based upon their properties. They have properties like

hardness, strength, stiffness, thermal conductivity, heat capacity, permeability, and

magnetism, etc. (vendatu.com, 2023)

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Quality: is the standard of something as compared to other items of a similar kind; it

is also the degree to which something is excellent. (gbnews,2014)

Sustainability: A term used throughout our consumer and industrial economies to

describe products that can be produced in the necessary quantities without using up non-

renewable resources or upsetting the environments and other important natural resource

systems’ established steady-state equilibrium.

T-squares:

Chapter 2

MATERIALS AND METHODS

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The 2nd chapter tackles the problems of the proposed study in terms of: Research

Design, Respondents, Sampling Design, Research Instruments, and Materials of Gathering

Data.

Research Design

The study used product development. Product development typically refers to all

stages involved in bringing a product from concept or idea through market release and

beyond. In other words, product development incorporates a product’s entire journey

(Product plan, 2020). The researchers used product development as their research design

and because the main output of the research is a foldable T-square.

Respondents

There are three (3) professionals who will assured the developed product. These are

the Drawing Teachers of the reason that drawing teachers are usually the one using T-

Squares.

Instruments

The researchers conducted an interview for the developed product.

1. Functionality

1.1 Is it more convenient than the normal T-squares?

1.2 Does the T-Square can be easily folded?

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1.3 Does the T-Square can write straight lines?

2. Acceptability

2.1 Did the product gave you more space for your other items?

2.2 Do you prefer the product way more than the other ones?

2.3 Does the proposed product still do its work?

3. Quality

3.1 Does the product can last long?

3.2 Is the quality of the printed measurements better than the other one? 3.3 Does the

product easily breaks?

Methods of Gathering Data

1. The researchers envisioned new possible features and functions of the product.

2. The researchers made a product design.

3. The researchers conducted an interview for the product to be criticized.

4. The researchers found professional respondents for the interview.

5. The researchers interviewed the respondents.

6. Respondent’s answers were collected through voice recording.

7. The researchers examined comprehensively the collected data.

Ethical consideration

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The consent of the researchers’ respondents were acquired. The researchers fully

explained. To the respondents the complete details of the study, its goal, potential risks,

and various benefits. The researchers guaranteed the respondents that all information

acquired would. Be kept highly confidential.

Product Development

Liston wood, Narra wood, grab adhesive, hinge and screws, acrylic, cut out stickers,

transfer film, screwdriver, cutter, sandpaper, masking tape, drill, mini drill, chisel,

hammer, vise, Tri square, ruler, marker, blower.

Procedure

1. Measure where to cut the .6. Ready the Liston wood and 10. After we blower the
wood.
14. Make the T – Square head the Acrylic
19. to stick
Drill the holeswith
on Tgrab
– stickers, we spray it with spray
using Narra wood then adhesive
Square then temporary
to mark hold
where to paint clear to secure it.
2.chiseled
Cut the and
Liston wood
sand in themini
it using it with vise.
screw.
planned/designated
drill for the wedge. 11. Cut small piece of woof to
measurement. 7.20.
Wrap boththe
Screw sides of the
hinge with screw make wedge the T - Square
15. Spray paint the T – Square Acrylic
driver.with transfer film to stick head.
3.head.
Smoothen the wood using well the stickers.
sandpaper. 21. Clean the whole T-Square 12. Smoothen the wedge with
16. Fix the T – Square head if 8. Make cut out stickers then sand paper.
4.straight
Mark the wedge
using of the
the Tri T-
square paste it in acrylic.
Square head. 13. Stick the wedge on the top
17. Ready the T – Square to 9. Because of the chance that of T – Square with grab
5.put
Cut the
the acrylic plastic in the
hinge. stickers may remove, we adhesive and screws.
designated measurement blower it.
18. Put the hinge exact with
straighten T – Square.

Figure

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DESIGN
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MODIFIED T-SQUARE

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Chapter 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter contains the following: The description of the product, the materials

were used in making the product, comparison to the other T-squares, and its quality.

Responses of the experts, and the Appendices.

1. Description of the product

1.1 Material

The strengthened, smooth, and thicker Narra used to make the t-head square makes it

easy to use with the equipment required for measurements.

Narra woods are considered as one of the hardest wood in the world, which makes it

ideal for furniture making (houseofnarra.ph, 2021). In addition, the researchers used

acrylic for the measurements because it is unquestionably very solid and won’t break

easily. The head that is actually used is the permanent one, which is the one that cannot be

wiped away. To help the wood adhere to the acrylic more firmly and to utilize an

additional stick to make the former more durable, Liston Wood also manufactured smooth

wood.

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1.2 Comparison to other or normal T-square

As useful as a standard T-square, it is greater, smaller, and more compact. Due to its

portability and light weight, which enables architects or students to carry the maps, the

researchers thought about developing this hybrid T-square. Students will use it more easily

because they won’t run into any problems, despite the fact that they do a lot of work or

carry a lot of stuff. On the other hand, unlike a folding T-square, you can’t really place it

in a vulnerable position without tripping over it or anything. Also, because it is so large

and strengthened, cutting it would be difficult compared to the traditional long span ruler,

this type of T-Square innovation can survive longer. The device can be utilized and stored

simply in both small and large settings because to its foldable nature. The usual typefaces

and marks of this product may be read with ease thanks to the reinforced T-Square. Also,

users won’t have any trouble reading this merchandise. Due to its ability to be folded, this

product cannot easily be broken. The aim of this prototype is to guarantee that the

breakage if this product accomplishes its goal, unlike the long span T-Square which is

prone to breakage. Foldable T-squares/rulers are durable, that’s why we can say that they

are very good promotional products. Foldable T-squares are suitable for targeting many

groups because of it’s benefit and it last long (Reidinger, 2017).

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1.3 Quality

This kind of T-Square innovation has a longer lifespan than the conventional long

span ruler. Due to its folding design, the device may be used and stowed easily in both

small and big situations. The strengthened T-Square makes it easy to read the product’s

standard typefaces and marks. Also, this product’s users won’t have any trouble reading it.

This product can be folded and is therefore not readily broken. In contrast to the long span

T-Square, which is prone to breaking, the aim of this prototype is to assure that the

breakage if this product achieves its objective. Whether it can be folded or not, the product

should endure as long as other T-Squares do. If the product is properly taken care of and

maintained, it will live for a very long time. Similar to the other T-Square, these

measurements are legible and precise. The attached hinge is strong even though the

product head is collapsible. The device is easy to use because of its foldable construction.

One of its advantages is that the item won’t shatter easily. When folded, the product’s

body will last longer than the other items. Given the fact that the T-square head is made

out of Narra, which is considered as one of the hardest wood in the world, making the

quality of the product a lot better and it can last way longer (houseofnarra.ph, 2021).

2. Acceptability

2.1 Functionality

Functionality is the way in which those features really perform their intended

function for you. For instance, the capacity to customize leave kinds is a fundamental

requirement for the majority of boarding institutions (Merriam Webster, 2013).

Furthermore, functionality refers to how does the design/product executile its work for the

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user/s (Interaction Design Foundation, 2002); the functionality of something is its

usefulness, or how well it does the job it's meant to do. You might question

the functionality of your new smartphone if you can't get it to send simple text messages

(Global Dictionary, 2010). The following here are the themes formed:

a. Convenient. The researchers asked the experts and they said this T-square is

more convenient than the ordinary one because of its folding capacity and can be stored

and carried easily. There for this theme is showing that the expert were satisfied on its

functionality.

“It is more convenient than the usual T-Square. With its folding capability

you can just put it in your backpack.”(Expert 1)

“Yes, convenience is one of the features that the product advertises. Because

the T-Squares original design is long but not convenient to be walked

around or carried. Unlike this product it can be easily carried

anywhere.”(Expert 2)

“Yes, the folded T-Square is more convenient than other T-Squares in the

market because it can be easily folded, easily stored and be carried

carelessly.”(Expert 3)

2.2 Acceptability

A new intervention's acceptability refers to how well it will be received by the target

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population and how well it might fit the demands of the target population and the

organizational setting. The quality of being satisfactory and capable of agreement or

approval: (Cambridge, 2018) There have been discussions on the acceptability of foods

that have undergone genetic modification.

a. Foldable. The researchers went and asked experts on what they think about the

foldable T-square, the experts liked the foldable feature of the product.

“I like this product way more than the usual T-square because it is foldable.

But this item is somewhat heavier than usual.” (Expert 1)

“Yes, because of its foldable feature, as an Architect I can say that this is an

innovative design especially for students with drafting/drawing

subjects.”(Expert 2)

“Yes, because it is more convenient; easy to carry, especially during travel

from home to school. Its foldable state creates more space for other

materials and is easy to be stored.” (Expert 3)

2.3 Quality

A process, product, or service's quality refers to how well it satisfies a certain set of

characteristics or requirements; quality is also the comparison of the things to the other

things (MBN, 2019). A set of requirements and a collection of inherent features can be

compared to assess a thing's quality. a. Improvable: When the researchers asked the

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experts about the T-square, they said, Users won't have any trouble reading this product

because it uses conventional typefaces and marks that are easily readable, exactly like the

original T-Square. When the researchers asked the experts about the T-square, they said

Users won't have any trouble reading this product because it uses conventional typefaces

and marks that are easily readable, exactly like the original T-Square. This motif reveals

that the expert was satisfied with its readability.

a. Improvable. The measurements on the product can be improved but already

readable and accurate just like the other T-square.

“I think the printed measurements can be improved.” (Expert 1)

“Yes, just like the original I-Square the standard fonts and marks of this product can

be easily read. And users will not find this product difficult to read.” (Expert 2)

“Yes, just like the other T-Square the measurements are readable and .have accurate

measurements.” (Expert 3)

Appendix

Code Indicator Transcribe Theme

        Functionality

         1.1 Is it more "It is more convenient than the CONVENIENT

convenient than the usual T-Square. With its folding
normal T-Squares? capability you can just put it in your
backpack."
     
      1.2 Does the "Yes, it was easy to fold." FOLDABLE
T-Square can be
easily folded?
Expert 1
1.3 Does the "Even if it was a folding T-Square USABLE
T-Square can write it still serves its purpose, to be able to

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straight lines? draw straight lines."

Acceptability

2.1 Did the "Yes." SPACE

product give you FRIENDLY 
more space for
your other items?

2.2 Do you "I like this product way more than IMPROVABLE
prefer the product the usual T-square because it is
way more than the foldable. But this item is somewhat
other ones? heavier than usual.”

2.3 Does the "Yes." USABLE

proposed product
still do its work?

Quality

3.1 Does the "I think it can last long. But it IMPROVABLE
product last long? needs to improve the hinge used." 

3.2 Is the "I think the printed measurements IMPROVABLE

quality of the can be improved."
printed
measurements
better than the
other one?

3.3 Does the "No, the product is sturdy. GREATLY MADE

product easily Although the materials used were good
break? quality."

  Functionality

1.1 Is it more "Yes, convenience is one of the CONVENIENT

convenient than the features that the product advertises.
normal T-Squares? Because the T-Squares original design
is long but not convenient to be walked
around or carried. Unlike this product
it can be easily carried anywhere."

1.2 Does the "Yes, the product is built with a MADE TO HAVE
Expert 2 T-Square can be hinge in the middle. Its objective is to PURPOSE
easily folded? lessen the span of the T-Square and
with the final prototype it achieved the
objective."

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1.3 Does the "Yes, even if it has a hinge in the USABLE

T-Square can write middle it still draws a straight line and
straight lines? does not interfere with the T-Square's
purposes."

Acceptability

2.1 Did the "Yes, because of this proposal, MORE

product give you carrying T-Squares became handy and PRACTICAL
more space for more space can be provided than the
your other items? original design. Even on a small or
large storage the product will easily
fit."

2.2 Do you "Yes, because of its foldable STUDENT

prefer the product feature, as an Architect i can say that FRIENDLY
way more than the this is an innovative design especially
other ones? for students with drafting/drawing
subjects."

2.3 Does the "Yes, making a straight line is the PERFECTLY

proposed product purpose of a T-Square, and this USABLE
still do its work? product still achieves that purpose.
Even with the hinge in the middle it still
works as it intends to."

Quality

3.1 Does the "Yes, with this kind of innovation MORE

product last long? this kind of T-Square can last longer CONVENIENT 
than the original long span ruler.
Because of its foldable state the
product can be used and stored easily
in small or large spaces."

3.2 Is the "Yes, just like the original T- IMPROVED

quality of the Square the standard fonts and marks of VERSION
printed this product can be easily read. And
measurements users will not find this product difficult
better than the to read."
other one?

3.3 Does the "No, the product's feature of WELL BUILT

product easily being foldable makes it not easy to
break? break. Not like the long span T-Square
that is prone to breakage, the purpose
of this prototype is to ensure that the

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breakage if this product achieves its

goal." 

Functionality

     1.1 Is it more "Yes, the folded T-Square is more MORE

convenient than the convenient than other T-Squares in the CONVENIENT 
normal T-Squares? market because it can be easily folded,
easily stored and be carried
carelessly."

1.2 Does the "Yes, the product can be easily EASILY USABLE
T-Square can be folded. With the help of the installed
easily folded? hinge, the product can be folded and
convenient to handle."
 
 Expert 3 1.3 Does the "Yes, the product still functions PRACTICAL
T-Square can write its original purpose; to draw a straight
straight lines? line and can easily set the head at the
edge of a drawing table."

Acceptability

2.1 Did the "Yes, being foldable itself, the SPACE

product give you product gives more space than the FRIENDLY
more space for other products and can be stored with
your other items? ease."

2.2 Do you "Yes, because it is more MORE

prefer the product convenient; easy to carry, especially CONVENIENT
way more than the during travel from home to school.  Its
other ones? foldable state creates more space for
other materials and is easy to be
stored."

2.3 Does the "Yes, it still serves its purpose PERFECTLY

proposed product even if the additional hinge is installed USABLE
still do its work? the product is still usable and it does
not interfere with the functionality of
the product. With the head and body
intact the product still serves its
purpose and can be used with ease." 

Quality

3.1 Does the "Yes, just like the other T-Squares FUNCTIONABLE
product last long? the product can last long regardless if
it is foldable or not. With the right care

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and nurture of the product, it will

definitely last long."

3.2 Is the "Yes, just like the other T-Square WELL MADE
quality of the the measurements are readable and
printed have accurate measurements."
measurements
better than the
other one?

3.3 Does the "No, the product head is WELL BUILT

product easily collapsible but the hinge installed does
break? not easily break. The product can be
easily taken care off because of its
foldable feature. One of the product's
advantages is it does not/will not easily
break. When the product is folded, the
body of the product will be sturdier
than the other product."

Chapter 4

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

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Summary

1. Liston wood serves as the material for the T-square’s body and narra wood serves as the

material for its head.

2. Compared to other T-square, the modified is foldable, durable and functional.

3. The product won’t shatter easily because of the materials used in the product.

4. The modified T-square is found convenient in terms of functionality.

5. It is easier to carry and more practical especially when going from home to school, due

to its collapsible state. It makes extra room for additional materials and makes storage

simple.

6. The quality of the printed measurement on the T-square is readable.

Conclusion

The modified T-square is made of Liston wood and is foldable and durable. The

product is acceptable in terms of being convenient in functionality, being foldable in

acceptability, and improved in quality.

Recommendations

1. Conduct more study for the sticker placement

2. Re-do the sides to make it more

3. Re-make the head for more accurate size

5. Gather more data for the products more improvement.

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References
American History (2019) History of T-square Retrieved on
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://americanhistory
.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_904455%23:~:text%3DBy%2520the
%252017th%2520century%252C%2520draftsmen,object%2520was%2520made
%2520about
%25201900.&ved=2ahUKEwjznOH_z5D7AhW9q1YBHS7ZBqsQFnoECBUQB
Q&usg=AOvVaw3k-mc71LjlAiqrNmupX0FA. Retrieved last December 01, 2022.

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American History (2013) First Model of T-square kay Retrieved on

https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_690213. Retrieved
last December 01, 022.
Art-design-glossary (2015) What is T-square? Retrieved on https://art-design-
glossary.musabi.ac.jp/t-squares/. Retrieved last December 01, 2022.
Art-design-glossary (2015) Materials used on other T-squares Retrived on
https://art-design-glossary.musabi.ac.jp/t-squares/#:~:text=T-squares%20are
%20made%20of,the%20paper%20to%20be%20used. Retrieved last December 02,
2022.
Artnews (2022) More information about T-square Retrieved on
https://www.artnews.com/art-news/product-recommendations/best-t-squares-
1234574208/ Retrieved last December 01, 2022.
Britannica (2008) What is a T-square? Retrieved on
https://www.britannica.com/technology/T-square Retrieved last December 01,
2022.
Cambridge Dictionary (2018) Definition of Acceptability Retrieved on
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/acceptability Retrieved last
March 02, 2023.
Coolblue nl (2022) Sizes of backpack Retrieved on
https://www.coolblue.nl/en/advice/size-school-backpack.html#:~:text=Medium
%3A%2021%20to%2030%20liters&text=A%20school%20backpack%20of
%2021,most%20common%20size%20for%20backpacks. Retrieved last November
30, 2022.
Corporatfinanceinstitute (2023) Purposes of T-shaped Retrived on
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/management/t-shaped-skills/
#:~:text=T%2Dshaped%20skills%20refer%20to,others%20in%20a
%20collaborative%20way Retrieved last March 2, 2023.
Dictionary (2009) Definition of T-square Retrieved on
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/t-square Retrieved last January 13, 2023.
ClipArt Etc (2013) T-square fixed head Retrived on
https://etc.usf.edu/clipart/76100/76123/76123_reg_tsqr.htm#:~:text=A%20regular
%20fixed%20head%20T,order%20to%20draw%20accurate%20lines Retrieved
last December 02, 2022.
Gbnews (2014) Definition of Quality Retrived on https://www.gbnews.ch/what-is-
your-definition-of-quality/ Retrived last January 13, 2023.

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Global Dictionary (2010) Definition of Functionality Retrived on https://www.igi-

global.com/dictionary/context-aware-systems/11670 Retrived last January 13,
2023.
Merriam Webster (2013) Definition of Functionality Retrived on
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/functionality Retrived last March 2,
2023.
Houseofnarra.ph (2021) Facts about Narra Retrieved on
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.houseofn
arra.ph/your-ultimate-guide-to-wood-types-used-for-furniture/%23:~:text
%3DNarra%2520Wood%26text%3DIt%2520is%2520one%2520of%2520the,care
%2520for%2520the%2520long
%2520run.&ved=2ahUKEwj19Zmw8r_9AhXnEbcAHZ8VC-
YQFnoECA4QBQ&usg=AOvVaw0ILyqQj4_tz886h9SepnJe Retrieved last March
3, 2023.
Interaction Design Foundation (2002) More information about Functionality
Retrived on
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.interactio
n-design.org/literature/topics/
functionality&ved=2ahUKEwj3uvqs9cD9AhWRnNgFHT60CsYQFnoECE8QAQ
&usg=AOvVaw1o7pzW97LUFbyb0FTg7l72 Retrieved last March 3, 2023.
Market Business News More information about Quality Retrived on
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://marketbusiness
news.com/financial-glossary/quality/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwii8rj8-
sD9AhW81jgGHd-
pDfkQFnoECDQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3hGvBjccGUUcwK7aeLaFSU Retrieved
last March 2, 2023.
Orah (2017) Functionality Retrived on https://www.orah.com/blog/features-vs-
functionality#:~:text=Functionality%20is%20how%20those%20features,of
%20customisation%20is%20the%20functionality. Retrieved last March 2, 2023.
March 2, 2023.
Pubmed (2011) Acceptability Retrieved on
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21656958/#:~:text=Methods%3A
%20Acceptability%20refers%20to%20determining,population%20an%20d
%20organizational%20setting. Retrieved last March 2, 2023.
Reidinger (2017) Comparison to the other T-squares Retrived on
https://www.reidinger.de/en/folding-rules/ Retrieved last March 1, 2023.
Splash learn (2022) What is a Ruler? Retrieved on https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.splashlearn.com/math-vocabulary/
measurements/

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DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODIFIED T-SQUARE 27

ruler&ved=2ahUKEwjz39f5qc37AhVogFYBHekNAJQQFnoECCAQAQ&usg=A
OvVaw0zQm0lRSa7MqhIgxGO7LX2 Retrieved last November 28, 2022.
Thomasnet (2019) What is hinge? Retrieved on
https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/hardware/types-of-hinges/ Retrieved last
December 01, 2022.

Appendix A
Indicator 5 4 3 2 1
Functionality

1.1 Is it more convenient than the normal T-Squares?

1.2 Does the T-Square can be easily folded?

1.3 Does the T-Square can write straight lines?

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Acceptability

2.1 Did the product give you more space for your
other items?
2.2 Do you prefer the product way more than the other
ones?
2.3 Does the proposed product still do its work?

Quality

3.1 Does the product last long?

3.2 Is the quality of the printed measurements better

than the other one?
3.3 Does the product easily break?

Appendix B
DOCUMENTATION

1. Buying the materials

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2. While doing the product

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3. Meetings/Discussions with members

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Appendix C
CURRICULUM VITAE

Full Name: Roque, Drew Lance Taguiam

Address: 280 Purok3 Santo Crsito Guagua, Pampanga
Contact number: 0915-643-6074
Email Address: roque.drewlance.t@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
BIRTHDATE: August 15, 2006
BIRTH PLACE: Guagua, Pampanga
AGE: 16 years old

NATIONALITY: Fiipino
RELIGION: Atheist
FATHER: Joel P. Roque
MOTHER: Lora Dale T. Roque

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Secondary Education
Don Honorio Ventura State University
Cambambangan, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
2019 - 2023

Primary Education
Saint Angelas Academy
San Nicolas 1st Guagua, Pampanga
2013-2019

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Full Name: Capati, Stanley Zedric B.

Address: #094 Centro San Antonio Guagua, Pampanga
Contact number: 0928-226-0081
Email Address: stanleycapati@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
BIRTHDATE: February 26, 2007
BIRTH PLACE: PMSH San Antonio Guagua Pampannga
AGE: 16 years old

NATIONALITY: Filipino
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
FATHER: Noel M. Capati
MOTHER: Myrna B. Capati

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Secondary Education
Don Honorio Ventura State University
Cambambangan, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
2019-2023

Primary Education
San Antonio Elementary School
2013-2019
___________________________________________

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Full Name: Castro, Charles Wein N.

Address: 275 Purok 2 Santa Ursula Betis Guagua, Pampanga
Contact number: 0918-269-6500
Email Address: 2019992874@dhvsu.edu.ph

PERSONAL INFORMATION
BIRTHDATE: September 06, 2007
BIRTH PLACE: Diosdado P. Macapagal Memorial Hospital
AGE: 15 years old

NATIONALITY: Filipino
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
FATHER: Charlie C. Castro
MOTHER: Winnie N. Castro

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Secondary Education
Don Honorio Ventura State University
Cambambangan, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
2019 - 2023

Primary Education
Santa Ursula Elementary School
2013-2019
___________________________________________

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Full Name: Nacion, Antoinne Jan C.

Address: Bl 13, St. Jude, Village City of San Fernando Pampay
Contact number: 00752541705
Email Address: antonjan42@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
BIRTHDATE: August 29, 2007
BIRTH PLACE: Makabali Memorial Hospital Inc.
AGE: 15 years old

NATIONALITY: Fiipino
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
FATHER: Jose P. Nacion
MOTHER: Anna Lhiza P. Nacion

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Secondary Education
Don Honorio Ventura State University
Cambambangan, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
2019 - 2023

Primary Education
Infant Jesus Academy
2013-2019
___________________________________________

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Full Name: Navarro, Jankurt L.

Address: Santa Ursula Betis Guagua, Pampanga
Contact number: 0910-720-3763
Email Address: jankurtnavarro07@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
BIRTHDATE: January 28, 2007
BIRTH PLACE: Diosdado P. Macapagal Memorial Hospital
AGE: 16 years old

NATIONALITY: Fiipino
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
FATHER: Joevver Navarro
MOTHER: Ma. Katherine Navarro

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Secondary Education
Don Honorio Ventura State University
Cambambangan, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
2019 - 2023

Primary Education
Betis Elementary School
2013-2019
___________________________________________

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Full Name: Nicolas Jaisler L.

Address: BLK 20, LOT 18, St. Jude Village City of San Fernando Pampanga
Contact number: 0961-246-7178
Email Address: 20199989065@dhvsu.edu.ph

PERSONAL INFORMATION
BIRTHDATE: February 12, 2007
BIRTH PLACE: City of San Fernando Pampanga
AGE: 16 years old

NATIONALITY: Fiipino
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
FATHER: Nicolas, Jake G.
MOTHER: Nicolas, Jovie L.

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Secondary Education
Don Honorio Ventura State University
Cambambangan, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
2019 - 2023

Primary Education
San Nicolas Elementary School
2013-2019

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Full Name: Orsua, Ashley Mae C.

Address: Zone 4, San Isidro Bacolor Pampanga
Contact number: 09772436238
Email Address: orsua.ashleymae@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
BIRTHDATE: November 1, 2006
BIRTH PLACE: R.P.R.M. Hospital Rest? City of San Fernando (P)
AGE: 16 years old

NATIONALITY: Filipino
RELIGION: Catholic
FATHER: Jayson S. Orsua
MOTHER: Angel Rose C. Orsua

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Secondary Education
Don Honorio Ventura State University
Cambambangan, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
2019 - 2023

Primary Education
San Isidro Elementary School
2013-2019

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Development of a Modified T-square

Roque, Drew Lance T.

Capati, Stanley Zedric B.
Castro, Charles Wein N.
Nacion, Antoine Jan C.
Navarro, JanKurt L.
Nicolas, Jaisler L.
Orsua, Ashley Mae C.

This research is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

Junior High School
Don Honorio Ventura State University
May 2023

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APPROVAL SHEET

This research titled, “Development of a Modified T-square” submitted by Drew

Lance Roque, Stanley Zedric Capati, Charles Wein Castro, Antoine Jan Nacion,
Jankurt Navarro, Jaisler Nicolas and Ashley Mae Orsua. in partial Fulfillment of the
requirements for the Junior High School, has been examined andHereby recommended
for acceptance for Oral Examination.
JERAME N. GAMBOA, Ed.D
Adviser

Research Committee

RODEL T. ALIMURONG, RN,MAN, LPT PLATO B. MERCADO,RPh,MATS

Member Member

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Passed by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of ___on April___2023.

RODEL T. ALIMURONG, RN,MAN, LPT PLATO B. MERCADO,RPh,MATS

Member Member

Approved and accepted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for Junior High
School.

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JERAME N. GAMBOA, Ed.D

Principal, Laboratory Highschool

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ABSTRACT
The study is entitled “Development of a Modified T-square”. The study aims to
lessen the hassle of the commuters for them to be able to carry more things. There are
three (3) experts chosen for the purposive sampling. The instrument used in the study is
interview which consist the product’s functionality and durability. On the other hand, the
modified T-square is way more convenient to bring, in terms of quality, the modified T-
square will last longer and in functionality. In conclusion, the product is made out of liston
wood for its body, while narra for the the head. The product is said to be acceptable in
terms of functionality, durability and quality. The researchers recommend to conduct more
study regarding the T-square's sticker placement, Re-do the body for more equal sides, Re-
make the head for more accurate size, and Gather more data for the product’s
improvement.
Keywords: Narra, Liston wood, more convenient

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The research became possible because of the people that gave physical, emotional,
and assistance needs to the researchers. Their utmost gratitude is given to the following
individuals who helped the researchers get through this research:
To the researchers Instructor, Dr. Jerame Gamboa, for her continuous pieces of
advice, support, guide, for giving time, and patience;
To the researchers’ Shop Instructor, Mrs. Theresa Canivel for helping the
researchers solve problems that rose upon creating the product.
To the Experts for sharing their opinions and idea, for giving time and effort while
assessing the product;
To the applications, Messenger, Discord, and Google Meet, for giving the
researchers a platform where they communicate often throughout the study;
To the researcher’s parents, who patiently supported them financially, and relatives
for their assistance and supporting them with what the researchers needed;
Lastly, our Divine Maker that had always guided the researchers to develop, work,
and until the research ended.

The Researchers

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DEDICATION

To the drafting students that work tirelessly and are eager to learn with their well-
known passion. And to our teachers and adviser who have never failed to give us moral
support. For giving all our needs during the time we developed our system and for
teaching us that even the largest task can be accomplished if it is done one step at a time,
lastly for those who were part of this thesis project.
This Project is to all the people who have worked hard to help us complete this
project, especially to their parents:
Mr. Joel P. Roque and Mrs. Lora Dale T. Roque
Mr. Jayson S. Orsua and Mrs. Angel Rose C. Orsua
Mr. Noel M. Capatia and Mrs. Myrna B. Capati
Mr. Jose P. Nacion and Mrs. Anna Lhiza C. Nacion
Mr. Jake G. Nicolas and Mrs. Jovie L. Nicolas
Mr. Charlie C. Castro and Mrs. Winnie N. Castro
Mr. Joevver R. Navarro and Mrs. Ma. Katherene L. Navarro

The Researchers

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Table of Contents

Title Page……………………………...………...…………................................ i

Approval Sheet …………………………………...……..…...............................

ii

Abstract ...……………………………….…….…….……….............................iii

Acknowledgement …………………..….………….………..............................iv

Dedication ………………………………..…….…………...………..................v

Table of Contents ………………………..…….…………...…..........................vi

List of Figures…..……………..…….…………...……….................................vii

List of Tables ……………………………..…….…………...

………...............viii

List of Appendices ………………………..…….…………...………................ix

Chapter Page

1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction……………………………………………..…….…………...…….1

Statement of the Problem…...……..….…………...……….................................4

Conceptual Framework .…………………..…….…………...……….................4

Significance of the Study…...……………..….…...……….................................5

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Scope and Delimitation…………………..……......……….................................6

Definition of Terms………………………..……....
……….................................6

2. MATERIALS AND METHOD

Research Design …………………….......……..…...……….................................9

Research Respondents…..…………..….…………...……….................................9

Sampling Techniques ……………………..……......……….................................9

Instrument of the Study…......…………..…….…………...

………........................9

Data Gathering Procedure……....…...

……………...............................................10

Ethical Consideration……...……………..…......................................………….10

Product Development ……………………………..….........................................11

Procedure....…...……………………………………...………………………….11

Design.………………………...………………………..…………………….....12

3. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Description of the product……………………………………..………..

……….13

Comparison………………………………………………………………..…….14

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Quality…………………………………………………………………………...15

Acceptability...……………………..…...……………………………………….15

4. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary………………………………………………………..………….........22

Conclusion……………………………………………………………….............23

Recommendations…………………………..………….......................................23

References……………………………………………………………….............23

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REFERENCES

APPENDICES

LIST OF FIGURES

No. Page

1 Research Paradigm 6

2 Planning Phase 15

3 Flowchart of Procedure in making the Disc 17

4 Flowchart of Procedure in making the Modified Shaft 17

5 Flow Chart of Procedure in making the Wire Splicing tool 18

6 Bottom view of the Wire Splicing Tool 20

7 Top View of the Wire Splicing Tool 21

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LIST OF TABLES

No. Page

1 Responses of the respondents according to functionality 18

2 Response of the respondents according to acceptability 18

3 Response of the respondents according to acceptability 18

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Letter Page

A Instrument of the study 26

B Documentation 27

C Curriculum vitae 35

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DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY