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MODELS:
Models of Cells
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CHAPTER ANALYSIS
4 KEY CONCEPTS
• Show an understanding of the functions of different parts of a typical cell (including the nucleus)

• Recognise that in multicellular organisms (both plants and animals), cells are the basic building blocks that are organized
into tissues, organs, and systems

• Explain the significance of division of labour, even at the cellular level

• Discuss the reasons for the depletion or extinction of some plants or animals

2 ADVANCED CONCEPTS
• Infer whether an organism is an animal or a plant, based on its cellular composition

• Show an awareness of the moral and social issues related to organ donation/sale, and application of genetic science
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KEY CONCEPT

Unicellular
Living things made up of
one cell
CELLS Eg. Amoeba

Cells are the basic units of an organism, and are also the Multicellular
Living things made up of
smallest parts of an organism that are alive. many cells
Eg. Human beings
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ANIMAL CELLS

• Cytoplasm
• Jelly-like substance that fills the cell
• Contains water and other substances
• Site of chemical reactions

• Vacuoles
• Small spaces containing air, liquid, or food particles
• Many vacuoles present

• Nucleus

CELLS
• Controls activities within cell
• Contains chromosomes (made up of DNA)

• Cell membrane
• Thin layer around cell
• Partially permeable: allows some substances to pass through but not
others
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PLANTS CELLS

• Cell wall
• Thick layer around cell
• Made up of cellulose
• Supports the cell and gives it a regular shape

• Vacuoles
• A single large space containing cell sap
• Contains water and dissolved substances (eg. sugar and salt)
• Keeps the cell firm by taking in water

• Chloroplasts (only in plant cells)

CELLS • Small disc-like structures found in the cells of green plants

• Contain chlorophyll, which absorbs energy from the sun and uses it
to make food

• Cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane

• Same as in animal cells
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LEVELS OF ORGANISATION
CELLS TISSUES ORGANS

• Different • Made up of • Made up of

cells have a group of different
different cells with tissues
roles similar working
• Example: structure together
guard cells and function • Example:
(plants), • Example: brain (made
nerve cells, nerve tissue up of nerve
fat cells (made up of tissue and
nerve cells), connective
connective tissue)
tissue

Different organs work together to make up a system.

Each system has one main function.

ORGANISATION Plants also have

OF CELLS systems, such as the

transport system.
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DIVISION OF LABOUR
Definition: The act of dividing the work of an organism among different
cells

Advantages:
• The organism can perform more tasks (than unicellular organisms)
• It increases efficiency
• Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body and do not have
to involved in other tasks
• The cells can live longer

Examples of different jobs of cells:

• Nerve cells carry messages
• Red blood cells carry oxygen

DIVISION OF • Muscle cells for body movement

• Sperm cells for reproduction

LABOUR • Bone cells to support the body

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KEY CONCEPT

MORAL &
SOCIAL ISSUES
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ORGAN DONATION
Organ donation refers to the act of donating an organ and transplanting
it to another person legally.

People need to undergo organ transplants because their body organs

are diseased and cannot work properly. Receiving a healthy organ can
save their lives.

Common organs donated:

• Kidneys
• Liver
• Heart
• Lungs

GENETIC TESTING
Chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell contain genes, which control how
cells in our body work.

Genes also control the features we inherit from our parents, such as eye
colour, height, and certain diseases.

Genetic testing allows doctors to find out if we have genes for certain

ORGAN DONATION & disorders, such as cancer, heart disease, and mental illness. With this
information, doctors may be able to treat us early.

GENETIC TESTING
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