Complex and Principal Stresses and Strains REPRESENTATION: STATE OF STRESS AT A POINT. ce KK A o———* Fig. 24 Stress Representation Matrix representation with the notation of stress: | taco | y-face os Plane stress => All the stresses in the z-direction is zero On by 0 Biaxial state of stress or plane stress is a condition in which stress developed on any one of a the mutual perpendicular planes passing through the point is y assumed as zero. Fig. 2.2 Stresses Acting on a Plane [This element has thickness t | to the plane) @ General equation for plane stress transformation: We take an elementIf we rotate this element by angle @ in the anticlockwise direction oe an ae y + tant Fig. 2.3 Stresses on a Plane Apply the equation of static equilibrium Be, = 0) BF, = 0 Fap => oA Fig. 2.4 Free Body Diagram Force balance in x, direction 1c)= (6,,Asec0)—9,Acos0—1,,A tan0cos0 - +A sind —6,Atandsind = 0 Acos+1,,Atandcos+t,,Asinv+0,Atandsind = 6, Asecd = 6, =, 008" 8+, sin? 8+1,,(2sin8cos8) vine cos = 0822 ie = asona ‘ 2 sina0 = aeinacosd so o.( 220828) (22829), sin20 2 > ” (=).(# 5 ooea0 sy sin29 Now, balance the force in y-direction: 2F, = 0 = tyAsec0-t,Acos0—a,Atan0cos0 +6,Asind +7,,Atan0sind = 0 > tay, = ty 00870 +0, sindcos0 —o, sindcosd— sy, sin? 0 Where sin20 = 2sin@coso cos? 9 = 169820 2 sin? 9 = 1790828 2 (c,-9,)sin2e > ty, =F cos 20 - (x= 99) 8028 so, Toe > = fw sin20 +1, 60824 Stress transformation: 60820. ” What will be the value of shear + stress in the pure shear plane in I terms of principal stresses, } [We are discussing the case “ where the pure shear plane Fig. 2.5 Stresses Acting on a Plane ery = Replace 00+ in, You will get 0, => Jeoe20 = tay 8in20 to» e * +. Fig. 2.6 Stresses Acting on a Plane => Sum of normal stress on two mutually perpendicular plane remain constant. ite, 0, + 0, = constant => (6, +6) is stress invariant From equation 1) i From equation 2) e255 sin20 ©) r3 sy cosa aoSquare and add the equations (2) and (4) +a) ep = (ay |(Radius of thecircle)R = equation of circle | + yP To find the plane where normal stress is maximum: Se) Differential o,, with respect to 6, The plane of maximum normal stress and the plane of zero (28in20) +5, (200820) shear stress the same. |@ sin20) 1 r,(260820) 2, = Jtanze, - | 5) Location of the plane at which 6, is maximum or minimum From the property: Hane ehasro ane ess | ereymastr att wa In the triaxial state of stress eee See eee At zero shear stress plane, z,,, =0 Principal planes 2 = franao, = 7Fig. 27 Resultant Stress of the Stresses Acting on a Plane (s, 0820, = sin20, = R Now, To get the value of principal stresses, substitute the value of 0 in equation 1) (ox +99) , ©, 24 (ince o,, «, > Principal stresses) > (23%). _(oetoy) Re = o-(22%)-% We also know that a +0= 5,49, 3% =(0,+9))-6, ont, = oe, +0)-[[ 25%) 8]imum and minimum principal stresses: baa) ee @, and a, > Principal stress 6, > Algebraically larger value ©, > Algebraically smaller value a} Principal planes 6 Principal Planes Fig. 2.8 Principal Planes ‘© Principal planes have zero shear stress ‘+ Principal planes are perpendicular to each other ts, = 8% + 5| PLANE OF MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS Every axial stress is normal > ty stress, but every normal stress is not axial stress. ae > [Sea o| for maximum shear stress 0 == (6, 9,)00520 ~ 2, sin20Plane of maximum shear => sin20, -sin20, + cos26, cos 20, 20) =0 = cos(20, 20-2 0,= E = | =8 +4 The angle between the plane of maximum shear stress and the principal plane is 45°. => Find out the value of maximum shear stress: =[C0820 + ty sin20 Joe = (54, — mg) Pty RP Average normal stress 2 [x=a}? sy? =F] equation of circle MOHR’s CIRCLE Each point on the Mohr circle gives the value of normal stress (x-coordinate) and shear stress (y-coordinate) at a plane passing through a particular point of the member. @ <= Maximum shear stress In plane maximum shear stress (1) (2) What is the type of failures occur in following materials under different type of loading. i) Mild steel bar under axial tensile load ii) Cast iron bar under tensile load i) Mild steel bar under pure torsion iv) Cast iron bar under axial tensile load ialo—} Sy En *. SKE *. [ape . ftom x-axis cow oe ‘ wot ‘oblique plane Fig. 210 Mol's circle SIGN convention for Mohr’s circle: ren 09 + Normal stress < ‘compression (-) ve) © Shear stress| cw cow ee (oe) ine Fig. 211 Mohr's Circle => Every plane is represented by a radius in the Mohr’s circle @= The radius of Mohr's circle Plane of Maximum shear stress lg, 212 Vario = The maximum shear stress is represented by the radius of Mohr's circle Planes on Mohr’s circle = The plane on which maximum shear stress exists, the value of normal stress at that plane will & xs ): PRINCIPAL STRAINS To obtain the strain equations Replace 6, 6, ;cos20 + 12 sin20} 2 simi sin20 + cos 26] 2Principal strains: = |tan29, Goa) Bay For the stress tensor at a point as shown in the figure % ty Ta] [100 200 0 x %|-|200 300 0 tx ty % | [0 0 400),, Can we apply the biaxial the state of stress equation in the xy plane in ‘the above condition? Ifyes, why? STRESS TRANSFORMATION > STRAIN TRANSFORMATION ETE Yom > Maximum shear strain MOHR’s CIRCLE FOR STRAIN Fig. 213 Mohr’s Cirele Diagram for Strain @®PRACTICE QUESTIONS The polyethylene liner of a settling pond is subjected to stresses c, = 2.5 MPa, 9, = 0.75 MPa, and c,, = -0.8 MPa, as shown by the plane-stress element in the figure part a. Determine the normal and shear stresses acting on a seam oriented at an angle of 30° to the element, as shown in the figure part b. Show these stresses on a sketch of an element having its sides parallel and perpendicular to the seam. r Pee +e T a Fig, 214 Plane-stress Element Using stress transformation equation onl 60828 + ty sin28 Given; 6 = 30° os! 5 MPa 75 MPa w Ty = 0.8 MPa Fig. 2.15 Free Body Diagram for Stresses: 25+0.75)_ (25-0.75) os 7 = 6, (224228) (282078) cosen ) = (0.8) sin(60*) fx, = 1368 MPa| For 9, > > 9, = 2.5 +0.75~1.369 [p,, = 188 MPal‘The state of stress at a point is given by o, = 100 MPa, a, = -50 MPa and shear stress s,, = 100 MPa. The centre of Mohr’s circle and its radius will be a) (6, = 75 MPa s,, = 0) and 75 Mi b) (6, = 25 MPas,, = 0) and 125 MPa ©) (,=25MPas,,=0) and 150 MPa) (o, = 75 MPas,, = 0) and 125 MPa Correct answer is b) = (22659, 6} (25 MPa, 0) Radius of Mohr's circle = {EET se" — ss ‘The magnitudes of principal stresses at a point are 250 MPa tensile and 150 MPa compressive. The magnitudes of the shearing stress on a plane on which ‘the normal stress is 200 MPa tensile, and the normal stress on a plane at right angle to this plane is a) 507 MPa and 100 MPa (tensile) b) 100 MPa and 100 MPa (compressive) ¢) 50/7 MPa and 100 MPa (compressive) d) 100 MPa and 507 MPa (tensile) Correct answer isc) Given; 250 MPa , = -150 MPa 9, = 200 MPa By using property > 6,+9,=6,+6, = 9, = 250 - 150 ~ 200 100 MPa,= 100 MPa (compressive}] Teel Stress invariants +5, @ 0,8, ~(y) =constant a Therefore from (2) > 9,9, - (ty)? = (6,82) -0 = 200(-100)~ (1)? = (250)(-150) = (sy)? = 17500 = aa wr] Sol: Correct answer is d) Given; «, = 300 MPa 54) = 200 MPa 0-0 + 200 Fig. 216 Strestes Acting on a PlaneThe state of stress at a point in a loaded member is 6, MPa and +,, = =300 MPa. The principal stress o, and a, are a) 300 MPa and -700 MPa ) 400 MPa and ~600 MPa ©) 500 MPa and -500 MPa ) 600 MPa and -400 MPa Correct answer isc) Given; \400 —— oy = 04 400) + B00" 400 Fig. 217 Stresses Acting on the Loaded Member = #500 MPa Two triangular plates are welded to make a rectangular plate having dimensions of 75 mm * 125 mm, as shown in the figure. A tensile stress of 3.5 MPa and compressive stress of 2.5 MPa act in the long and short directions, respectively. Determine the normal stress , acting perpendicular to the line of the weld land the shear stress +, acting parallel to the weld. (Assume that the normal stress o,, is positive when it acts in tension against the weld and the shear stress o, is positive when it acts counterclockwise against the weld.) 29.Mea 351Pa Fig. 218 Triangular Plates @®5mm Emm Fig, 219 Dimensions of Triangular Plates = ‘es VEE a3) - Jose sna LS - (22129), (88 cos(a42) (0) = -0.9084 MPa os (25%) 60820 me [AZ = Sy, = 2.647 MPa A rectangular plate in the plane stress is subjected to normal stresses o, and 6, and shear stress z,, Stress o, is known to be 15 MPa, but o, and s,, are unknown. However, the normal stress is known to be 33 MPa at counter counterclockwise angles of 35° and 75° from the x-axis. Based on this, the normal stress ¢, on the element in the figure is approximately: b) 21MPa 6) 43MPa Fig. 2.20 Stresses Acting on the Plane @Sol: Oy sg: = 33.at (8) = 35° x5: = 33 at (0) = 75° Now > Ho (+0) (15-9, os af - Jeoe70) +5 snc) ot = 33 ( FS 080) sin) (2) From equation (1) and (2) wo 03-( 222} (Sern = 6,=26MPa STRAIN ROSETTES Rosette is mounted on the surface of the body, where the material is in the plane stress, we can Use the transformation equation for the plane strain to calculate the strains in various directions. Let’s understand this using an example: A 60° strain rosette, or delta rosette, consists of jes ‘An arrangement of three gauges in a particular set of pattern (specifically either star or delta) is termed as strain rosette. three electrical-resistance strain gauges arranged as shown in the figure. Gauge A measures ‘the normal strain e, in the direction of the x axis. Gauges 8 and C measure the strains e, and , in the inclined directions shown. Equations for the strains ¢,, «, and y,, associated with the xy axis can be obtained as follows: Fig. 2.21 Delta Rosette w®By using the transformation equation, ofS )(83 =) Jcos(120°) + (3) x20 619 (2) At 0 = 120%, 6, = 6 - (58) cos 240° +| (3 }sneaon leat aa Ge Solving equations (2) and (3) : Flee + 22, — en) 2 (ae)‘TRIAXIAL STATE OF STRESS Y *? Fig, 2.22 Triaxial State of Stross Representation In the 20 state of stress, we used to analyse the xy plane of an element, where we rotate the plane about z-axis to draw the Mohr’s circle. But in 3D state of stress, we will have three Mobr's circle Plane axis a) There will be four number of ry Bet nz one Mohr's circle states of stress components at a point of biaxial state of ye 5x One Mohr's circle stress, but we will req yz—8_4y one Mohr’s circle only three states of stress components (c,, «, and +,) Mohr's circle for the triaxial state of stress: Coe aay stress. b) At a point of the triaxial state of stress, there will be nine (three normal and six shear stresses) number of states of stress components but we will require only six components (6,5 6, Os Typ Tye and ¢,,) to define it. Fig. 2.23 Mohr's Circle for Triaxial Stato of Stross @w)‘Therefore there will be three shear stresses: © in-plane m: \um shear stress. wage] Scien stress. For 2-D case also (a, = 0] * Absolute maximum shear stress in the plane 2 il Rack Your Brain How does the [e. +6, =0] effects the Mohr's circle diagram? a case) case) Fig. 2.24 Stresses Acting on a Plane ‘What will be the Mohrs circle for all the cases? PRACTICE QUESTIONS cons The state of stress. jer the following statements: ‘two dimensions at a point in a loaded component can be completely specified by indicating the normal and sh +) Aplane containing the point passing through the point 3) Two mutually perpendicular planes passing through the point Which of these statements are correct? 2) Any two plan a) and 3 b) 2 only @ stresses are ©) Tonly 4) 3 onlyCorrect answer is d) Fig. 2.25 Stresses Acting on a Plane => Normal and shear stresses should be known at two perpendicular planes passing through the point. In a strained material, one of the principal stresses is twice the other. The ‘maximum shear stress in the same case is c,,,. Then, what is the value of the ‘maximum principal stress? 8) pee B) 2 pe 4 in ) Boye Correct answer is ¢) Given; ‘State of stress in two dimensions at a point in a loaded component can be ‘a two-dimensional state of stress at a point in a plane stressed element is represented by a Mohr's circle of zero radii. Then both principal stresses a) is equal to zero ») are equal to zero, and shear stress is also equal to zero ©) are of equal magnitude but of opposite sign 4) are of equal magnitude and of the same sign cc)Sol: correct answer is d) For the radius of Mohr's circle to be zero oe — Fig. 2.26 Stresses Representation Centre = (6, 0) Radius = 0 Mobr's circle is a point Case-2: Stress is compressive (or) hydrostatic state of stress Fig, 2.27 Stresses Acting Due to Hydrostatic State > In fluid, the state of stress is a hydrostatic state of stress In this case, all the planes passing through a point 2 tno (ESEE nay cona SREY Cargaeyeo re aa nrn eme @