,ay; - 1 - nkhop

md;id nkhopNa - ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;

jkpo;r;nrhy; tsk; - NjtNeag; ghthzh;
,ul;Lwnkhopjy; - re;jf;ftpkzp jkpoofdhh;
ciueilapd; mzpfyd;fs;- vop;y; Kjy;td;
,yf;fzk; - vOj;J> nrhy;
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
md;id nkhopNa - ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;
gyTs;; njhpf:
1.ve;jkpo;eh vd;gijg; gphpj;jhy; ,t;;thW tUk;
m. ve; +jkpo; +eh M. ve;j + jkpo; +eh ,. vk;+jkpo; +eh <. ve;jk; +
jkpo; +eh
tpil: ,. vk;+jkpo; +eh

2. ngUQ;rpj;jpudhhpd; ,aw;ngah; ---------

m. go. Kj;ijah M. Jiu.khzpf;fk; ,. rz;Kf Re;juk; <. jkpoofdhh;
tpil: M. Jiu.khzpf;fk

3. „md;idnkhopNa‟ vd;w ngUQ;rpj;jpudhhpd; ghly; ,lk;ngw;w E}y; -----

m. fdpr;rhW M. vz;Rit vz;gJ ,. cyfpay; E}W <. E}whrphpak;
tpil: m. fdpr;rhW

4. njd;nkhop>jkpo;rr
; pl;L ,jo;fspd; thapyhfj; jkpOzh;it cynfq;Fk;
gug;gpath;
m. ghujpahh; M. rr;rpjhde;jd; ,. ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; <. jkpoofdhh;
tpil: ,. ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;

5. jkpOf;Ff; fUT+ykhf mike;j ngUQ;rpj;jpudhhpd; E}y;

m. jpUf;Fws; nka;g;nghUSiu M. fdpr;rhW ,. vz;Rid <.
ghtpaf;nfhj;J
tpil: m. jpUf;Fws; nka;g;nghUSiu

6. „rhFk;NghJk; jkpo; gbj;Jr; rhfNtz;Lk;‟ vd;W ghbath;

m. ghujpahh; M. rr;rpjhde;jd; ,. ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; <. jkpoofdhh;
tpil: ,. ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh

7. fy;Nghd;w kdj;ijAk; fw;fz;lhf;Fgts;

m. fiykfs; M. kiykfs; ,. miykfs; <. jkpod;id
tpil: <. jkpod;id

8. ghtyNuW vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLgth;

m. ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; M. jkpoofdhh; ,. thzpjhrd;; <. fz;zjhrd;
tpil: m. ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh

9. „ew;fzf;Nf‟ vd;gJ
m.gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F M. gjpndz;Nkw;fzf;F ,. rpyg;gjpfhuk; <.
kzpNkfiy
tpil: m.gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F

10. „njd;dd; kfNs‟ vd;W ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; ghbajpy; ‘njd;dd;’ vd;Nghd;

1
 m. Nrud; M. Nrhod; ,. gy;ytd; <. ghz;bad;
tpil: <. ghz;bad

11. „,d;dWk; ghg;gj;Nj! vz;njhifNa” ,t;tbfspy; gj;Jk;vl;Lk;

Fwpg;git
m. rq;f,yf;fpaq;fs; M.mw,yf;fpaq;fs; ,. fhg;gpaq;;fs; <.
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;
tpil: m. rq;f,yf;fpaq;fs;

12. „jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;J> Ke;Jw;Nwhk; ahz;Lk;‟ vDk; jiyg;gpy; cs;s

ghly;fs;
,lk;ngw;w E}y;
m. fdpr;rhW M. vz;Rit ,. cyfpay; E}W <. E}whrphpak;
tpil: m. fdpr;rhW

,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G jUf:
1. khz;GfNo> nre;jkpNo> NguuNr> jdpj;jkpNo – tpspj;njhlh;fs;
2. Kfpo;j;j> nfhz;l – nganur;rq;;fs;
3. mhpa – Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk;
4. ce;jp> jho> Fbj;J> ghb> Koq;f– tpidnar;rq;fs;
5. nre;jkpo;> eWq;fdp> nre;jhkiu> vz;njhif> NguuR –
gz;Gj;njhif
6. Njid - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik tphp
7. ciutphpf;Fk; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf :
1. Kfpo;j;j – Kfpo +; j; + j; +; m 3. Fbj;J - Fb + j; + j;
+ c
Kfpo; - gFjp Fb - gFjp
j; - re;jp j; - re;jp
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy j; - ,we;jfhy
,ilepiy
m - nganur;rtpFjp c - tpidnar;r
tpFjp

2. ghb - ghL + ,
ghL - gFjp
, - tpidnar;r tpFjp
FWtpdh:
1. ‘kd;Dk; rpyk;Ng! kzpNk fiytbNt!
Kd;Dk; epidthy; Kbjho tho;j;JtNk!
,t;tbfspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fisj; jtpu
vQ;rpAs;s
fhg;gpaq;fspd; ngah;fis vOJf.
 rPtf rpe;jhkzp
 tisahgjp
 Fz;lyNfrp vd;gd vQ;rpAs;s fhg;gpaq;fshFk;..

2. ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; jkpod;idia vt;thnwy;yhk; miof;fpwhh;?

ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;> md;idnkhopNa> nre;jkpNo>eWq;fdpNa>
NguuNr> khz;GfNo> ew;fzf;Nf> jdpj;jkpNo vd;nwy;yhk;
miof;fpwhh;.

2
 3. jkpod;idapd; ngUikia Koq;Ftjw;Fg; ghtyNuW $Wk;
ctikia vOJf.
tz;lhdJ nre;jhkiuj; Njidf; Fbj;Jr; rpwfbj;Jg; ghLtJ
Nghd;W jkpod;idiar;Ritj;J cs;sj;jpy; fdy; %s> jkpopd;
ngUikia vq;Fk; Koq;FNthk; vd;W ghtyNuW $Wfpwhh;.

4. “,d;dWk; ghg;gj;Nj”- ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fs;

ahit?
Mw;Wg;gil E}y;fs; :
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil> nghUeuhw;Wg;gil>
ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil>
rpWghzhw;Wg;gil> $j;juhw;Wg;gil(kiygLflhk;)
mfE}y;fs;: Ky;iyg;ghl;L> FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L> neLey;thil
GwE}y;fs;: kJiuf;fhQ;rp> gl;bdg;ghiy

5. vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fs; ahit?

mfE}y;fs;: ew;wpiz> FWe;njhif>Iq;FWE}W>
fypj;njhif>mfehD}W
GwE}y;fs;;:gjpw;Wg;gj;J> GwehD}W
mfg;GwE}y;;:ghpghly;
vd;gd vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fs;.
rpWtpdh:
1. jkpod;idia tho;j;Jtjw;fhd fhuzq;fshfg; ghtyNuW Rl;Ltd
ahit?
jkpopd; njhd;ik:
goikf;Fk; goikaha;j; Njhd;wpa eWq;fdp.
jkpo; epiyj;j ,lk;:
fly; nfhz;l Fkhpf; fz;lj;jpy; epiyj;J murhz;l
kz;Zyfg; NguuR
“fd;dpf; Fkhpf; fly;nfhz;l ehl;bilapy;
kd;dp murpUe;j kz;Zyfg; NguuNr”
jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs;:
ghz;ba kd;ddpd; kfs;> jpUf;Fwspd; ngUik ngWk;
GfOf;Fhpats;.
gj;Jg;ghl;L> vl;Lj;njhif> gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F kw;Wk;
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;L ePz;l
epiyj;j Gfiog; ngw;Ws;sjhy; jkpod;idiaj; jiygzpe;J
tho;j;JNthk; vd;W ghtyNuW $Wfpwhh;.

2. ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;judhh; Fwpg;G tiuf:

ngah; : ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;
,aw;ngah; : Jiu. khzpf;fk;
rpwg;Gg; ngah; : ghtyNuW
elj;jpa ,jo;fs; : njd;nkhop> jkpo;rr
; pl;L
,aw;wpa E}y;fs; : cyfpay; E}W>ghtpaf;nfhj;J>E}whrphpak;>
fdpr;rhW
vz;Rit vz;gJ>kfGFtQ;rp>gs;spg;
gwitfs;.
rpwg;Gfs; : ,th; vOjpa jpUf;Fws; nka;g;nghUSiu
jkpOf;Ff; fUT+ykha;
mike;jJ.
,tuJ E}y;fs; ehl;Lilikahf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

3
 3. ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; jkpopd; rpwg;igAk; jkpopd; ngUikiaAk; vt;thW
Koq;Ftjhff; $Wfpwhh;?
jkpopd; rpwg;G:
vkf;F capuhd nrOik kpf;f jkpNo!
vkJ jkpo; ehf;fhy; tphpj;Jiuf;f ,ayhj mhpangUikfis
cila
jkpNo!
goikahd ngUikAk;> jdf;nfdj; jdpj;jd;ikAk;> ,yf;fpa
tsKk; ngw;Wr; rpwf;Fk; jkpNo! vd;W jkpopd; rpwg;igg;
ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; ghLfpwhh;

jkpo;g;gw;W:
Nghg;> tPukhKdpth;> fhy;Lnty; Nghd;w Ntw;Wnkhopahsh;
jkpiog; Nghw;wp ciuj;j GfOiuAk; cyfkf;fs; midtUk;
tpaf;fj;jf;f mjd;; ePz;l epiyj;j jd;ikAk; jdf;F nkhopg;
gw;Wzh;it vOg;gpajhff; $Wfpwhh;.
jkpopd; ngUik:
tz;lhdJ nre;jhkiuj; Njidf; Fbj;Jr; rpwfirj;Jg; ghLtJ
Nghd;W jdpj; jkpior; Ritj;J> cs;sj;jpy; jkpo;f; fdy;
%z;ljhy; jkpopd; ngUikia vq;Fk; Koq;Ftjhfg; ghLfpwhh;.

neLtpdh
1. kNdhd;kzPak; Re;judhhpd; jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;Jg; ghliyAk;
ngUQ;rpj;jpudhhpd; jkpo;tho;j;ijAk; Xg;gpl;L Nkilg;Ngr;R xd;iw
cUthf;Ff.
midtUf;Fk; tzf;fk;!
“jpq;fnshLk; nrOk;ghpjp jd;NdhLk; tpz;NzhLk;
cLf;fNshLk;
kq;Fy;fly; ,tw;NwhLk; gpwe;j jkpOld; gpwe;Njhk; ehq;fs;”
vd;W jkpopd;
Gfo; ghLk; Gyth;fs; vz;zw;Nwhh; vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ. mth;fSs;
kNdhd;kzPak; ng.Re;judhUk; ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jpudhUk; jkpod;idia
tho;j;jpa tpjj;ijg; ghh;gN
; ghk;.
miyfliy Milahf cLj;jpapUf;Fk; ,e;j mofhd G+kpg; ngz;zpw;Fg;
ghuj ehNl Kfkhk;; njd;wpir mjd; new;wpahk;: mjpy; jpyfnkdj; jpfo;tJ
jpuhtplj; jpUehlhk;: me;jj; jpyfj;jpd; kzj;ijg; Nghy; midj;JyfKk;
,d;gk; fhz vy;yhj; jpirfspYk; Gfo; kzf;f ,Uf;Fk; jkpNo!” vdr;
Re;judhh; cynfq;Fk; jkpod;id tpahgpj;jpUf;Fk; epiyiag; ghl>
ngUQ;rpj;jpudhNuh>„fly; nfhz;l Fkhpf; fz;lj;jpy; epiyj;J>
murhz;l kz;Zyfg; Nguurdhfpa ghz;ba kd;ddpd; kfshf tsh;e;jtNs‟
vdj; jkpod;id gpwe;J tsh;e;j vy;iyiaj;„njd;dd; kfNs‟ vdr;
RUf;fkhfg; ghbtpl;L>„jpUf;Fwspd; ngUk;ngUikf;FhpatNs! gj;Jg;ghl;Nl!
vl;Lj;njhifNa! gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;Nf! epiyj;j rpyg;gjpfhuNk! mofpa
kzpNkfiyNa! vdr; rpwg;gpj;J> gz;ila ,yf;fpaq;fshy; ,d;GWk; ,dpa
jkpo;> juzpnaq;Fk; Gfo; ngw;wikf;Fj; jiygzpe;J‟ tho;j;Jtjhfg;
ghbAs;shh;.
njhd;WNjhd;wpatsha;g; ngUtho;T tho;e;jtsha; ,Ue;jhYk; ,d;Wk;
,sikNahL jpfo;tjha;r; Re;judhUk;> goikf;Fk; goikahf Kfpo;j;j
eWq;fdp vdg; ngUQ;rpj;jpudhUk; ghbAs;sdh;. ,q;Fg; goik vd ,UtUk;
$wpdhYk; „jd;dpiy khwhjts;‟ vdr; Re;judhUk;>„fdpNghy ,dpats;‟ vdg;
ngUQ;rpj;jpudhUk; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $wpAs;sdh;.

4
 „cd; moiff; fz;L tpae;J> nra;Ak; nraiyAk; kwe;J
tho;j;JfpNwhk;‟ vdj; jkpoplj;J Mo;e;J> jd;id kwe;j epiyiar; Re;judhh;
ghl>„vk;KapNu nrhy;Yjw;fhpa epd; ngUikjid vk; jkpo; eh vt;thW
tphpj;Jiuf;Fk;‟ vd nkhop NgRk; ehthy; jkpopd; ngUikjidg; ghl
,ayhJ vd;W ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; $wpAs;shh;.
„jpyfj;jpd; thrid vy;yhj; jpirfspYk; guTtJ Nghy; cd; Gfo;
vy;;yhj; jpirfspYk; gutp ,Uf;fpwJ‟ vdr; Re;judhh; ghl>„nre;jhkiuapy;
Njd; Fbj;j tz;L rpwfhh;j;Jg; ghLtJ Nghy; cd; ,dpikiar; Ritj;J
cd; Gfo; ghl tpUg;gk;‟vdg; ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; ghLfpwhh;. ,UtUk;
ctikiaf; ifahz;ltpjj;jpy; mth;fSila ftpj;jpwd; ntspg;gLfpwJ
,q;qdk; ,UtUk; jj;jk; ftpj;jpwdhy; jkpo;nkhopapd; moifAk;
tsj;ijAk; jpwj;ijAk; rpwg;igAk; mzpAwg; gjpT nra;Js;sdh;. jkpopd;
jz;zpir juzpiaAk; jiyahl;l itf;Fk;. gdpnkhopahk; ige;jkpo;g;gh
ghiytplr; Ritgaf;Fk;. NghJnkd;W epidj;jhYk; NghjhJ> jkpo;gw;wpg;
Gfo;tjw;F> NeuKk; NghjhJ vdf;F> gpwnfhU ehs; Nfhil tUk; vd
kiof; fhyj;jpy; vjph;g;ghh;g;gijg; Nghy jkpiog; gw;wpg; NgRtjw;F ehDk;
xU ehs; fhj;jpUf;fpNwd; cq;fNshL. ed;wp. tzf;fk;.

fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. ew;wpiz ey;y FWe;njhif Iq;FWE}W
xj;j gjpw;Wg;gj;J Xq;F ghpghly;
fw;wwpe;jhh; Vj;Jk; fypnahL mfk;Gwk; vd;W
,j;jpwj;j vl;Lj; njhif
,r;nra;Aspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fisg; ngah;f;
fhuzj;Jld; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
ew;wpiz – ed;ik + jpiz (mfj;jpiz)
„ey;‟ vDk; milnkhopNahL ew;wpiz vDk; ngah;ngw;W ehD}W
mfj;jpizg; ghly;fs; nfhz;l njhFg;G.
FWe;n;jhif – FWik + njhif (mfj;jpiz)
ey;y vDk; milnkhop nfhz;l FWfpa mbfshy; (4 – 8) ghlg;gl;l
ghly;fspd; njhFg;G.
Iq;FWE}W - Ie;J + FWik + E}W (mfj;jpiz)
vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; Fiwe;j mbfisf; (3- 6) nfhz;l
ghly;fshyhd njhFg;G
fypj;njhif - fypg;ghf;fshy; Js;sNyhir nfhz;L ghlg;gl;l
mfj;jpiz E}y;
mfehD}W - mfk; + ehd;F + E}W (mfj;jpiz)
mfj;jpiz gw;wpa ehD}W ghly;fisf; nfhz;L tpsq;FfpwJ. „mfk;‟
vd;Dk; ngaiug; ngw;w rpwg;GilaJ. „neLe;njhif‟ vd;w NtW ngaUk;
cz;L.
GwehW}W - Gwk;+ ehd;F + E}W (Gwj;jpiz)
Gwg;nghUs; gw;wpa ehD}W ghly;fisf; nfhz;l E}y;
gjpw;Wg;gj;J - Nru kd;dh;fs; gjpd;kiug; gw;wpg; gj;Jg;
Gyth;fs; ghba
(gj;Jg; gj;jhf) E}W ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ
ghpghly; - mfKk; GwKk; fye;jJ. ghp (Fjpiu) Nghy; fhy;fshy;
ghpe;J
eilNghLk; gz;zpirg; ghly;fisf; nfhz;l E}y; ghpghly; vDk;
ghtifiar; rhh;e;jJ. ,J „ghpghl;L‟ vdTk; toq;fg;ngWk;.

5
 1. “ve;jkpo;eh ep;d; ngUik vLj;Nj ciu tphpf;Fk;” vd;w
ghlybiaf; nfhz;L tFg;giwapy; Ie;J epkpl ciu epfo;j;Jf
ngz;izg; “Ngij Ngij” vd;wioj;Jg;
Ngijikahf;fpa
rKjhaj;jpy;> Nfhtyidf; fhg;gpaj;jpd; “Nfh”thf;fhky;>
fz;zfpiaf; fhg;gpaj;jpy; fz;zhf Mf;fp> Kjw;fhg;gpaNk
Gul;rpf;fhg;gpakha; mike;J> fhypy; mzpAk; rpyk;igNa
fUthf;fp> gpd;dhspy; mr;rpyk;igNa(E}y;) Gyth; ngUkf;fs;
jiyNky; itj;Jf; nfhz;lhLk;gb ,sq;Nfhtbfs; ahj;j
jkpioj; jtpu vd; jkpo; eh gpwpnjhd;iwg; NgrhJ.
xU E}iyg; Nghw;wNt gpwpnjhU E}y; Njhd;wpaJ. mjd;
Gfiog; cyfNk Nghw;Wk; tz;zk; gilj;j nja;tg; Gythpd;
jpUf;Fwisj; jtpu ve;jkpo;eh gpwpnjhd;iwg; NgrhJ.
rkaj;ijj; jhq;fp mjd; cz;ikia Cl;b kz;zhd
neQ;irg; gz;gl;l epykha;r; rikj;Jj; je;j rkaj;ijg; gug;Gk;
jkpio ve;jkpo;eh NgRNknahopa gpwpnjhd;wpy;iy. rpw;wpyf;fpakha;
,Ug;gpDk; ngUk;gilg;Gfshfj; jlk; gjpj;j ; njhz;Z}w;whW
tiffisAk; njhFj;J ve;jkpo;eh NgRNknahopa
gpwpnjhd;Wkpy;iy.
GytiuAk; GutyiuAk; je;j: rpj;jiuAk; gpj;jiuAk; je;j:
E}yhrphpaiuAk; ciuahiuAk; je;j: mwj;ijAk; kwj;ijAk;
je;j: mfj;ijAk; Gwj;ijAk; je;j: md;igAk; gz;igAk; je;j
jkpioj; jtpu ve;jkpo;eh gpwpnjhd;iwAk; NgrhJ.

ciueil - jkpo;r; nrhy; tsk; -

NjtNeag;ghthzh;
gyTs; njhpf:
1. „fha;e;j ,iyAk; fha;e;j NjhifAk;‟ epyj;Jf;F ey;y cuq;fs;.
,j;njhlhpy; mbf;Nfhbl;l gFjp Fwpg;gpLtJ
m. ,iyAk;rUFk; M. NjhifAk;rz;Lk; ,. jhSk;XiyAk; <.
rUFk;rz;Lk;
tpil: <. rUFk;rz;Lk;

2. Nth;ff
; liy> kpsfha; tpij> khq;nfhl;il Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk;
gaph;tif
m. Fiytif M. kzp tif ,. nfhOe;Jtif <. ,iy tif
tpil: M. kzp tif

3. „ehLk; nkhopAk; ekJ ,U fz;fs;‟ vd;W ghbath;

m. ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; M. jkpoofdhh; ,. ghujpahh; <. mg;ghj;Jiu
tpil: ,. ghujpahh

4. nre;jkpo; nkhopapy; midj;J tsKk; cz;nld;W tpil gfh;tJ

m. ,yf;fpa tsk; M. jkpo;rn ; rhy; tsk; ,. ,yf;fztsk; <. nghUs;
tsk;
tpil: M. jkpo;rn; rhy; tsk;

5. jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpay; ,yf;fzk; vDk; E}iy vOjpath;

m. fhy;Lnty; M. [p.A. Nghg; ,. tPukhKdpth; <. ghthzh;
tpil: m. fhy;Lnty;

6
6. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spf;F mUfpYs;s my;Y}hpy; “jpUts;Sth; jtr;rhiy”ia
mikj;jth;
m.ghthzh; M.f.mg;ghj;Jiu ,. ,uh.,sq;Fkudhh; <.jkpoofdhh;
tpil: ,. ,uh.,sq;Fkudhh;

7. nrhy;yhuha;rr
; papy; ghthzUk; tpae;j ngUkfdhh;
m. ghthzh; M. f. mg;ghj;Jiu ,. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh; < jkpoofdhh;
tpil: ,. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh;

8. ghthzh; E}yfj;ij cUthf;fpath;

m. ghthzh; M. f. mg;ghj;Jiu ,. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh; < jkpoofdhh;
tpil: ,. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh;

9. ,uh.,sq;Fkudhh>; ,ikfis %bf;nfhz;Nl vOJk; Mw;wiyf;

fw;Wf;nfhs;sf; fhuzkhdth;
m.jkpo;j;njd;wy; jpU.tp.f M.ghujpahh; ,. ghthzh; <. jkpoofdhh;

tpil: m.jkpo;j;njd;wy; jpU.tp.f

10. tpopfis ,of;f Nehpl;lhy;$lj; jha;j;jkpopid ,oe;Jtplf; $lhJ vd;W

vz;zpath;
m. ghthzh; M. f. mg;ghj;Jiu ,. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh; < jkpoofdhh;
tpil: ,. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh

11. cyfj;jpNyNa xU nkhopf;fhf cyfkhehL elj;jpa Kjy;ehLk; Kjy;

nkhopAk; --
m. jkpo;ehL M. ,e;jpah ,. kNyrpah <. rpq;fg;G+h;
tpil: ,. kNyrpah

12. gd;nkhopg; Gyth; vd;W miof;fg;gLgth;

m. ghthzh; M. f. mg;ghj;Jiu ,. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh; < jkpoofdhh;
tpil: M. f. mg;ghj;Jiu

13. nkhopQhapW vd;wiof;fg;gLgth;

m. NjtNeag;ghthzh; M.mg;ghj;Jiu ,. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh; <
jkpoofdhh;
tpil: m. NjtNeag;ghthzh;

14. jkpo;r; nrhy;yhuha;r;rpapy; cr;rk; njhl;lth;

m. NjtNeag;ghthzh; M.mg;ghj;Jiu ,. ,uh.,sq;Fkudhh;
<.jkpoofdhh;
tpil: m. NjtNeag;ghthzh;

15. ,e;jpankhopfspNyNa fly;fle;;J Nkiyehl;L vOj;JUtpy; Kjypy;

mr;Nrwpa nkhop
m. jkpo; M. kiyahsk; ,. rk];fpUjk; <. fd;dlk;
tpil: m. jkpo

16. 1554,y; „fhh;byh‟ vd;Dk; E}iy Kjd;Kjyhfj; jkpo;nkhopapy;

nkhopngah;j;j ehL
m. Nghh;rR
; fPR ehL M. lr;R ,. mnkhpf;fh <. ,q;fpyhe;J

7
tpil: m. Nghh;r;RfPR ehL

17. nghUj;Jf.
m. ,iy - 1. gid
M. jsph; - 2. fUk;G
,. fop - 3. Ntk;G
<. Xiy - 4. ney;
m. 3>1>4>2 M. 3>4>2>1 ,. 3>2>1>4 <. 3>4>1>2
tpil: M. 3>4>2>1

18. nre;jkpo;r; nrhw;gpwg;gpay; mfuKjypj; jpl;l,af;Feuhfg; gzpahw;wpath;

m. ,sq;Fkudhh; M. nkhopQhapW ,. jkpoofdhh; <. mg;ghj;Jiu
tpil: M. nkhopQhapW

19. cyfj; jkpo;f; fofj;ij epWtpj; jiytuhf ,Ue;jth;

m. rr;rpjhde;jd; M. mg;ghj;Jiu ,. jkpoofdhh; <. ghthzh;
tpil: <. ghthzh;

tpilf;Nfw;w tpdh mikf;f

1. ghthzh; E}yfj;ij cUthf;fpath; ,sq;Fkudhh;.
ghthzh; E}yfj;ij cUthf;fpath; ahh;?
2. jkpo;j;jpU vd;Dk; rpwg;Gg; ngaiug; ngw;wth; ,sq;Fkudhh;.
jkpo;j;jpU vd;Dk; rpwg;Gg; ngaiug; ngw;wth; ahh;?
3. xU ehl;L tsj;jpw;Fj; jf;fgbNa> me;ehl;L kf;fspd;
mwpnthOf;fq;fSk; mikj;jpUf;Fk;.
xU ehl;L tsj;jpw;Fj; jf;fgb mike;jpUg;gd ahit?
4. tuF> fhilf;fz;zp> Fjpiuthyp Kjypad rpW$yq;fs;.
rpW$yq;fs; ahit?;

ciueilg; gj;jpiag; gbj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.

xU nkhop nghJkf;fshYk; mjd; ,yf;fpak; Gykf;fshYk;
mikag;ngWk;. jkpo;g; nghJkf;fs; cah;e;j gFj;jwpTilah;. vj;JizNah
Muha;r;rp ele;JtUk; ,f;fhyj;jpYk; vj;JizNah nkhopfspdpd;W
fld;nfhz;l Mq;fpy nkhopapYk; E}ypYk; ,iyiaf; Fwpf;f Leaf vd;Dk;
xNu nrhy; cs;sJ. Mq;fpy E}y;fspYk; NtW gy tiffspy; ,iyfisg;
ghFghL nra;jdNuad;wp> jkpo;g;nghJkf;fisg; Nghy td;ik nkd;ik gw;wpj;
jhs;> ,iy> Njhif> Xiy vdg; ghFghL nra;jhhpy;iy. ,j;jifa ghFghL
Vida cWg;GfSf;Fs;Sk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. jkpo;ehL vj;Jizg; nghUs;
tsKilanjd;gJ> mjd; tpisnghUs; tiffis Nehf;fpdhNy tpsq;Fk;.
1. xU nkhopAk; mjd; ,yf;fpaKk; vt;thW mikAk;?
xUnkhop nghJkf;fshYk; mjd; ,yf;fpak; Gykf;fshYk;
mikag;ngWk;.
2. jkpo;kf;fs; ,iyfis vt;thW ghFghL nra;jdh;?
jkpo;g;nghJkf;fs; ,iyapd; td;ik nkd;ik gw;wpj; jhs;>
,iy> Njhif> Xiy vdg; ghFghL nra;jdh;.
3. jkpo;ehl;bd; nghUs;tsj;jpid vt;tpjk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;?
jkpo;ehL vj;Jizg; nghUs; tsKilanjd;gJ> mjd;
tpisnghUs; tiffis Nehf;fpdhNy tpsq;Fk;.
4. nkhop Muha;rr ; pf;F Xh; vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf
vj;JizNah nkhopfspdpd;W fld;nfhz;l Mq;fpy nkhopapy;
,iyiaf; Fwpf;f Leafvd;Dk; xNu nrhy; cs;sJ. Mq;fpy
E}y;fspYk; NtW gy tiffspy; ,iyfisg; ghFghL

8
 nra;jdNuad;wp> jkpo;g;nghJkf;fisg; Nghy td;ik nkd;ik
gw;wpj; jhs;> ,iy> Njhif> Xiy vdg; ghFghL nra;jhhpy;iy
5. ,g;gj;jpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jiyg;G xd;W jUf
jkpo;nkhop tsk;.

FWtpdhf;fs;:
1. xU jhw;wpy; gy rPg;G thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.
xU rPg;gpy; gy jhW thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.
xU rPg;gpy; gy thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.
Nkw;fz;l njhlh;fspy; rhpahd njhlh;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;b vQ;rpa gpioahd
njhlhpYs;s gpiof;fhd fhuzj;ij vOJ:
rhpahd thf;fpaq;fs;:
xU jhw;wpy; gy rPg;G thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.
xU rPg;gpy; gy thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.
jtwhd thf;fpak;:
gpio: xU rPg;gpy; gy jhW thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.
jpUj;jk;: xU jhw;wpy; gy rPg;G thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.

2. jkpo;r;nrhy; tsk; gw;wpa fhy;Lnty; fUj;Jfs;; ahit?

“jkpoy;yhj jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; mfuhjpfis MuhAk;NghJ> jkpopYs;s
xUnghUs; gynrhy; thpirfs; mtw;wpy; ,y;yhf;Fiw ve;jj; jkpowpQUf;Fk;
kpfj; njspthfj; Njhd;Wk;. jkpopy; kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Lj; jkpOf;Nf
rpwg;ghf chpadthff; fUjg;gLk; nrhw;;fs; kl;Lkd;wpj; njYq;F> fd;dlk;
Kjypa gpw jpuhtplnkhopfSf;F chpadthff; fUjg;gLk; nrhw;fSk; jkpopy;
cs” vd;fpwhh; fhy;Lnty;.

3. fpisg;gphpTfspd; ngah;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

fit - mb kuj;jpdpd;W gphpAk; khngUk; fpis
nfhk;G my;yJ nfhg;G - fitapd; gphpT
fpis - nfhk;gpd; gphpT
rpid - fpisapd; gphpT
Nghj;J - rpidapd; gphpT
Fr;R - Nghj;jpd; gphpT
,Zf;F - Fr;rpapd; gphpT

4. fha;e;j mbAk; fpisAk; ngWk; ngah;fs; ahit?

Rs;sp - fha;e;j Fr;R (Fr;rp)
tpwF - fha;e;j rpWfpis
ntq;fop - fha;e;j fop
fl;il - fha;e;j nfhk;Gk; fitAk; mbAk;

5. ,iytiffisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fis vOJf.

,iy - Gsp> Ntk;G
jhs; - ney;> Gy;
Njhif - Nrhsk;> fUk;G
Xiy - njd;id> gid
rz;L - fha;e;j jhSk;>NjhifAk;
rUF - fha;e;j ,iy

6. g+tpd; epiyfisf; $Wf:

mUk;G - G+tpd; Njhw;w epiy
NghJ - G+ tphpaj; njhlq;Fk; epiy

9
 kyh;(myh;) - G+tpd; kyh;e;j epiy
tP - kuQ;nrbapdpd;W G+ fPNo tpOe;j epiy
nrk;ky; - G+ thba epiy

7. jhtuj;jpd; (nfhOe;J) Edpg; gFjpfisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLf.
Jsph; my;yJ jsph; - ney;> Gy;
Kwp my;yJ nfhOe;J - Gsp> Ntk;G
FUj;J - Nrhsk;> fUk;G> njd;id> gid
nfhOe;jhil - fUk;gpd; Edpg;gFjp

8. jhtuj;jpd; Fiyfisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

nfhj;J : mtiu> Jtiu Kjypatw;wpd; Fiy
Fiy : nfhb Ke;jphp Nghd;wtw;wpd; Fiy
jhW : thiof; Fiy
fjph; : Nfo;tuF> Nrhsk; Kjypatw;wpd; fjph;
myF my;yJ Fuy; : ney;> jpid Kjypatw;wpd; fjph;
rPg;G : thioj; jhw;;wpd; gFjp

9. goj;Njhy; tiffisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fis vLj;;njOJf.

njhyp -: kpf nky;ypaJ
Njhy; : jpz;zkhdJ
NjhL : td;ikahdJ
XL : kpf td;ikahdJ
FLf;if: Riuapd; XL
kl;il : Njq;fha; new;wpd; Nkw;gFjp
ckp : ney;> fk;G Kjypatw;wpd; %b
nfhk;ik: tuF> Nfo;tuF Kjypatw;wpd; ckp

10. ,sk; gaph; tiffisf; $Wf:

ehw;W -: ney;> fj;jhp Kjypatw;wpd; ,sepiy
fd;W : kh> Gsp> thio Kjypatw;wpd; ,sepiy
FUj;J : thioapd; ,sepiy
gps;is : njd;idapd; ,sepiy
Fl;b : tpshtpd; ,sepiy
tlyp my;yJ klyp: gidapd; ,sepiy
igq;$o; : ney;> Nrhsk; Kjypatw;wpd; gRk;gaph;

11. jpUe;jpa kf;fis kw;w caphpdpd;Wk; gphpj;Jf; fhl;LtJ vJ? Vd;?

jpUe;jpa kf;fis kw;w caphpdpd;Wk; gphpj;Jf; fhl;LtJ nkhop.
mJNt xU ehl;lhhpd; my;yJ ,dj;jhhpd; ehfhpfj;ij
mse;jwptjw;Fk; rpwe;j topahFk;. nghUisf;; $h;e;J Nehf;fp
Ez;ghFghL nra;J mtw;wpw;Nfw;gg; gUg;nghUl;nrhw;fSk;
Ez;nghUl;nrhw;fSk; mikj;Jf; nfhs;tJ> rpwe;j kjpEl;gKk;
gz;ghLk; cila kf;fl;Nf ,aYk;.

12. jkpo;j; jpU. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhhpd; jkpo;g;gzpiaj; juKah;j;jpa

ey;Kj;Jf;fs; ahit?
,yf;fz tuyhW> ghthzh; tuyhW> jkpopir ,af;fk;>
jdpj;jkpo; ,af;fk;> Fz;lyNfrpciu> ahg;gUq;fyk; ciu> Gwj;jpul;L
ciu> jpUf;Fws; jkpo; kuGiu> fhf;ifg; ghbdpahh; ciu> NjtNeak;

10
 Kjypad jkpo;j; jpU. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhhpd; jkpo;g;gzpiaj;
juKah;j;jpa ey;Kj;Jf;fs; MFk;.

rpWtpdh:
1. “Gspaq;fd;W Mokhf elg;gl;Ls;sJ” ,JNghy; ,sk;gaph; tif
Ie;jpd; ngah;fisj; njhlh;fspy; mikf;f:
ehw;W – ehw;W eLk; fhyk; te;jJ.
gps;is – New;W ehd; njd;dk;gps;is thq;fp te;Njd;.
fd;W – vq;fs; Njhl;lj;jpy; khq;fd;Wfs; cs;sd.
igq;$o; - vq;fs; CUf;Fr; nry;Yk;NghJ Nrhsg;igq;$opd;
kzk; kdj;ij
<h;f;Fk;.
FUj;J - thiof; FUj;J clYf;F kUe;jhfg; gad;gLfpwJ.

2. jhtuj;jpd; mbg; gFjpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fis vOJf.

jhs; - ney;> Nfo;tuF Kjypatw;wpd; mb
jz;L - fPiu> thio Kjypatw;wpd; mb
Nfhy; - nel;b> kpsfha;r; nrb Kjypatw;wpd; mb
J}W - Fj;Jr; nrb> Gjh; Kjypatw;wpd; mb
jl;L my;yJ jl;il – fk;G> Nrhsk; Kjypatw;wpd; mb
fop - fUk;gpd; mb
fio - %q;fpypd; mb
mb - Gsp> Ntk;G Kjypatw;wpd; mb

3. jhtuj;jpd; gpQ;R tifg; ngah; ahit?

G+k;gpQ;R - G+NthL $ba ,sk;gpQ;R
gpQ;R - ,sk; fha;
tL - khk;gpQ;R
%R - gyhg;gpQ;R
ft;it - vs;gpQ;R
FUk;ig - njd;id> gid Kjypatw;wpd; ,dk;gpQ;R
Kl;;Lf; FUk;ig - rpW FUk;ig
,sePh; - Kw;whj Njq;fha;
Eoha; - ,sk;ghf;F
fr;ry; - thiog; gpQ;R
fUf;fy; - ,sney;
-
4. nfl;Lg;Nghd fha;fdp tiffSf;fhd ngah;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
#k;gy ; - Edpapy; RUq;fpa fha;
rptpay; - RUq;fpa gok;
nrhj;ij - GOG+r;rp mhpj;j fha; my;yJ fdp
ntk;gy; - #l;bdhy; gOj;j gpQ;R
mspay; - FSFSj;j gok;
mOfy; - FSFSj;J ehwpa gok; my;yJ fha;
nrhz;L - gjuha;g; Nghd kpsfha;
Njiuf;fha; - Njiu mkh;e;jjpdhy; nfl;lfha;
my;ypf;fha; - Njiu mkh;e;jjpdhy; nfl;l Njq;fha;
xy;ypf;fha; - njd;idapy; nfl;l fha;
Nfhl;lhd;fha; my;yJ $iff;fha; -Nfhl;lhd; cl;fhh;e;jjpdhy;
nfl;l fha;.

5. jhdpaq;fSf;F toq;Fk; nrhw;fisr; rhd;Wld; vOJf.

11
 $yk; - ney;> Gy;(fk;G) Kjypa jhdpaq;fs;
gaW - mtiu. cSe;J Kjypait
fliy - Nth;f;fliy> nfhz;ilf; fliy Kjypait
tpij - fj;jhp> kpsfha; Kjypatw;wpd; tpj;J
fho; - Gsp> fhQ;rpiu(er;R kuk;) Kjypatw;wp;d; tpij
Kj;J - Ntk;G> Mkzf;F Kjypatw;wpd; tpj;J
nfhl;il - kh> gid Kjypatw;wpd; tpj;J
Njq;fha; - njd;idapd; tpj;J
Kjpiu - mtiu> Jtiu Kjypa gaWfs;.

6. jkpo;ehl;bd; nghUs;tsj;jpw;Fr; rhd;W jUf.

jkpo;ehL vj;Jizg; nghUs;tsKilanjd;gJ> mjd;
tpisnghUs; tiffis Nehf;fpdhNy tpsq;Fk;.
NfhJik tiffs;:
rk;ghf;NfhJik> Fz;Lf;NfhJik>thw;NfhJik Kjypa
rpytiffNs cz;L.
ney; tiffs;:
jkpo;ehl;L ney;ypNyh nre;ney;> ntz;nzy;> fhh;ney; vd;Wk;
rk;gh> kl;il> fhh; vd;Wk; gy tiffs; cz;L.
rk;gh tiffs;:
Mtpuk;g+r;rk;gh> Midf;nfhk;gd; rk;gh>Fz;Lr; rk;gh>
Fjpiuthypr; rk;gh>rpWkzpr; rk;gh>rPufr;rk;gh Kjypa mWgJ
cs;tiffs;; cs;sd.
rpW$yq;fs;:
tuF> fhilf; fz;zp> Fjpiuthyp Kjypa rpW$yq;fs;
jkpo;ehl;byd;wp Ntnwq;Fk; tpistjpy;iy. jkpo;ehl;Ls;Sk;
njd;dhl;bNyNa mit tpisfpd;wd. ,itNa jkpo;ehl;bd;
nghUs;tsj;jpw;fhd rhd;WfshFk;.

neLtpdh:
1. jkpopd; nrhy;tsk; gw;wpAk; Gjpa nrhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhd Njit
Fwpj;Jk; jkpo; kd;wj;jpy; NgRtjw;fhd ciuf; Fwpg;Gfis vOJf.
“nrhy;ypy; cah;T jkpo;r; nrhy;Ny - mijj;
njhOJ gbj;jplb ghg;gh” – ghujpahh;.
xU ehl;L tsj;jpw;Fj; jf;fgbNa> me;ehl;L kf;fspd;
mwpnthOf;fq;fSk; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
jpUe;jpa kf;fis kw;w caphpdpd;Wk; gphpj;Jf; fhl;LtJ
nkhopahjypd;> mJNt xU ehl;lhhpd; my;yJ ,dj;jhhpd; ehfhpfj;ij
mse;jwptjw;Fk; rpwe;j topahFk;. nghUisf; $h;e;J Nehf;fp Ez;ghFghL
nra;J mtw;wpw;Nfw;gg; gUg;nghUl;nrhw;fSk; Ez;nghUl;nrhw;fSk;
mikj;Jf; nfhs;tJ> rpwe;j kjpEl;gKk; gz;ghLk; cila kf;fl;Nf ,aYk;.
mj;jifa kjpEl;gk; cilatNu jkpoh;.
jkpo;g; nghJkf;fs; cah;e;j gFj;jwpTilah;. vj;JizNah Muha;r;rp
ele;JtUk; ,f;fhyj;jpYk; vj;JizNah nkhopfspdpd;W fld;nfhz;l
Mq;fpy nkhopapYk; E}ypYk; ,iyiaf; Fwpf;f „Leaf‟ vd xNu nrhy;
cs;sJ. Mq;fpy E}y;fspYk; NtW gy tiffspy; ,iyfisg; ghFghL
nra;jdNuad;wp> jkpo;g; nghJkf;fisg; Nghy td;ik nkd;ik gw;wpj; jhs;>
,iy> Njhif> Xiy vdg; ghFghL nra;jhhpy;iy. jkpopy; G+tpd;
epiyfisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fisf; fhz;Nghk;
mUk;G : G++tpd; Njhw;wepiy
NghJ : G+ tphpaj; njhlq;Fk; epiy
kyh;(myh;) : G+tpd; kyh;e;j epiy
tP : kuQ;nrbapdpd;W G+ fPNo tpOe;j epiy

12
 nrk;ky; : G+ thbd epiy
nrhy;tsk; ,yf;fpar; nrk;nkhopfSf;nfy;yhk; nghJNtDk;> jkpo;
kl;Lk;mjpy; jiyrpwe;jjhFk;. jkpo;rn ; rhy; tsj;ijg; gyJiwfspYk;
fhzyhk;.
“ntspAyfpy; rpe;jidapy; GjpJ> Gjpjhf
tpise;Js;s vtw;wpDf;Fk; ngah;fnsyhq;fz;L
njspTWj;Jk; glq;fNshL Rtbaha;r; nra;J
nre;jkpior; nrOe;jkp oha;r; nra;jplTk; Ntz;Lk;”
vd;w ghNte;jdpd; ghly;thpfNs Gjpa nrhy;yhf;fj;ij
typAWj;Jfpd;wd.
„nrhy;gtd; fUjpa nghUisf; Nfl;gtd; vspjpy; czu ty;yjha;g; gioad
fope;Jk; Gjpad GFe;Jk; jpUj;jk; va;jp epw;wNy jpUe;jpa
gz;ngdg;gLk;‟vd;gJ nrk;nkhopapd; ,yf;fzf; $Wfspy; xd;whFk;.
,f;$w;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ek;Kila NjitfSf;Nfw;whw;Nghyg; Gjpa Gjpa
nghUl;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L ehl;NlhWk; cyfpy; cytp tUfpd;wd. cytp
tUk; mg;nghUl;fSf;Fg; Gjpa nrhw;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. mj;Njitiar;
nrk;nkhopahd jkpo;nkhop ,g;G+Tyfpw;F thhptoq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
rhd;W:
Facebook - KfE}y;> Whatsapp - Gydk;> website - tiyj;jsk;>
mouse - Rl;;b> touch screen – njhLjpiu.

fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. gpd;tUk; epytiffspd; ngah;fSf;fhd fhuzq;fisf; Nfl;lwpe;J
tFg;giwapy; gfph;f.
jhpR - tpisr;ry; ,y;yhj epyk;
rpty; - rptg;G kz; epiwe;j epyk;
fhpry; - mjpfkhd ePiu cwpQ;Rk; jd;ik cila epyk;
Kuk;G – twz;l epyk;. gUf;iff; fw;fshyhfpa Nkl;Lepyk;
Gwk;Nghf;F - ,iwapyp epyk;
Rty; - Nkl;L epyk;
mty; - tpis epyk;.

2. xU nghUs; jUk; gy nrhw;fisg; gl;baypLf.

nrhy;Yjy; - NgRjy;> tpsk;Gjy;> nrg;Gjy;> ciuj;jy;> $wy;>
,ak;gy;>
nkhopjy;
ngz; - eq;if> tdpij> Ngij> ngJk;ig> kq;if> kle;ij>
mhpit>
njhpit> ijay;> khJ
ahid – thuzk;> Ntok;> gpb> fspW> fhp
moF - ftpd;> tdg;G> vopy;
fly; - Mop> ngstk;> Ntiy> rKj;jpuk;> guit
%q;fpy; - fio> Nta;> mik.

nra;As; - ,ul;Lwnkhopjy; - re;jf;ftpkzp

jkpoofdhh;
gyTs; njhpf.
1. ‘nkj;j tzpfyd;’ vd;Dk; njhlhpy; jkpoofdhh; Fwpg;gpLtJ
m. tzpff; fg;gy;fSk; Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fSk;
M. ngUk; tzpfKk; ngUk;fyd;fSk;

13
 ,. Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fSk; mzpfyd;fSk;
<. tzpff; fg;gy;fSk; mzpfyd;fSk;
tpil: m. tzpff; fg;gy;fSk; Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fSk;

2. tpz;NzhLk; KfpNyhLk; cLf;fNshLk; fjputNdhLk; flNyhLk;

,izj;Jg; Ngrg;gLtJ
m. lr;R M. jkpo; ,. Mq;fpyk; <. njYq;F
tpil: M. jkpo

3. fly; jUk; rq;Ffspd; tiffs;

m. ehd;F M. ,uz;L ,. %d;W <. Ie;J
tpil: ,. %d;W

4. Mop> Nkty; vd;gdtw;wpd; nghUs;

m. fly;> ngWjy; M. jkpo;>ngUFjy; ,. Nkfk;>miljy; <. Kfpy;>tUjy;
tpil: m. fly;> ngWjy;

5. jkpoofdhhpd; ghly;fspd; njhFg;G

m. jkpo;f;fly; M. jdpg;ghly; jpul;L ,. jdpnkhop <. jdpj;jkpo;
tpil: M. jdpg;ghly; jpul;L

6. re;jf;ftpkzp vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLgth;

m. ghthzh; M. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh; ,. jkpoofdhh; <. mg;ghj;Jiu
tpil: ,. jkpoofdhh;

7. jkpoofdhhpd; ,aw;ngah;
m. mg;ghj;Jiu M. ,sq;Fkudhh; ,. NrhkRe;juk; <. rz;KfRe;juk;
tpil: <. rz;KfRe;juk

8. jkpoofdhh; gilj;j rpw;wpyf;fpa E}y;fspd; vz;zpf;if

m. gd;dpuz;L M. gjpndhd;W ,. gj;J <. xd;gJ
tpil: m. gd;dpuz;L

9. “epj;jk; mizfple;Nj rq;fj;jth; fhf;f”,t;tbfis xj;jpUf;Fk; flypd;

nray;
m. flypy; Njhd;Wk; rq;Ffisf; fiufhzhjthW mizj;jy;;
M. ePuiyiaj; jLj;J epWj;jpr; rq;fpidf; fhj;jy;
,. %tifr; rq;fpidj; jUk; fliyf; fhj;jy;
<. fly; jd; miyfshy; rq;fpid ntspNa js;Sjy;
tpil: M. ePuiyiaj; jLj;J epWj;jpr; rq;fpidf; fhj;jy;

10. fhf;f vd;gjd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G

m. nganur;rk; M. tpidnar;rk; ,. tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W <. njhopw;ngah;
tpil: ,. tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W

,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G jUf.
1. Kj;jkpo;> Kr;rq;fk; - gz;Gj;njhiffs;
2. fhf;f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W
3. fple;jJ> Ja;g;gJ> fz;lJ – xd;wd;ghy; tpidKw;Wf;fs;.

gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;:

14
 1. Ja;g;gJ - Ja; + g; + g; +m + J
Ja; - gFjp
g; - re;jp
g; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy
m - rhhpia
J - xd;wd;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.

ghliyg; gbj;Jg; gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.

“Kj;jkpo; Ja;g;gjhy; Kr;rq;fk; fz;ljhy;
nkj;j tzpfyKk; Nktyhy; - epj;jk;
mizfple;Nj rq;fj; jth;fhf;f Mopf;F
,izfple;j Njjkpo; <z;L.
1. ,g;ghly; ,lk;ngw;w E}y; -------
m. ew;wpiz M. Ky;iyg;ghl;L ,. FWe;njhif <. jdpg;ghly; jpul;L
2. ,g;ghlypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s mzp
m. jPtf mzp M. tQ;rg;Gfo;rr ; p mzp ,. ,ul;Lwnkhopjy mzp <.epuy;epiw
mzp
3. jopOf;F ,izaha;g; ghlypy; nghUj;jg;gLtJ
m. rq;fg; gyif M. mzpfyd; ,. Gyth;fs; <. fly;
4. njhopw;ngah; my;yhj nrhy;
m. Ja;g;gjhy; M. Nktyhy; ,. fz;ljhy; <. mzpfyd;
5. ,g;ghliy ,aw;wpath;
m. ghthzh; M. jkpoofdhh; ,. ,sq;Fkudhh; <. mg;ghj;Jiu

FWtpdh:
1. jw;fhy ciueilapy; rpNyil mikAk; eaj;jpw;F Xh;
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf
xU nrhy;Nyh> nrhw;nwhlNuh ,U nghUs;gl tUtJ rpNyil
vdg;gLk;.
jpU. fp.th.[. eifr;RitahfTk; rpNyilahfTk; NgRtjpy;
ty;yth;. mth; xU
Kiw GJf;Nfhl;ilapy; jk; ez;gh; tPl;by; czT cz;Zk;NghJ>
urk; Cw;wpa NghJ> vd;d ,J gourkh? vdf; Nfl;f> clNd
ez;gh;> ,J GJurk;jhd; vd;whh;. mjw;Ff; fp.th.[. ,J jf;fhsp
urkh? vdf; Nfl;Nld; vd;whh;.
,jpy; „gourk;‟ vd;gJ gioa urk;> jf;fhspg;go urk; vd;W
rpNyilahf mike;Js;sijf; fhzyhk;.

2. jkpo;> flNyhL xj;jpUj;jiy ,ul;Lwnkhoptjd; %yk; ngWk;

gaidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
jkpo;> flNyhL xj;jpUj;jiy ,ul;Lw nkhoptjd; %yk; jkpopd;
ngUik Mog;gLfpwJ: tphpTgLfpwJ.

3. ,ul;Lwnkhopjy; mzp - nghUs; jUf

xU nrhy;Nyh> nrhw;nwhlNuh ,UnghUs;gl tUtJ ,ul;Lw
nkhopjy; mzp vdg;gLk;. ,jidr; rpNyil mzp vd;Wk;
miog;gh;. nra;AspYk; ciueilapYk; Nkilg;Ngr;rpYk;
rpNyilfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

rpWtpdh:
1. jkpoofdhh; jkpioAk; fliyAk; ,ul;LwnkhopAk; ghq;fpid tpsf;F.
“Kj;jkpo; Ja;g;gjhy; Kr;rq;fk; fz;ljhy;

15
 nkj;j tzpfyKk; Nktyhy; - epj;jk;
mizfple;Nj rq;fj; jth;fhf;f Mopf;F
,izfple;j Njjkpo; <z;L.
jkpo; : jkpo;> ,ay; ,ir ehlfk; vd Kj;jkpoha; tsh;e;jJ. Kjy;>
,il> fil
Mfpa Kr;rq;fq;fshy; tsh;f;fg;gl;lJ. Ik;ngq;fhg;gpaq;fis
mzpfyd;fshfg; ngw;wJ@ rq;fg; gyifapy; mkh;e;jpUe;j rq;fg;Gyth;fshy;
fhf;fg;gl;lJ.
fly;: fly;> Kj;jpidAk; mkpo;jpidAk; jUfpwJ. ntz;rq;F> ryQ;ryk;>
ghQ;rrd;ak; Mfpa %d;W tifahd rq;Ffisj; jUfpwJ. kpFjpahd
tzpff; fg;gy;fs; nry;Yk;gb ,Uf;fpwJ. jd; miyahy; rq;fpidj; jLj;J
epWj;jpf; fhf;fpwJ.,t;thW jkpioAk; fliyAk; ,ul;Lwnkhope;Js;shh;
jkpoofdhh.;

Jizg;ghlk; - ciueilapd;mzpeyd;fs; -
vopy;Kjy;td;
gyTs; njhpf:
1. vopy;Kjy;tdpd; ,aw;ngah;
m. ,uhkypq;fk;gps;is M. kh. ,uhkypq;fk; ,. ,uhkypq;f
mbfs;
tpil: M. kh. ,uhkypq;fk;
2. „ciueilapd; mzpfyd;fs;‟ vd;Dk; fl;Liu ,lk;ngWk; E}y;
m. ,dpf;Fk; epidTfs; M. Gjpa ciueil ,. vq;nfq;F
fhzpDk;
tpil: M. Gjpa ciueil
3. vopy;Kjy;tdpd; rhfpj;jpa mfhnjkp ghpR ngw;w E}y;
m. ,dpf;Fk; epidTfs; M. Gjpa ciueil ,. vq;nfq;F
fhzpDk;
tpil: M. Gjpa ciueil

neLtpdh
1. xU gf;f mstpy; ciuahly; vOJf.
#oy; - ntspehl;bypUe;J cq;fs; ,y;yj;jpw;F te;jpUf;Fk;
cwtpdhpd; kfSf;Fj; jkpo;nkhopiag; Ngr kl;LNk njhpAk;.
Mq;fpy ,yf;fpak; gbj;j mthplk; jkpo; ciueilapd; rpwg;Gg;
gw;wp ciuahLjy;.
,lk;: fz;zd; tPL
ciuahLgth;fs;:; fz;zd;> Nfhij
fz;zd;: tzf;fk;. vq;fs; tPl;bw;F te;jjpy; kfpo;rr ; p.
Nfhij: tzf;fk;. ehd; fy;Y}hp tpLKiwapy; cs;Nsd;.
mjdhy; ehd; fw;Fk;
Mq;fpy ,yf;fpaj;NjhL jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; xg;gpl;Lf;
fw;Fk; gapw;rppiaj; njhlu te;Njd;.
fz;zd;: ed;W. nrd;wKiw jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gw;wp mwpe;jha;
my;yth?
,d;W ciueil gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;.
Nfhij: jkpopy; ciueilah?
fz;zd;: Mk;. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; jkpopy;
ciueil
E}y;fs; Njhd;wpd. rpWfij> Gjpdk;> fl;Liu Nghd;wit
ciueil tbtq;fNs. ePAk; ehDk; Ngrpdhy;

16
 ciuahly;> vOjpdhy; ciueil. ,d;W ngUk;ghd;ik
,yf;fpaq;fs; ciueil tbtpy;jhd; gilf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Nfhij: jkpo; ciueilapd; rpwg;Gfisf; $Wq;fs;.
fz;zd;: czh;r;rpfisf;fhl;l ctik nfhz;l nkhopeilNa
Vw;w fUtp.
,jw;Fr; rhd;whf> eh.ghh;j;jrhujpapd; „FwpQ;rp kyh;‟
E}iyr; nrhy;yyhk;. ciueilapy; ctikiatpl
cUtfNk czh;Tfisj; J}z;b vOg;Gtjpy;
ntw;wpngWfpwJ. ,jw;F>
“Kfepytpy; tpah;it Kj;Jfs; Jsph;j;jd” vd;gNj
rhd;W.
Nfhij: mUik. vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazpia ciueilapy;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wduh?
fz;zd;: Mk;. ,jid ciueilapy; gad;gLj;Jifapy; “,iz
xg;G”vd;fpNwhk;. ,e;eilf;F t. uhkrhkpapd; “kioAk;
GaYk;”vDk; E}ypy; cs;s>“|GNuhfpjUf;fhf mkhthir
fhj;jpUg;gjpy;iy”vd;w thpiar; nrhy;yyhk;. NkYk;>
m/wpizg; nghUl;fis cah;jpizahff; fUjp
fw;gidapy; vOJk; “,yf;fiz”ciueilapy; cz;L.
,e;eilapy; jpU.tp.f. vOjpAs;shh;.
Nfhij: ciueilapy; nra;Aisg; Nghd;W Xirapd;gk; cz;lh?
fz;zd;: Nkhid vJif eaq;f; is ciueilapy;
gad;gLj;JNthh; gyUz;L.
mth;fSs; nrhy;ypd;nry;th; ,uh.gp.NrJg;gps;isapd;
“jkpopd;gk;” rhd;whfpwJ.
Nfhij: mUik! czh;T ntspg;ghl;bw;Fk; nrhy;yg;gLk;
fUj;jpw;F mOj;jk; juTk; NtW cj;jpfs; cz;lh?
fz;zd;: nrhy;iyNah fUj;ijNah jpUk;gj; jpUk;gr; nrhy;YjYk;
nrhw;fis
msthfg; gad;gLj;jYk; ciueilf;F moF Nrh;f;Fk;.
K.tujuhrdhhpd;>„ek; ehl;Lg;gw;W‟vd;Dk; fl;Liu
,e;eilapy; moFw mike;Js;sJ.
Nfhij: NtNwJk; cj;jpfs; ,Uf;Fkhapd; nrhy;Yq;fs;.
fz;zd;: gbg;gtUf;F Kuz;gLtJ Nghy ,Uf;Fk;: cz;ikapy;
Kuz;glhj nka;k;ikiar; nrhy;YtJ> “Kuz;gL
nka;k;ik (Paradox)”. Kuz;gl;l nrhw;fis vOJTj
“nrhy; Kuz; (oxymoron)”. nrhy;Yk; Kiwapy;
mOj;jk; nfhLg;gjw;fhf vjpUk;GjpUkhd Kuz;gLk;
fUj;Jf;fis mikj;J vOJtJ “vjphpiz ,irT
(Antithesis)”. ,itNa Kuz;Ritfs;.
Nfhij: Nfl;Fk;NghjpNyNa rpyph;gG ; cz;lhfpwNj!
fz;zd;: ,itkl;Lkh! tpiljuNtz;ba Njitapy;yhky;
Nfs;tpapNyNa gjpy; jUk; czh;r;rp ntspg;ghl;L
eilAk; cz;L. ,jw;Fr; rhd;whf mwpQh; mz;zh
nghpahiug; gw;wp nkhope;j ciuapidr; nrhy;yyhk;.
Nfhij: czh;r;rpapd; cr;repiy(Climax) vd;d?
fz;zd;: nrhy;iyNah fUj;ijNah mLj;jLj;J itf;Fk;
Kiwapy; cs;s rpwg;Ng czh;r ; ;rpapd; cr;repiy.
ghujpapd; ehl;L;g; gw;W ciuapy; ,jidf; fhzyhk;.
Nfhij: kpf;f kfpo;rr ; p! ePq;fs; jkpo; ciueilr; nrOikiar;
rpwg;Gwf; $wp. jkpo;g; gbf;Fk; Mh;tj;ij NkYk;
J}z;btpl;Bh;fs;. ed;wp.

17
 fz;zd;: tzf;fk;!

2. ciueilapd; mzpeyd;fs; gw;wpa vopy;Kjy;td;

fUj;Jf;fis vOJf.
Kd;Diu:
rq;f ,yf;fpak; ek; ghl;ldhh; Njhg;G @ ,ilf;fhy ,yf;fpak; ek;
je;ijahh; Njhl;lk;. ,f;fhy ,yf;fpak; ek; g+q;fh. Njhg;G <e;j gad;fisAk;
Njhl;lk; je;j eaq;fisAk; g+q;fhtpd; mofpidAk; xd;W Nrh;j;J>
vopy;Kjy;td; jhd; vOjpa “Gjpa ciueil” vd;Dk; E}ypy;
“ciueilapd; mzpeyd;fs;” vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; je;Js;shh;. ,J
Fwpj;J ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspd; epuy;:
,f;fhyj;jpy; Gjpa ,yf;fpa tbtq;fs; Njhd;wpapUf;fpd;wd. rq;fg;
ghly;fSf;Fg; gpd; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; mw ,yf;fpaq;fshfp> fhg;gpaq;fshfp>
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fshfp> re;jf; ftpijfshfp> GJf; ftpijfshfp ,g;NghJ etPd
ftpijfspy; te;J epw;fpwJ. ciueilapd; tsh;r;rpNah mstw;wjhff;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
cUtfj;jpd; rpwg;G:
ehk;> ek; ,yf;fpaq;fis Ma;e;Njhkhdhy; ctik> cUtfk; ,y;yhg;
ghlNy ,y;iy. mt;tifapy;>
“jpUg;guq;Fd;wj;jpd; moifg; ghhg;gjw;nfd;Nw
,aw;if gjpj;J itj;j ,uz;L nghpa
epiyf;fz;zhbfisg; Nghy; tlGwKk;>
njd;GwKk; ePh;epiwe;j fz;kha;fs;” vd;W
FwpQ;rp kyh; vd;Dk; E}ypy; eh. ghh;j;jrhujp gad;gLj;jpa ctik
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. NkYk;>
„ctikAk; nghUSk; Ntw;Wik xoptpj;J
xd;nwd khl;bd;
m/J cUtfkhFk;” vd;W
cUtfj;jpw;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;jth; jz;b. ek; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ctikia
tpl cUtfNk czh;Tfisj; J}z;b vOg;Gtjpy; ntw;wp ngWfpd;wJ.
m/wpizg; nghUs; cah;jpizahjy;:
ek; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; m/wpizg; nghUs;fisAk; cah;jpizahff;
fUjpf; fw;gid nra;J vOjpAs;sdh;. ,yf;fzj;jpYk; >
njhy;fhg;gpah;>“QhapW> jpq;fs;> neQ;rk; Nghd;w m/wpizg; nghUs;fs;>
“nrhy;Ye NghyTk;> Nfl;Fe NghyTk; nrhy;ypahq;F mikAk;” vd;W vOJk;
jpwj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpd;whh;. caph; ,y;yhj nghUs;fis caph; cs;sd
NghyTk;> czh;T ,y;yhj nghUs;fis czh;Tilad NghyTk; fw;gid
nra;tJz;L vd;gijAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;bapUf;fpwhh;.
ciueilapy; vJif Nkhid:
ghf;fs; ,aw;Wk; NghJ ,dpa Xirapd;gj;jpw;fhf vJif> Nkhid
gad;gLj;JtJ cz;L. mJNghy; ciueilapYk; vJif> Nkhid
gad;gLj;jpj; jd;Dila eilapy; ntw;wp fz;lth; nrhy;ypd; nry;th;. ,uh.
gp. NrJg;gps;is mth;fs;.
v.fh: njd;wy; mire;JtUk;> njd;jkpo; ehl;by; mike;j
jpUf;Fw;whyk;>
kiytsk; gilj;j gok;gjpahFk;.
ciueilapy; K.t. tpd; moF:
czh;T ntspg;ghl;bw;Fk;> nrhy;yg;gLk; fUj;jpw;F mOj;jk; juTk;>
nrhy;iyNah> fUj;ijNah jpUk;gj; jpUk;gr; nrhy;tJz;L. ,ijj; jd;
fl;Liuj; njhFg;gpy; ntspg;gLj;jp ntw;wpf;fy; ehl;bath; K.tujuhrdhh;.
v.fh.: tho;f;if elj;Jtjw;Fg; nghUsfs;gy Ntz;Lk;

18
 mhprp fha;>fdp Kjypait Ntz;Lk;
cil> tPL Kjypait Ntz;Lk;
fhRk; fhfpj Nehl;Lk; Ntz;Lk;
,tw;iw MSk; mwpTk; Ntz;Lk;
vd;W $Wtjpy; ciueilapy; mth; fhl;ba Nghf;F nefpo;rr ; piaj; jUfpwJ.
czh;rr ; papd; cr;repiy:
czh;r;rpapd; cr;repiy vd;gJ nrhy;iyNah> fUj;ijNah
mLj;jLj;J itf;Fk; KiwapNy cs;s rpwg;G.
v.fh.: “,e;jpahjhd; vd;Dila Nkhl;rk;>
,e;jpahtpd; ed;ikjhd; vd; ed;ik>
,e;jpahjhd; vd; ,sikapd; nkj;ij
vd; nastdj;jpd; ee;jtdk;
vd; fpof;fhyj;jpd; fhrp” vd;W
jkpo;f;ftpQh; ghujp ek; ehl;il cah;j;jpf; $Wtjpy; czh;r;rp cr;rk;
njhLtijf; fhzKbfpwJ.
KbTiu:
,t;thW rq;fg;GytUk; ,izaj;jkpoDk; elj;jpa ciuahlypy;>
ctik> cUtfk; ghf;fspy; mike;j tpjk;> czh;r;rpapd; cr;repiy kw;Wk;
ciueilapy; vJif> Nkhidapd; mikg;G Mfpad Fwpj;J NkYk; gy
nra;jpfisr; rhd;WfSld; fz;Nlhk;.

,yf;fzk; - vOj;J> nrhy;

gyTs;:
1. „Nfl;lth; kfpog; ghba ghly; ,J‟ njhlhpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s njhopw;ngaUk;
tpidahyizAk; ngaUk; KiwNa
m.ghba>Nfl;lth; M.ghly;> ghba ,.Nfl;lth;> ghba <.ghly;> Nfl;lth;
tpil: <.ghly;> Nfl;lth;

2. rhh;ngOj;Jf;fs; vd;git
m. xd;wpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l vOj;Jf;fisr; rhh;e;J tUgit
M. %tif msngilfis kl;Lk; rhh;e;J tUgit
,. KjnyOj;Jf;fisr; rhh;e;J tUgit
<. xU nkhopiar; rhh;e;J tUgit
tpil: ,. KjnyOj;Jf;fisr; rhh;e;J tUgit

3. msngil vd;gjd; nghUs;

m. FWfp xypj;jy; M. jphpjy; ,. ePz;L xypj;jy; <. XirkhWglhJ
xypj;jy;
tpil: ,. ePz;L xypj;jy;

4. msngilapd; tiffs;
m. 3 M. 4 ,. 2 <. 5
tpil: ,. 2

5. nra;Aspy; nra;Aspir msngil (,irepiw msngil) ,lk;ngWk; ,lk;

m. Kjy; M. ,il ,. ,Wjp <. ,it %d;Wk;
tpil: <. ,it %d;Wk;

6. nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwahj ,lj;jpYk; ,dpa Xirf;fhf msngLg;gJ

m. ,d;dpirasngil M. nrhy;ypirasngil ,. nra;Aspirasngil <.
xw;wsngil

19
tpil: m. ,d;dpirasngil

7. xw;wsngilahf tUk; vOj;Jf;fspd; vz;zpf;if

m. 10 M. 11 ,. 3 <. 2
tpil: M. 11

8. nt//Fthh;f;fpy;iy> vLg;gJ}ck; - ,r;nrhw;fspy; cs;s msngilfs;

m. xw;wsngil>nrhy;ypirasngil M. ,d;dpirmsngil>
nrhy;ypirmsngil
,. xw;wsngil> ,d;dpir msngil <. xw;wsngil nra;Aspirasngil
tpil: ,. xw;wsngil> ,d;dpir msngil

9. nrhy; vd;gJ
m. Xh; vOj;Jj; jdpj;J cr;rhpf;fg;gLtJ
M. gy vOj;Jf;fs; Nrh;e;J nghUs; jUtJ
,. ,uz;L vOj;Jf;fs; Nrh;e;J nghUs; jUtJ
<. Xh; vOj;Jj; jdpj;Njh gy vOj;JfNshL Nrh;e;Njh nghUs; jUtJ
tpil: <. Xh; vOj;Jj; jdpj;Njh gy vOj;JfNshL Nrh;e;Njh nghUs; jUtJ

10. nghJnkhopf;Fr; rhd;W

m. fz;zd; M. ghLfpwhd; ,. vl;L <. rpwg;G
tpil: ,. vl;L

11. jhkiu vd;gJ

m. nghJnkhop M. jdpnkhop ,. njhlh;nkhop <. jkpo;nkhop
tpil: m. nghJnkhop

12. njhopiyr; nra;Ak; fUj;jhitf; Fwpg;gJ

m. njhopw;ngah; M. Kjdpiyjphpe;j njhopw;ngah; ,. Kjdpiyj;
njhopw;ngah; <.tpidahyizAk; ngah;
tpil: <.tpidahyizAk; ngah;

13. el - ,t;tpidabapd; njhopw;ngah; tpFjp my;yhJ te;j nrhy;

m.elj;jy; M. elthik ,.elj;j <. Eil
tpil: ,.elj;j

14. „tpFjp ngwhky; tpidg; gFjpNa njhopw;ngauhjy;‟ vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;W

m. ciu M. ciuj;jy; ,. ciuahik <. ciuahly;
tpil: m. ciu

15. elthik vd;Dk; nrhy;

m. njhopw;ngah; M. vjph;kiwj; njhopw;ngah;
,. Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah; <. Kjdpiyj; jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;
tpil: M. vjph;kiwj; njhopw;ngah;

16. #L vd;gJ
m. njhopw;ngah; M. vjph;kiwj; njhopw;ngah;
,. Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah; <. Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;
tpil: <. Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;

20
 17. nghUj;Jf.
1. nrhy;ypir msngil - m. ,aw;wpath;
2. nghJnkhop - M. Xxjy; Ntz;Lk;
3. tpidahyizAk;ngah; - ,. cudir,
4. nra;Aspir msngil - <. Ntq;if
m. 1-<> 2-,> 3-m> 4-M M. 1-,> 2-<> 3-m> 4-M
,. 1-<> 2-m> 3-M> 4-, <. 1-m> 2-<> 3-M> 4-,
tpil: M. 1-,> 2-<> 3-m> 4-M

18. nghUj;Jf
1. tpidKw;W - m. ngW> nfL
2. njhopw;ngah; - M. fl;L> ciu
3. Kjdpiy njhopw;ngah;- ,. va;jy;><jy;
4. tpidab - <. va;Jk;> ele;jhd;
m. 1-<> 2-,> 3-M> 4-m M. 1-,> 2-m> 3-<> 4-M
,. 1-<> 2-,> 3-m> 4-M <. 1-m> 2-,> 3-M> 4-<
tpil: m. 1-<> 2-,> 3-M> 4-m

FWtpdh:
1. „Ntq;if‟ vd;gijj; njhlh;nkhopahfTk; nghJnkhopahfTk; NtWgLj;jpf;
fhl;Lf.
 Ntq;if – kuj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;
Ntk; + if vdj; njhlh;nkhopahfg; gphpe;J epd;W Ntfpd;w if
vdg; nghUs; jUk;.
Ntq;if vDk; nrhy; ,UnghUs;fSf;Fk; nghJtha; miktjhy;
nghJnkhopahfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ.

2. “cLg;gJ}ck; cz;gJ}ck; fhzpd; gpwh;Nky;

tLf;fhz; tw;whFk; fPo;” - ,f;Fwspy; mike;Js;s msngilapd;
tifiar; Rl;b mjd; ,yf;fzk; jUf.
cLg;gJ}ck;> cz;gJ}ck; - ,d;dpirasngilfs;
,r;nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwahj ,lj;jpYk; ,dpa Xirf;fhf
msngLj;Js;sjhy; ,d;dpirasngil mike;Js;sJ.

3. ,yf;fzk; vd;why; vd;d?

nkhopiaj; njspTwg; NgrTk; vOjTk; cjTtJ ,yf;fzk;.
nkhopapd;
rpwg;Gfis mwpaTk; ,yf;fzk; Jiz nra;Ak;.

4. rhh;ngOj;Jfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?

rhh;ngOj;Jfs; gj;J tifg;gLk;. mit>
caph;nka;>Ma;jk;>capusngil>
xw;wsngil>Fw;wpaYfuk;>Fw;wpaypfuk;> Ifhuf;FWf;fk;>
xsfhuf;FWf;fk;>
kfuf;FWf;fk;> Ma;jf;FWf;fk; vd;gd MFk;.

5. msngil vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?

msngil ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit>
capusngil
xw;wsngil vd;gd MFk;.

21
6. capusngil vd;why; vd;d?
nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk; NghJ> mjid epiwT nra;a> nkhopf;F
KjypYk;>,ilapYk;> ,WjpapYk; epw;fpw caph; nel;nlOj;Jf;fs; VOk;
jj;jk; mstpy; ePz;L xypf;Fk;. mijf;Fwpf;f nel;nlOj;Jfspd; ,dkhd
Fw;nwOj;Jf;fs; mtw;wpd; gpd;dhy; tUk;. ,t;thW tUtJ capusngil
vdg;gLk; v.L: cwhmh;f;F

7. nra;Aspir msngil vd;why; vd;d?

nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk; NghJ mjid epiwT nra;a>
nel;nlOj;Jfs; msngLj;jiyr; nra;Aspir msngil vd;gh;. ,jid
,irepiw msngil vd;Wk; $Wth;.
v.fh: Xxjy; Ntz;Lk; - nkhop Kjy;
cwhmh;f;F cWNeha; - nkhopapil
ey;y glhm giw - nkhopapWjp

8. nrhy;ypir msngil vd;why; vd;d?

nra;Aspy; xU ngah;r;nrhy; vr;rr; nrhy;yhfj; jphpe;J msngLg;gJ
nrhy;ypir msngil MFk;.
v.fh: cudir,
eir – tpUg;gk;: tpUk;gp vd;Dk; nghUs; jUtjw;fhf eir,
vd;W msngLj;jJ. ngah;r;nrhy;> tpid milahf khwpaJ.

9. xw;wsngil vd;why; vd;d?

nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk; NghJ mij epiwT nra;a
nka;naOj;Jf;fshd q;>Q;>z;>e;>k;> d;>t;>a;>y;>s; Mfpa gj;Jk;> / vd;Dk; Ma;j
vOj;Jk; msngLg;gJ xw;wsngil MFk;.
v.fh: nt//Fthh;f;fpy;iy tPL

10. nrhy; vd;why; vd;d?

Xh; vOj;J jdpj;Njh> gy vOj;Jfs; Nrh;e;Njh nghUs; jUtJ nrhy;
MFk;. mJ> ,U jpizfisAk; Ie;J ghy;fisAk; Fwpf;Fk;. %tif
,lq;fspYk; tUk;: cyf tof;fpYk; nra;As; tof;fpYk; tUk;.
ntspg;gilahfTk; Fwpg;ghfTk; tUk;.
v.fh.– if> jpd;wJ
11. %tif nkhopfs; ahit?
%tif nkhopfs;>
 jdpnkhop
 njhlh;nkhop
 nghJ nkhop vd;gdthFk;.

12. jdp nkhop vd;why; vd;d?

xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W nghUs; jUtJ jdpnkhop MFk;.
 v.fh. fz;> gb – gfhg;gjk;
 fz;zd;> gbj;jhd; - gFgjk.;

13. njhlh;nkhop vd;why; vd;d?

,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l jdpnkhopfs; njhlh;e;J te;J
nghUs; jUtJ
njhlh;nkhop MFk;.
v.fh. fz;zd; te;jhd;.

14. nghJnkhop vd;why; vd;d?

22
 xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W xU nghUisAk;> mr;nrhy;Ny gphpe;J
epd;W NtW
nghUisAk; je;J jdpnkhopf;Fk;> njhlh;nkhopf;Fk; nghJtha;
miktJ nghJnkhop vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: vl;L – vz;> vs; J – vs;is cz;.

15. njhopw;ngah; vd;why; vd;d?

xU tpid my;yJ nraiyf; Fwpf;Fk; ngauhdJ vz;>
,lk;> fhyk;>
ghy; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;ghfNth> ntspg;gilahfNth
czh;j;jhky; tUtJ njhopw;ngah; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh.: tho;f;if> fhl;rp.

16. tpFjpngw;w njhopw;ngah;> vjph;kiwj; njhopw;ngah; - tpsf;Ff.

tpFjpngw;w njhopw;ngah;:
tpidabAld; tpFjp Nrh;tjhy; cUthFk; njhopw;ngah;
tpFjpngw;w njhopw;ngah; MFk;. v.fh.: Msy;
vjph;kiwj; njhopw;ngah;:
vjph;kiwg; nghUspy; tUk; njhopw;ngah; vjph;kiwj;
n;jhopw;ngah; vdg;gLk;. rhd;W: elthik> nfhy;yhik.

17. Kjdpiyj; njhopw;;ngah;> Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah; -

tpsf;Ff.
Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah;:
njhopw;ngahpy; tpFjp ngwhky; tpidg;gFjpNa njhopw;ngauhjy;
Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh.: jl;L> mb
Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;:
njhopw;ngah;r;nrhy; tpFjp ngwhky;> gFjpahfpa Kjdpiy
jphpe;J tUtJ Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh.: #L

18. tpidahyizAk; ngah; vd;why; vd;d?

xU tpidKw;W ngahpd; jd;ikia mile;J Ntw;Wik
cUG Vw;Wk;
Vw;fhkYk; NtnwhU gadpiyiaf; nfhz;L KbtJ
tpidahyizAk; ngah vdg;gLk;. ,J ji;ik> Kd;dpiy>
glh;f;if> Mfpa %d;W ,lq;fspYk; %d;W fhyq;fspYk; tUk;.
v.fh: nghWj;jhh; G+kpahs;thh;.

rpWtpdh:
1. „mwpe;jJ> mwpahjJ> Ghpe;jJ> GhpahjJ> njhpe;jJ> njhpahjJ>
gpwe;jJ> gpwthjJ‟
,it midj;ijAk; ahk; mwpNthk;. mJgw;wp ckJ mwpTiu
vkf;Fj; Njit ,y;iy. vy;yhk; vkf;Fj; njhpAk;.
,f;$w;wpy; tz;z vOj;Jfspy; cs;s tpidKw;Wfisj;
njhopw;ngah;fshf
khw;wp vOJf.
tpidKw;Wfs; - njhopw;ngah;
mwpe;jJ – mwpjy;
mwpahjJ – mwpahik
Ghpe;jJ – Ghpjy;

23
 GhpahjJ – Ghpahik
njhpe;jJ – njhpjy;
gpwe;jJ – gpwj;jy;
gpwthjJ – gpwthik.

5. njhopw;;ngah;f;Fk; tpidahyizAk; ngaUf;Fk; cs;s

NtWghl;il vOJf.

njhopw;ngah; tpidahyizAk;
ngah;
tpid>ngah;j;jd;ikahfp njhopiyr;
tpidiaNa czh;j;jp nra;Ak; fUj;jhitf; Fwpf;Fk;
epw;Fk;
fhyk; fhl;lhJ fhyk; fhl;Lk;
glh;f;iff;Nf %tplj;jpw;Fk;
chpaJ chpaJ
v.fh. ghLjy;> v.fh. ghbats;>
gbj;jy; gbj;jth;

fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. Njd;> E}y;> ig> kyh;> th – ,j;jdpnkhopfSld; nrhw;fisr; Nrh;j;Jj;
njhlh;nkhopfshf;Ff.
m) Njd; clYf;F ey;yJ.
M) E}y; gy fy;.
,) ig epiwa fdpfs; ,Ue;jd.
<) kyh; kzk; epiwe;jJ.
c) th> Xb tpisahLNthk;.

2. tpid mbia tpFjpfSld; ,izj;Jj; njhopw;ngah;fis cUthf;Ff.

fhz; - fhl;rp> fhZjy;> fhzy;> fhzhik
rphp - rphpg;G> rphpj;jy;> rphpf;fhik
gb - gbg;G> gbj;jy;> gbf;fhik
jL – jLg;G> jLj;jy;> jLf;fhik
eb – ebg;G> ebj;jy;> ebf;fhik

3. jdpnkhop> njhlh;nkhop Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L ciuahliyj; njhlh;f.

mz;zd; : vq;Nf nry;fpwha;? (njhlh;nkhop)
jk;gp : filf;F (jdpnkhop)
mz;zd; : filapy; vd;d thq;Ffpwha;? (njhlh;nkhop)
jk;gp : goq;fs; thq;FfpNwd; (njhlh;nkhop)
mz;zd; : khJisah? (jdpnkhop)
jk;gp : ,y;iy. nfha;ahf;fdp (njhlh;nkhop)
mz;zd; : fpNyh vd;d tpiy? (njhlh;nkhop)
jk;gp : &gha; Ik;gJ (njhlh;nkhop)

4. kiy vd;id mbf;fb miof;Fk;. kiykPJ VWNtd;: Xhplj;jpy; mkh;Ntd;:

NkYk;
fPOk; ghh;g;Ngd;: Rw;WKw;Wk; ghh;g;Ngd;. kdk; mikjp va;Jk;.
,j;njhlh;fspYs;s tpidKw;Wfisj; jdpNa vLj;njOjpj;
njhopw;ngah;fshf khw;Wf.
miof;Fk; - mioj;jy; : VWNtd; - VWjy;: mkh;Ntd; - mkh;jy;:

24
 ghh;g;Ngd; - ghh;j;jy;: va;Jk; - va;Jjy;

5. fl;L> nrhl;L> topghL> NfL> Nfhwy; - ,j;njhopw;ngah;fis

tifg;gLj;Jf.
fl;L> nrhl;L> topghL - Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah;fs;
NfL - Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;
Nfhwy; - tpFjp ngw;w njhopw;ngah.;

nkhopia Ms;Nthk;!
gbj;Jr; Ritf;f
ghlypy;> kuk; vd;Dk; nrhy;> ,lj;jpw;Nfw;gg; nghUs; jUtjha; 11
,lq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. nghUs;fisg; nghUj;jpg; gbj;Jr; Ritf;f.
“kukJ1 kuj;jpy;2 Vwp
kukijj;3 Njhspy; itj;J
kukJ4 kuj;ijf5; fz;L
kuj;jp6 dhy; kuj;ijf;7 Fj;jp
kukJ8 topNa nrd;W
tskidf; NfFk; NghJ
kukJ9 fz;l khjh;
kuKld;10 kuk;11 vLj;jhh;”
jdpg;ghly; jpul;L – Re;juftpuhrh;
murd;> FjpiukPJ Vwp Nty; jhq;fpa NjhNshL Ntl;ilf;Fr; nrd;W>
Ntq;ifg; Gypiaf;fz;L> Ntypdhy; Fj;jpdhd;. Ntl;il Kbj;Jj; jpUk;gp>
muz;kidia mile;jNghJ> mq;fpUe;j ngz;fs; Muj;jp vLj;J
tuNtw;whh;fs; vd;gjid eak; Njhd;wg; ghbg; Gyth; Re;juftpuhah; tpaf;f
itf;fpwhh;.

nkhopngah;g;G
1. If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his
head. If you talk to him in his own language that goes to his heart –
Nelson Mandela.
xU kdpjdplk; mtd; Ghpe;Jnfhs;Sk; nkhopapy; Ngrpdhy;
m/J mtDila mwpitr; nrd;wilAk;. mJNt jha;nkhopapy;
Ngrpdhy; m/J mtDila kdj;ijNa nrd;wilAk; - ney;rd;
kz;Nlyh.
2. Language is the road Map of culture. It tells you where its people
come from and where they are going – Rita Mae Brown.
nkhop vd;gJ xU fyhr;rhuj;jpd; topfhl;b. mk;nkhopNa
me;j kdpjd;> vq;fpUe;J te;jhd;> mtd; vq;Nf nry;fpwhd;
vd;gij ekf;Fg; Ghpa itf;Fk;
-
hPl;lh Nk gpuTd;.
re;jf; ftpijapy; te;j gpiofisj; jpUj;Jf
“NjzpNy Chpa nre;jkpopd; - Rit
NjUk; rpyg;gjp fhwkij
CdpNy vk;Kaph; cy;yyTk; - epjk;
Xjp Adh;e;jpd; GUNthNk” - ftpkzp Njrpf
tpehafdhh;
tpil:
“NjdpNy Cwpa nre;jkpopd; - Rit
NjWk; rpyg;gjp fhukij

25
 CdpNy vk;Kaph; cs;ssTk; - epjk;
Xjp Azh;e;jpd; GWNthNk”

fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;fspd; $l;lg;ngah;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;J vOJf

(Ftpay;> Fiy> ke;ij> fl;L)
nrh $l;lg;nga nrh $l;lg;ng
y; h; y; ah;
fy; fw;Ftpay; Gy; Gw;fl;L
gok; gof;Fiy ML Ml;Lke;
ij
rht rhtpf;nfh gR gRepiu
p j;J
vW vWk;Gr;rh tPuh; tPuh;gg
; i
k;G iu l

tpidKw;iw tpidahyizAk; ngauhf khw;wpj; njhlh;fis ,izj;J

vOJf.
1. fiyauq;fj;jpy; vdf;fhff; fhj;jpUf;fpwhh;. mtiu mioj;J
thUq;fs;.
fiyauq;fj;jpy; vdf;fhff; fhj;jpUf;fpwtiu mioj;J thUq;fs.;
2. Cl;lkpF czT cz;lhh;. mth; ePz;l tho;ehs; ngw;whh;.
Cl;lkpF czT cz;lth; ePz;l tho;ehs; ngw;whh;.
3. New;W vd;idr; re;jpj;jhh;. mth; vd; ez;gh;.
New;W vd;idr; re;jpj;jth; vd; ez;gh;.
4. nghJ mwpT E}y;fisj; Njbg; gbj;jhh;. Nghl;bj; Njh;tpy;
ntd;whh;.
nghJ mwpT E}y;fisj; Njbg; gbj;jth; Nghl;bj; Njh;tpy;
ntd;whh;.

njhlh;fspy; cs;s tz;zr; nrhw;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf mNj nghUSila

NtWnrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jpj; njhlh;fis kPs vOJf.
1. cyfpy; thOk; kf;fspy; rpyh; fdpapUf;ff; fha; Grpj;jiyg;
Nghy> ,d;nrhy; ,Uf;f td;nrhy; Ngrp ,d;dw;gLfpd;wdh;.
Gtpapy; thOk; khe;jhpy; rpyh; gok; ,Uf;ff; fha; cz;Zjiyg;
Nghy> ,d;nrhy; ,Uf;f td;nrhy; Ngrp ,lh;gLfpd;wdh;.
2. ts;sy; Fkzd; tWikahy; thbte;j GytDf;Fj; jdJ
jiyiaf; nfhLj;J kq;fhg; Gfo; ngw;whd;.
ts;sy; Fkzd; Vo;ikahy; thbte;j ftpQDf;Fj; jdJ
jiyiaj; je;J kq;fhf; fPh;j;jp ngw;whd;.
3. esDk; mtdJ JiztpAk; epljehl;Lf;F te;jijf; fz;L>
me;ehl;L kf;fs; kioKfpy; fz;l kQ;iQ Nghyf; fsp
nfhz;ldh;.
esDk; mtdJ kidtpAk; epljehl;Lf;F te;jijf; fz;L>
me;ehl;L kf;fs; kioNkfk; fz;l kapy; Nghy kfpo;rr ; p
nfhz;ldh;.
4. Nrhiyapw; G+j;j kzkyh;fspy; RUk;Gfs; nkha;j;Jg; gz;ghb
kJTz;ld.
tdj;jpw; G+j;j kzkyh;fspy; tz;Lfs; nkha;j;Jg; gz;ghbj;
NjDz;ld.
5. gRg;Nghy; rhe;jKk; Gyp Nghy; jPuKk; ahid Nghy ciog;Gk;
kdpjDf;F Ntz;Lk;.
ngw;wk;Nghy; mikjpAk; Ntq;if Nghy; tPuKk; fspW Nghy
ciog;Gk; kdpjDf;F Ntz;Lk;.
26
fl;Liu vOJf:
Fkhpf; fly;KidiaAk; Ntq;fl kiyKfl;ilAk; vy;iyahff;
nfhz;l njd;dth; jpUehl;bw;Fg; Gfo; Njbj; je;j ngUik> jifrhy;
jkpod;idiar; rhUk;. vopy;Nrh; fd;dpaha; vd;Wk; jpfOk; mt;td;idf;F>
gps;isj; jkpo; Ngrp> rjfk; rikj;J> guzp ghb> fyk;gfk; fz;L> cyh
te;J> me;jhjp $wp> Nfhit ahj;J> mzpahfg; G+l;b mo$l;b mfk;kpf
kfpo;e;jdh; nre;ehg; Gyth;fs;.
,f;fUj;ijf; fUthff; nfhz;L „rhd;Nwhh; tsh;j;j jkpo;‟ vd;Dk;
jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu vOJf.
Kd;Diu:
jkpo;> kpfg; goikahd tuyhw;iwAk; ePz;l ghuk;ghpaj;ijAk; nfhz;L>
vd;Wk; mopahj ,sikNahL $ba Kj;jpiur; rpd;dkhfj; jkpoUf;F
tpsq;FfpwJ. ,j;jkpopd; goikiaAk; rhd;Nwhuhy; tsh;e;j epiyapidAk;
mwpNthkh!
rpw;wpyf;fpa tsh;r;rp:
njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w rpw;wpyf;fpa tpj;J rq;ffhyj;jpy;
Kistpl;L fhg;gpaj;jpd; xU $whfp> gpd; jdpr; rpw;wpyf;fpakhf tsh;e;jJ.
rpw;wpyf;fpak; vd;gJ mstpy; rpwpajhf> mfg;nghUs; my;yJ
Gwg;nghUspy; xU Jiwiag; gw;wpajhf> ghlg;ngWk; flTs; my;yJ kd;dd;
my;yJ ts;sy; MfpNahUila tho;tpd; xU $W kl;LNk nfhz;ljhf>
mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL vDk; ehd;F cWjpg; nghUs;fSs; VNjDk;
xd;iwf; nfhz;ljhf miktJ MFk;.
rpw;wpyf;fpaj;jpw;F ,yf;fzk; $Wk; E}y;fs; ghl;bay; E}yfs;;.
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; 96 vd tifg;gLj;jpath; tPukhKdpth; Mthh;. rpw;wpyf;fpa
Nte;jh; „FkuFUguh;” Mthh;.
“gps;isf; ftpKjy; Guhzk; <whfj;
njhz;Zw; whW vd;Dk; njhifajhk;”– gpuge;j kugpay;
gps;isj; jkpo;:
flTisNah> jiytidNah Foe;ijahfg; ghtpj;J mjd; gj;Jg;
gUtq;fis>
gUtj;Jf;Fg; gj;J tpUj;jg;ghly;fshfg; ghLtJ gp;si ; sj; jkpo; MFk;.
,jw;Fg; gps;isf;ftp> gps;isg;ghl;L vd;w NtWngah;fSk; cz;L. ,/J
Mz;ghw;gps;isj; jkpo;> ngz;ghw;gps;isj;jkpo; vd ,U tifg;gLk;.
gps;isj; jkpohy; jkpo; tsh;j;Njhh;> FkuFUguh; (kPdhl;rpak;ikg;
gps;isj;jkpo;> Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gps;isj;jkpo;);> mofpa nrhf;fehjh;
(fhe;jpkjpak;ik gps;isj;jkpo;)> rptQhdKdpth; (mKjhk;gpif
gps;isj;jkpo;)> kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is (Nrf;fpohh;
gps;isj;jkpo;) Nghd;Nwhh;.
rjfk;:
mfg;nghUs; my;yJ Gwg;nghUspid E}Wghly;fshy; ghLtJ rjfk;
vdg;gLk;.
gonkhopfs;> goq;fijfs>; ePjpfs;> N[hjplf; Fwpg;Gfs;> clypay; fUj;Jfs;>
cstpay; fUj;Jfs; kpFe;j ,yf;fpak; rjfk; MFk;. ,/J Mrphpa
tpUj;jj;jpy; ghlg;gLk;.; Kjy; rjf E}y; Miwf;fpohh; ,aw;wpa „fhh; kz;ly
rjfk;‟ MFk;.
Mj;kehjNjrpfh; (Nrhokz;lyr;rjfk;)> gbf;fhRg;Gyth; (njhz;il
kz;lyr;rjfk;)> FkuFUguh; (FkNurrjfk;) rjhrptk; gps;is (VRehjh;
jpUr;rjfk;) Nghd;Nwhh;> rjfk; ghba ngUikf;Fhpah;.
guzp:
Mapuk; ahidfisg; Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; nfhd;W ntw;wp ngw;w tPudpd; rpwg;igg;
ghLtJ guzp vdg;gLk;. guzp 13 cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ. tPur;

27
RitAilajhf ,uz;lbj;jhopirahy; ghlg;gLtJ guzp ,yf;fpak;. Kjy;
guzp ,yf;fpak; raq;nfhz;lhhpd; „fypq;fj;Jg;guzp‟ MFk;. ,tiug;;
gygl;lilr; nrhf;fehjh;>„guzpf;Nfhh; nraq;nfhz;lhh;‟ vdg; ghuhl;bAs;shh;.
xl;lf;$j;jh; - jf;fahfg; guzp> jj;Jtuhah; – Nkhftijg; guzp;> itj;jpa
ehj Njrpfh; - ghrtijg; guzp vd;Nghh; guzp ghbg; Gfo; ngw;wdh;
fyk;gfk;:
gy tifg; nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L gytifg; ghf;fs;> gh ,dq;fs;
mikag;ghlg;gLtJ fyk;gfk; MFk;. fyk;gfk; 18 cWg;Gf;fisf; (fyk; -
12> gfk; - 6) nfhz;L mikf;fg;gLtJ MFk;. xl;L nkhj;j rKjhaj;ijAk;
glk;gpbj;Jf; fhl;LtJ fyk;gfk; MFk;.
Kjy; fyk;gf ,yf;fpak;> %d;whk; ee;jpth;kidg; ghl;Lilj;
jiytdhff;
nfhz;l „ee;jpf;fyk;gfk;‟ MFk;. ,ul;ilah;fs; - jpy;iyf; fyk;gfk;>
jpUthkj;J}h;f; fyk;gfk;> FkuFUguh; - fhrpf; fyk;gfk;> kJiuf; fyk;gfk;>
ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp – MSila gps;isahh; jpUf;fyk;gfk;> tPukhKdpth; -
jpUth&h;f; fyk;gfk; Nghd;w fyk;gfq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
cyh:
ghl;Lilj; jiytd; Ch;tyk; tUk;NghJ mtid VO gUtj;J
khjh;fSk; fz;L ikay; nfhs;tjhfg; ghLtJ cyh ,yf;fpakhFk;.
Kjy; cyh ,yf;fpak;> Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhhpd; jpUf;fapyha
Qhd
cyh (Mjp cyh> nja;tf P cyh vd;Wk; ngaUilaJ) MFk;. cyh
ghLtjpy; ty;yth; xl;lf;$j;jh;. vdNt> mth;> „Nfhit cyh me;jhjpf;F
xl;lf;$j;jh;‟ vd;Wk; ngUikf;Fhpath;.
xl;lf;$j;jh; - %th; cyh> ,ul;ilah;fs; - Vfk;gehjh; cyh> jphp$luhrg;gf;
ftpuhah; - jpUf;Fw;whyehjh; cyh MfpNahhpd; cyhitr; rhd;whff;
nfhs;syhk;.
me;jhjp:
xU ghlypd; ,Wjpapy; cs;s vOj;J> nrhy;> mir> rPh;> mbfspy; ahjhDk;
xd;W mLj;j ghlypd; njhlf;fkhf mikag; ghlg;gLtJ me;jhjp MFk;.
me;jk; - ,Wjp: Mjp – Kjy;. me;jhjpf;Fr; “nrhw;nwhlh; epiy” vd;Dk;
ngaUk; cz;L. gpwnkhopfspy; ,y;yhj mikg;G me;jhjp.
Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhh; - nghd;tz;zj;je;jhjp> mgpuhkpgl;lh; -
mgpuhkp me;jhjp Mfpait me;jhjpf;Fr; rhd;Wfs;.
Nfhit:
gy nra;As;fisj; njhlh;G ciladthff; Nfhj;jy;> njhFj;jy; vd;w
nghUspy; ngah; ngw;w mf ,yf;fpak; NfhitahFk;. ,J fl;lisf;
fypj;Jiwahy; 400 ghf;fisf; nfhz;ljhf mikAk;.
Kjy; Nfhit ,yf;fpak;> epd;wrPh; neLkhwidg; ghl;Lilj;
jiytdhff; nfhz;l “ghz;bf; Nfhit” MFk;.
khzpf;fthrfh; - jpUf;Nfhit (jpUr;rpw;wk;gyf; Nfhit)> xl;lf;$j;jh;
ehyhapuf; Nfhit> FNyhj;Jq;fd; Nfhit Mfpait Nfhitf;fhd
rhd;Wfshk;.
KbTiu:
vd;Wk; ,sikNahL ige;jkpoha;j; jpfOk; xz;lkpoha; xspUk;
md;idf;Fg; gps;isj; jkpo; Ngrp> rjfk; rikj;J> guzp ghb> fyk;gfk;
fz;L> cyh te;J> J}J nrd;W> FwtQ;rp Fwp $wp> gs;S ghb> Nfhit
ahj;J> mzpahfg; G+l;b> mo$l;b mfk; kpf kfpo;e;jdh; nre;ehg;Gyth;fs;
vd;gij ed;F mwpe;Njhk;.

eak; ghuhl;Lf:
NjdpDk; ,dpaew; nre;jkpo; nkhopNa

28
 njd;dhL tpsq;Fwj; jpfOe;njd; nkhopNa
CdpDk; xsph;TWk; xz;lkpo; nkhopNa
czh;tpDf;Fzh;tjha; xsph;jkpo; nkhopNa
thdpDk; Xq;fpa tz;lkpo; nkhopNa
khe;jUf; fpUfzh taq;Fed; nkhopNa
jhddp rpwg;GWe; jdpj;jkpo; nkhopNa
jioj;jpdp Njhq;Ftha; jz;lkpo; nkhopNa

fh. ekr;rpthah;

Kd;Diu:
“,yf;fpak; vd;gJ fhyk; fhl;Lk; fz;zhb” mt;tpyf;fpaq;fisg;
gilf;ff; $ba gpuk;khf;fs; ftpQh;fs; mj;jifa gpuk;khf;fSs; xUtuhfpa
fh. ekr;rpthahpd; ftpij eaq;fis ,dpr;Ritg;Nghk;.
jpuz;l fUj;J:
vd;Wk; ,dpikAila Njid tpl kpfTk; ,dpa nre;jkpo;nkhopNa! eP
Njhd;wpa njd;gFjpia ngUikAld; tpsq;fr; nra;Ak; njd; nkhopNa! vd;
CdpDk; caphpDk; xsptPrf;$ba xz;lkpo; nkhopNa! vd; czh;NthL
,uz;lwf; fye;J xsptPRk; jkpo;nkhopNa! cah;e;J tpsq;Fk; thid tpl
Xq;fpa GfOk; tsKKila tz;lkpo; nkhopNa! khe;jUf;F Kf;fpa
cWg;ghfpa ,U fz;Nghy tpsq;ff; $ba ed;nkhopNa! gpw nkhopapypUe;J
jdpj;j rpwg;Gila jdpj;jkpo; nkhopNa! eP gy rpwg;Gfisj; jd;dfj;Nj
nfhz;bUe;jhYk; NkYk; ,dpjhfj; jioj;J tsh;e;J Gfo; ngWtha;j;
jz;lkpo; nkhopNa! ,t;thW jkpopd; ngUikjid Mrphpah; mofhff;
ghbAs;shh;.
ikaf; fUj;J:
ftpQh; jkpo;nkhopapd; tsik> ngUik> Gfo; gw;wpg; ghbAs;shh;.
njhil eak;:
vJif> Nkhid> ,iaG> Kuz; Mfpad nfhz;L njhLf;fg;gLtJ
njhil eak; MFk;.
 vJif eak;:
xU nra;Aspy; mbapNyh rPhpNyh Kjy; vOj;J
msnthj;jpUf;f ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;W Nghy; miktJ vJif
eak; MFk;.
NjdpDk;
CdpDk; - dp – mb vJif
thdpDk;
 Nkhid eak; :
xU nra;Aspy; mbapNyh rPhpNyh Kjy; vOj;J xd;WNghy;
miktJ Nkhid eak; MFk;.
NjdpDk; > njd;dhL
CdpDk;> czh;tpDk; rPh; Nkhid
thdpDk;> tz;lkpo;
jhddp jdpj;jkpo; jioj;jpdp jz;lkpo;
,iaG eak;:
xU nra;Aspy; ,Wjpapy; mike;Js;s vOj;Njh
mirNah rPNuh xd;WNghy; miktJ ,iaG eak; MFk;.
nre;jkpo; nkhopNa
xsph;jkpo; nkhopNa
ed;nkhopNa
jz;lkpo; nkhopNa

29
nrhy;eak;:
nrhy; vd;gJ ftpQdpd; fUj;Jtsj;ij ntspg;gLj;jf; $baJ.
,q;Fj; jkpopd; Moj;ij Muha;e;jwpe;j ftpQh;>
nre;jkpo;
xz;lkpo;
tz;lkpo;
jz;lkpo;
vdj; jkpopd; ,ay;Gfis ntspg;gLj;jf; $ba nrhw;fis ,dpNj
ifahz;Ls;shh;.
mzpeak;:
mzp vd;why; moF. nra;Ais moFngw ,aw;WtJ mzpeak; MFk;.
,q;Ff; ftpQh; jkpopd; tsikiaf; $wte;j NghJ>“thdpDk; Xq;fpa
tz;lkpo; nkhopNa” vd thid tpl cah;e;j> rpwe;j> Gfo; ngw;w nkhop
vd;W cah;j;jpf; $wpapUg;gjhy;>“cah;T etpw;rp mzp” gapd;Ws;sJ.
re;j eak;:
re;jk; jkpOf;Fr; nrhe;jk;. re;jk; vd;why; ,d;Ndhir. ,g;ghly; ehd;F
mbfisf; nfhz;L> vl;Lr; rPh;fshy; tpUj;jg;ghlypy; ghlg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
vdNt ,/J “vz;rPh;f;fopnebyb Mrphpa tpUj;jg;gh” tifiar; rhh;e;jjhFk;.
,jd; Xir mftNyhir.
,g;ghly; vJif> Nkhid> ,iaG eaq;fs; ngw;W ,dpa
re;jj;Jld; mike;Js;sJ.
jiyg;G:
,g;ghlypd; jiyg;G “jkpo; nkhopapd; tsq;fs;”
KbTiu:
Njh;e;njLj;j fUj;Jr; nrwpT> njspe;j rpe;jid> mofpa nrhy;>
fw;Nghiu kfpo;rr ; p milar; nra;Ak; ftpQuJ jpwk; Mfpatw;iw mwpe;J
,d;Gw;Nwhk;.
“fhyk; ftpQidf; nfhd;wJ
mtd; ftpij fhyj;ij ntd;wJ”

nkhopNahL tpisahL
nrhw;fis ,izj;Jg; Gjpa nrhw;fis cUthf;Ff
Njd;> tpsf;F> kio> tpz;> kzp> tpyq;F> nra;> Nkfiy> thd;> nghd;> G+
v.fh.: G+kzp
Njd;kio> kzptpsf;F> tpz;kzp> kzpNkfiy> nghd;kzp> nghd;tpyq;F>
G+tpyq;F> nghd;nra;> thd;kio> G+kio.

Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;L tpdhtpNyNa tpil ,Ug;gJ Nghd;W tpdhj;njhlh;fs;

mikf;f.
Fwspd;gk;> Ritf;fhj ,sePh;> fhg;gpar; Rit> kdpjFy Nkd;ik>
tpLKiwehs;
v.fh.: Fwspd;gj;jpy; jpisf;fhj jkpod; cz;lh?
Ritf;fhj ,sePUk; ,sePuhFkh?
fhg;gpar; Ritawpahj jkpowpQUz;Nlh?
kdpjFy Nkd;ikia mwpahj kdpjUz;Nlh?
tpLKiwehs; ,y;yhj thuk;jhd; cz;Nlh?

vz;Zg; ngah;fisf; fz;L> jkpo; vz;fspy; vOJf.

nra;A vz;Zg;n jkpo; vz;
s;mb gah;
ehw;wpirAk; ehd;F r

30
nry;yhj
ehby;iy
vWk;Ge;jd; vl;L m
ifahy; vz;rhz;
Ie;Jrhy;G Ie;J U
Cd;wpa J}z;
ehYk; ,uz;Lk; ehd;F> r
nrhy;Yf;F cWjp ,uz;L >
c
Mid Mapuk; Mapuk; f
mkhpil ntd;w 0
khdtDf;F 0
tFg;gJ guzp 0

mfuhjpapy; fhz;f.
mltp - tdk;> fhL>
mty; - gs;sk;> Nkl;L epyk;> tpis epyk;> xU rpw;Wz;b>
Fsk;
Rty; - Nkl;L epyk;> ,irapd; xU gphpT> fOj;J> Njhs;>
Nkw;Guk;> gplhp>
Gwkaph;> KJF
nrW - tay;> ePh;epiy> tpis epyk;> fodp> ghj;jp>
cg;Gg; ghj;jp> mopT>
Nfhgk;> NrW epuk;gpa ,;lk;> ed;nra;
godk; - fodp> tay;> kUj epyk;> nghJ epyk;> Ntyp>
ePh;epiy
GwT - Ky;iy epyk;> kUjj;jpd; Gwj;Nj mLj;jpUg;gJ>
fhL> Nrhiy>
Gwh
mfd;Rlh; - QhapW
Mh;fyp - Xir> fly;> tWik> nts;sk;> ,bNaW>
epiwe;j Kof;fk;
nfhLtha; - J}z;by;
jpUtpy; - thdpLtpy;
fl;Gs; - fhfk;

fhl;rpiaf; fz;L ftpDw vOJf (g.23)

mfe;ijapy;
myl;rpag; Nghf;fpy;
mwpahikapy; jk;kwpit
milj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
mw;g kdpjh;fs;
mope;Nj Nghthh;fs;!
mhpa E}y;fs; gy
mwpAk; MtNyhL
mUikaha;g; gbf;Fk;
mwpTs;s md;gh;fSf;F
mwpthdJ tphptilAk;!

31
 milj;jpUe;j mwpahik
mZmZtha;
mope;J NghFk;.

nray; jpl;lk;
ePq;fs; thOk; gFjpapYs;s vitNaDk; Ie;J gaph;tifr;
nrhw;fSf;fhd glj;njhFg;ig cUthf;Ff.
1. khe;Njhg;G
2. thioj;Njhg;G
3. ney; tay;
4. fUk;G tay;
5. G+e;Njhl;lk;

epw;f mjw;Fj;jf
,d;nrhy; top jPanrhy; top
gpwh; kdk; kfpOk; gpwh; kdk; thLk;
mwk; tsUk; mwk; NjAk;
Gfo; ngUFk; ,fo; ngUFk;
ey;y ez;gh;fs; ey;y ez;gh;fs;
NrUth; tpyFth;
md;G epiwAk; gifik epiwAk;

,jpy; ePq;fs; nry;Yk; top ahJ? cq;fs; ez;gUf;Ff;; fhl;Lk; top

ahJ?
vdJ top ,d;nrhy; NgRtNj. vr;#oypYk; ,d;nrhy; NgrNt
topfhl;LNtd;. mt;thW Ngr ,ayhj #oypYk;> “td;nrhy; NgrhNj” vd;W
vd; ez;gDf;F topfhl;LNtd;.

fiyr; nrhy; mwpNthk:;

Vowel - capnuOj;J,
consonant - nka;naOj;J,
Homograph - xg;ngOj;J,
Monolingual - xU nkhop,
Conversation - ciuahly; ,
Discussion - fye;Jiuahly.;

-------

32