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Gas Law

The document discusses the kinetic molecular theory and properties of gases. It describes several gas laws including Boyle's law, Charles' law, Gay-Lussac's law, Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressures, and Graham's law of diffusion. These gas laws relate the variables of pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas and define the behavior of ideal gases.

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CATHERINE BAGUIORO
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46 views7 pages

Gas Law

The document discusses the kinetic molecular theory and properties of gases. It describes several gas laws including Boyle's law, Charles' law, Gay-Lussac's law, Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressures, and Graham's law of diffusion. These gas laws relate the variables of pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas and define the behavior of ideal gases.

Uploaded by

CATHERINE BAGUIORO
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GAS LAW

Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)


- Gases are composed of extremely minute particles, separated by
wide spaces, called molecules.
- Molecules are in rapid random motion travelling in straight path
colliding with one another and against the wall of the container
exerting pressure.
- All collisions that molecules undergo are perfectly elastic. Energy is
conserved as no kinetic energy is lost.
- Molecules do not attract or repel one another. They move around
freely because the forces between them are extremely weak.
- Volume occupied by the molecules themselves is small compared
to the volume of the container under ordinary pressure and
temperature.

PROPERTIES OF GAS
- Wide spaces between particles
- Expand to fill container
- No definite volume
- Gases form a solution in any proportions

– Readily soluble/miscible
- Gases have relatively low densities.
- Compressible
- Expand when heated
- Gas volume changes significantly with pressure.
– Solid and liquid volumes are not greatly affected by pressure.
- Gas volume changes significantly with temperature.
– Gases expand when heated and shrink when cooled. –The
volume change is 50 to 100 times greater for gases than for liquids
and solids.
- Gases flow very freely.
Quantities that Influence the Nature and Behavior of Gases
- Pressure (P) – force exerted by a gas per unit areaStandard
Pressure: 1atm (atmosphere) = 760 mmHg
- Temperature (T) – average kinetic energy of gas particle.
Standard Temperature: 273 K = 0°C
- Volume (V) – space occupied by gas particles1 mol of gas = 22.4 L
- Number of Particles (n) – expressed in mole1 mol of gas = 6.02 x
1023 particles
- Molecular Mass (m)1 mol of gas = molecular mass (g)

Gas Pressure and its Measurement


Pressure = force
________

area

Atmospheric pressure arises from the force exerted by atmospheric


gases on the earth’s surface.

Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude.

The Gas Laws


- The gas laws describe the physical behavior of gases in terms of 4
variables:
– pressure (P)
– temperature (T)
– volume (V)
– amount (number of moles, n)
- An ideal gas is a gas that exhibits linear relationships among these
variables.
- No ideal gas actually exists, but most simple gases behave nearly
ideally at ordinary temperatures and pressures.
Boyle’s Law
- Pressure-Volume Relationship by English chemist Robert Boyle in
1662.
- As volume becomes smaller, more collisions occur and the air
pressure increases; pressure and volume are directly related at
constant temperature and amount of gas.

- Boyle’s Law
- At constant temperature, the volume occupied by a fixed amount of
gas is inversely proportional to the external pressure.
- V = 1
____ or PV = constant

- At fixed T and n,
- P decreases as V increases
- P increases as V decreases
- Mathematically
o P1V1 = P2V2 k = T and n
o Where P1 = initial pressure V1 = initial volume
o P2 = final pressure V2= final volume
o K = constant

Charle’s Law
- Volume-Temperature Relationship by French physicist Jacques
Alexandre Charles in 1787.
- The kinetic energy of gas particles increases as temperature
increases; the Kelvin temperature and volume of a gas are directly
related with no change in pressure and amount of gas.

- Charles’s Law
- At constant pressure, the volume occupied by a fixed amount of gas
is directly proportional to its absolute (Kelvin) temperature.
- V T V
---- = constant
T
- At fixed T and n,
- P decreases as V increases
- P increases as V decreases
- Mathematically
o V₁=V₂T₁ T₂
o k = P and n
o Where T1 = initial temperature V1 = initial volume
T2 = final temperature V2= final volume
o K = constant

Gay-Lussac’s Law:
- Pressure-Temperature Relationship by French scientist Joseph
Louis Gay-Lussac in 1808.
- If the gas is heated, its pressure will increase, with constant
volume and number of moles, the pressure of a gas is directly
related to its Kelvin temperature
- P₁ = P₂
__ __
T₁ T₂

K= V and n
Combined Gas Law:
- Used to solve for changes in pressure, volume and temperature of
a gas
- P₁V₁ = P₂V₂
___ ___

T₁ T₂

- K= PV n

Avogadro’s Law:
- Volume-Mole Relationship by Italian scientist Amadeo Avogadro in
1811
- The volume of the gas is directly related to the number of moles at
constant temperature and pressure.
- At fixed temperature and pressure, the volume occupied by a gas
is directly proportional to the amount of gas.
- Avogadro’s Law: at fixed temperature and pressure, equal
volumes of any ideal gas contain equal numbers of particles (or
moles).
- Mathematecally
o V₁ = V₂
__ __

n₁ n₂

o K= T and P
Ideal Gas Law
- Charles’ Law and Avogadro’s Law were combined where the
variables pressure, volume, temperature and amount of gas
equated to a single constant R or the universal gas constant.

- The Ideal Gas Law

pV = nRT

- R = PV 1 atm x 22.414 L 0.0821 atm


__ = _______________ = ______________

nT 1 mol x 273.15 K mol·K

- R is the universal gas constant; the numerical value of R depends


on the units used.
- The ideal gas law can also be expressed by the combined equation:

P1V1 P2V2
_____ = ______

T1 T2

- Mathematically
R= PV
__

nT

PV=nRT
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
- by English chemist John Dalton in 1801.
- The total pressure exerted by a mixture of non-reacting gases is the
sum of the partial pressures exerted by each gas.
- Mathematically
- PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + ..... + Pn
- Where:
PT = total pressure
P1 = partial pressure of gas 1
P2 = partial pressure of gas 2

Graham’s Law of Diffusion:


- by Scottish chemist Thomas Graham in 1833.
- Lighter molecules with the same kinetic energy escape more rapidly
than heavier ones; the rate of diffusion of gases and the square
roots of their molecular masses are inversely related at constant
temperature and pressure.
-

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