 Key Words :

 evqygÐj : evqygÐj‡K evqyPvc I ZvcgvÎvwfwËK PviwU A‡j fvM Kiv nq| †hgb, Uª‡cvwùqvi, ÷ª¨v‡Uvwùqvi, †g‡mvwùqvi,
_v‡g©vwùqvi|
 N~wY©So ev mvB‡K¬vb : Mfxi mgy‡`ª ZvcgvÎv 27C Gi †ewk n‡j mgy‡`ªi Ic‡ii evqygЇj wb¤œPvc m„wó nq; ZLb Pvicv‡ki
fvix evZvm †mw`‡K avweZ n‡q Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z Ici w`‡K DV‡Z _v‡K Ges ¯’ jfv‡Mi w`‡K 63 km/h-Gi †ewk †e‡M AMÖmi
n‡Z _v‡K; G‡K N~wY©So ev mvB‡K¬vb e‡j|
 M¨vm m~Î : weÁvbxiv M¨v‡mi †fŠZ AvPiYwfwËK QqwU m~Î Dc¯’vcb K‡ib : e‡q‡ji m~Î, Pvj©‡mi m~Î, †M-jymvK A¨vgbUb
m~Î, A¨v‡fvMv‡Wªv m~Î, Av`k© M¨vm m~Î, Wvë‡bi AvswkK Pvc m~Î I MÖvnv‡gi e¨vcb m~Î|
 e‡q‡ji m~Î t Òw¯’i ZvcgvÎvq wbw`©ó f‡ii †Kvb M¨v‡mi AvqZb (V) M¨vmwUi Dci cÖhy³ Pv‡ci (P) e¨¯ÍvbycvwZK|Ó
 Pvj©‡mi m~Î: Òw¯’i Pv‡c wbw`©ó f‡ii †Kvb M¨v‡mi AvqZb Zvi cig ZvcgvÎvi mgvbycvwZK|Ó
 †M-jymv‡Ki Pv‡ci m~Î t w¯’i AvqZ‡bi (V) wbw`©ó cwigvY (n) †h †Kv‡bv M¨v‡mi Dci cÖhy³ Pvc (P) M¨v‡mi
†Kjwfb/cig ZvcgvÎvi (T) mgvbycvwZK|
 A¨v‡fvMv‡Wªv m~Î t w¯’i ZvcgvÎv (T) I Pv‡c (P) mg AvqZ‡bi (V) mKj M¨v‡m mgvb msL¨K AYy (n) _v‡K|
 MÖvnv‡gi e¨vcb m~Î t Òw¯’i ZvcgvÎv I Pv‡c †Kvb M¨v‡mi e¨vc‡bi nvi (r) D³ M¨v‡mi Nb‡Z¡i (d) eM©g~‡ji
e¨¯ÍvbycvwZK|Ó
 e¨vcb : AwaK Nb‡Z¡i ¯’vb †_‡K Kg Nb‡Z¡i ¯’v‡bi w`‡K †Kv‡bv KwVb, Zij ev M¨vmxq Dcv`v‡bi KYv ev AYymg~ ‡ni
¯^Ztù‚Z© I mgfv‡e cwie¨vß nIqvq cÖwµqvB e¨vcb|
 Abye¨vcb : GKwU Ave× cv‡Îi m~² wQ‡`ªi ga¨ w`‡q cv‡Îi iwÿZ D”PPv‡ci †Kv‡bv M¨v‡mi wbM©gb nIqvi cÖwµqv‡K
wbtmiY ev Abye¨vcb e‡j|
 Av`k© M¨vm : †h mKj M¨vm mKj Ae¯’vq Av`k© M¨vm m~Î PV = nRT †g‡b P‡j Zv‡K Av`k© M¨vm e‡j|
 ev¯Íe M¨vm : †h M¨vm mKj Ae¯’vq Av`k© M¨vm m~Î PV = nRT †g‡b P‡j bv Zv‡K ev¯Íe M¨vm e‡j| evqygЇji N2, O2,
CO2 cÖf…wZ M¨vmmg~n ev¯Íe M¨vm|
 LPG : ZijxK…Z †c‡Uªvwjqvg M¨vm| mvaviYZ weD‡Ub I †cÖv‡cb‡K mwÜ ZvcgvÎv ev Zvi wb‡Pi ZvcgvÎvq G‡b D”P Pvc
cÖ‡qvM K‡i Zi‡j cwiYZ Kiv nq| G Zij M¨vm‡K w÷‡ji wmwjÛv‡i fwZ© Kiv nq|
 CNG : Cpmpressed Natural Gas hv cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi mswÿß iƒc|
 mwÜZvc gvÎv : cÖwZ M¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î GKwU mywbw`©ó ZvcgvÎv Av‡Q †h ZvcgvÎvi Dc‡i M¨vm‡K h‡_ó Pvc cÖ ‡qvM K‡iI Zij
Kiv m¤¢eci nq bv|
 CFC : wg‡_b I B‡_b Gi †K¬v‡iv-‡d¬v‡ivRvZKmg~n‡K †K¬v‡iv-‡d¬v‡iv Kve©b ev CFC e‡j|
 mvi‡dm IqvUv‡ii weï×Zvi gvb`Û : wkíKviLvbv I K…wlKv‡R mvi‡dm IqvUv‡ii e¨env‡ii c~‡e© Gi weï×Zvi gvb`Ðiƒ‡c
cvwbi pH, cvwbi LiZv, cvwbi DO, BOD, COD I TDS Rvbv `iKvi| cvwbi Gme gvb`Ð m¤^‡Ü Avgiv Rvbe|
 fvix avZz : Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ fvix avZz we‡kl K‡i As, Cr, Pb, Cd hy³ nIqvi d‡j gvivZ¥K weiƒc cÖfve cwijwÿZ nq|
 evqygÛ‡ji MVb I Dcv`vb

 evqygÛ‡ji cÖvq 97 kZvs‡ki Ae¯’vbB n‡jv c„ô †_‡K gvÎ 30 wK‡jvwgUv‡ii g‡a¨|
 evqygÛ‡ji cÖvq 75% M¨vmxq wgkÖY _v‡K f~-c„ô †_‡K 11km cwim‡i Ges 99% H M¨vmxq wgkÖY _v‡K 30km e¨vcx-A‡j|
 f~-c„ô †_‡K D”PZv e„w×i mv‡_ evqygÛ‡ji NbZ¡ AwaK n«vm cvq|
 mgy`ª mgZ‡j evqygÛ‡ji Pvc 760mm (Hg) ev 1 atm n‡jI Zv 15km D”PZvq cÖvq 100 mm (Hg) evqyPvc Ges
100 km Gi Ic‡i Zv gvÎ 3.0107 atm n‡q _v‡K|
 evqygÛ‡ji Avqb ¯Í‡i evav †c‡qB f‚c„ô †_‡K cvVv‡bv †eZvi Zi½ cybivq c„w_ex‡Z wd‡i Av‡m|
 A¨v‡ivm‡j a~wjKYv, jeY KwYKv, c‡jb (pollen), Kqjvi ¸ov I †auvqv, Av‡MœqwMwii QvB Dév f®§ cÖf…wZ _v‡K|
 c„w_exi Mo ZvcgvÎv 15C|
 f‚-c„‡ôi Dci evqygÛ‡ji Pvc cÖwZ eM© Bw‡Z 14.7 cvDÛ ev cÖwZ eM© †mw›UwgUv‡i 1.033 kg gvÎ|
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]
 evqygÛ‡ji MVb I Dcv`vb :
we¯Í…wZ evqygÛ‡ji we¯Í…wZ aiv nq 500 km D”PZv ch©šÍ|
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb (N2)  78.09%
Aw·‡Rb (O2)  20.94 / 20.95%
AvqZwbK mshyw³ Kve©b WvB A·vBW (CO2)  0.033%
AviMb  0.93%, H2O ev®ú (14%)
Ab¨vb¨ (wnwjqvg, wbqb, wµcUb, ‡Rbb, wg‡_b, I‡hvb I Rjxq ev®ú)  0.37%

evqygÛ‡ji ¯Íi

M¨v‡mi mshyw³i wfwˇZ Pvc I ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©b Abymv‡i

mggÛj/†nv‡gvwùqvi welggÛj/†nUv‡ivwùqvi Uª‡cvwùqvi ‡÷ª¨v‡Uvwùqvi _v‡g©vwùqvi †g‡mvwùqvi

Uª‡cvwùqvi ÷ª¨v‡Uvwùqvi †g‡mvwùqvi _v‡g©vwùqvi G‡·vwùqvi Avq‡bvwùqvi (wb‡Pi Ask) G‡·vwùqvi g¨vM‡b‡Uvwùqvi

 †nv‡gvwùqvi I †nUv‡ivwùqv‡ii cv_©K¨ :

welq †nv‡gvwùqvi †nUv‡ivwùqvi

f‚-c„ô †_‡K D”PZv cÖvq 85 km ch©šÍ 85 km Gi Dc‡i
M¨vmxq mshyw³ gyL¨ Dcv`vb t N2 (78.09%), O2 (20.94%) M¨vm gyL¨ Dcv`vb t N2, O2, O, He, H,
†MŠY Dcv`vb t H2O ev®ú (14)%, Ar (0.93%), CO2 †MŠY Dcv`vb t N+, O+2, O+, NO+,
(0.033%), CO, O3 GQvov ¯^í cwigv‡Y Av‡iv 12wU M¨vm _v‡K| He+, H+
Zvcxq cwienY N‡U N‡U bv
AšÍf©³
~ ¯Íi Uª‡cvwùqvi, ÷ª¨v‡Uvwùqvi, †g‡mvwùqvi _v‡g©vwùqvi, G‡·vwùqvi
kU© †UKwbK : †nUv‡ivwùqv‡ii gyL¨ Dcv`vb - He NO

H He N2 O 2 O 3

 welggÛ‡j wfbœ †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK ag© m¤úbœ PviwU ¯Íi i‡q‡Q| h_v :
1. cvigvYweK bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ¯Íi (85200) wK.wg.
2. cvigvYweK Aw·‡Rb ¯Íi (2001100) wK.wg.
3. wnwjqvg ¯Íi (11003500) wK.wg.
4. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ¯Íi (350010000) wK.wg.
[Kexi m¨vi]

 evqygÛ‡ji 4wU AÂj ev ¯Í‡ii cwimi, Pvc, ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©b I ˆewkó¨ :

f‚-c„ô †_‡K
¯Íi PvcgvÎv ZvcgvÎv ˆewkó¨
D”PZvi we¯Í…wZ
 †gN, e„wócvZ, eRªcvZ, wkwki, Kzqvkv, So me GB ¯Í‡i N‡U
f~wg †_‡K
1. Uª‡cvwùqvi  G ¯Í‡ii evqygÛ‡ji Ae¯’vB †Kvb ¯’v‡bi AvenvIqv I
15 km 760100 µ‡g n«vm †c‡q
A_ev Rjevqy wbqš¿Y K‡i
ÿzä gÛj
A_ev mm (Hg) 55C at 12 km
 cÖvq me ai‡bi wegvb PjvPj K‡i
0 – 18 km
 cÖwZ wK.wg D”PZvq ZvcgvÎv 7C nv‡i n«vm cvq
2.÷ª¨v‡Uvwùqvi 1550 km  †RU wegvb GB ¯Í‡ii †fZi w`‡q P‡j
µ‡g e„w× †c‡q
A_ev A_ev Pvc Kg‡Z _v‡K  evqygÛ‡ji †ewkifvM (30%) I‡Rvb G ¯Í‡iB _v‡K
+2C at 50 km
kvšÍ gÛj 18–50 km  c„w_ex c„ô †_‡K 2040 km Dc‡i I‡Rvb ¯Íi Ae¯’vb K‡i
µ‡g n«vm †c‡q  evqygÛj kxZjZg Ae¯’vq †cŠu‡Q
3. †g‡mvwùqvi 5085 km Pvc Kg‡Z _v‡K
93C at 83 km  gnvk~b¨ †_‡K c„w_exi w`‡K Qz‡U Avmv Dév G ¯Í‡i aŸsm nq
µ‡g e„w× †c‡q
 GB ¯Í‡i AvšÍR©vwZK gnvKvk M‡elYv †K›`ª Aew¯’Z|
4. _v‡g©vwùqvi 85500 km Pvc Kg‡Z _v‡K +427C ‡_‡K
 G ¯Í‡i H2 Ges He M¨v‡mi cÖvavb¨ _v‡K
1727C nq|
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]
 UV iwk¥i ÿwZKi w`K :
 ivmvqwbK eÜb‡K †f‡½ †`q|
 ev‡qvjwRK¨vj cÖwµqv‡K webó K‡i|
 ‡Pv‡L K¨vUviv± m„wó K‡i|
 Pg© K¨vÝvi e„w× K‡i|
N~wY©So I R‡jv”Q¡vm

AvenvIqv I Rjevqyi wbqvgK N~wY©So I R‡jv”Q¡vm m„wó‡Z wbqvgK

1. evqy cÖevn 1. ZvcgvÎv
2. evqyi Av`ª©Zv/Rjxq ev®ú 2. Pvc
3. Kzqvkv-wkwki 3. evqyi NbZ¡
 4. †gN-e„wócvZ 4. mvgyw`ªK Rjxq ev‡®úi Ae¯’v
5. ZzlvicvZ
6. So I R‡jv”Q¡vm
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]
 N~wY©So (Cyclone) :
 mvB‡K¬vb m„wói g~j `ywU KviY n‡jv Mfxi mgy‡`ªi cvwbi D”P ZvcgvÎv I mgy‡`ª wb¤œPvc m„wó|
 mvB‡K¬vb ˆZwi n‡Z mvM‡ii cvwbi ZvcgvÎv 27C/300K/80F Gi †ewk n‡Z nq|
 wbiÿxq †iLvi DËi w`‡K 5 †_‡K 20 Aÿvs‡ki g‡a¨ N~wY©So msNwUZ nq|
 mvB‡K¬v‡bi MwZ‡eM Kgc‡ÿ cÖwZ NÈvq 63 wK‡jvwgUvi ev 40 gvBj n‡Z nq|
 ‡Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mvB‡K¬v‡bi ¯’vwqZ¡Kvj 26 w`b|
 Tropical region-G †h evqycÖevn w`evfv‡M N›Uvq 20 wK.wg. †e‡M P‡j, Zv‡K c~evwj evqy e‡j|

 K‡qKwU AvÂwjK I †gŠmywg N~wY©S‡oi bvg :

 A‡÷ªwjqv DcK~‡j  mvB‡K¬vb|
 fviZ gnvmvMixq A‡j  mvB‡K¬vb|
 Gwkqv I Rvcv‡bi DcK‚‡j  UvBdzb|
 wdwjcvB‡b  UvBdzb ev evwMI|
 †gw·‡Kv DcK‚‡j  n¨vwi‡Kb|

 R‡jv”Q¡vm (Storm-Surge) :
 ‡XD‡qi D”PZv 100 dzU ch©šÍ DuPz n‡Z cv‡i|
 NÈvq MwZ‡eM 500 gvB‡jiI †ewk n‡Z cv‡i|
 mgy`ªZj‡`‡k f‚wgK¤ú I Av‡MœqwMwii AMœy¨rcv‡Zi d‡j m„ó R‡jv”Q¡vm‡K mybvwg (tsunami) e‡j|

 f‚c„ô †_‡K cvVv‡bv †eZvi Zi½, evqygÛ‡ji †Kvb ¯Í‡i evav †c‡q cybivq c„w_ex‡Z wd‡i Av‡m? (†g.f.c. 18-19)
A. G‡·vwùqvi B. Av‡qv‡bvwùqvi C. g¨vM‡b‡Uvwùqvi D. †g‡mvwùqvi Ans : B
 m~‡h©i AwZ †e¸bx iwk¥ †kvlY Ki‡Z cv‡i wb‡¤œi †KvbwU? (†g.f.c. 15-16)
A. O3 B. O2 C. CFCl3 D. NO2 Ans : A
 evqygÛ‡j bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi cwigvY kZKiv KZ? (†g.f.c. 04-05)
A. (78-79)% B. (79-80)% C. (77-78)% D. (80-81)% Ans : C

 ‡`L‡Zv cvi wK bv?

 evqygЇji ÷ªv‡Uvwùqvi ¯Í‡ii cÖavb Dcv`vb n‡jv-
A. O2 B. Ne C. O3 D. CO2 Ans : C
 evqygЇji †Kvb ¯Íi w`‡q †RU wegvb PjvPj K‡i?
A. Uªv‡cvwùqvi B. ÷ªv‡Uvwùqvi C. ‡g‡mvwùqvi D. Av‡qv‡bvwùqvi Ans : B
 ‡Kvb ¯’v‡bi AvenvIqv I Rjevqy‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i †KvbwU?
A. ÷ªv‡Uvwùqvi Gi evqygÐj B. Uªv‡cvwùqvi Gi evqygÐj
C. Av‡qv‡bvwùqvi Gi evqygÐj D. ‡g‡mvwùqvi Gi evqygÐj Ans : B
 N~wY©S‡oi Rb¨ `vqx n‡jv-
A. evqy Pvc B. evqyi NbZ¡ C. ZvcgvÎv D. NbgvÎv Ans : D
 evqygЇji kxZjZg AÂj †KvbwU?
A. ‡g‡mvwùqvi B. Av‡qv‡bvwùqvi C. Uªv‡cvwùqvi D. ÷ªv‡Uvwùqvi Ans : A
 ‡Kvb M¨vmwU evZv‡m me‡P‡q †ewk cwigv‡Y _v‡K?
A. Kve©b WvBA·vBW B. Aw·‡Rb C. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb D. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Ans : C

M¨vm

 M¨v‡mi ˆewkó¨ :
1. MVb : mgmË¡ mÂvjbkxj †fŠZ Ae¯’v| GwU AmsL¨ w¯’wZ¯’vcK, †MvjvKvi I AwZ ÿz`ª KYvi mgš^‡q MwVZ|
2. wgkÖY ÿgZv : mgmË¡ wgkÖY ˆZwi K‡i|
3. Pvc : GKK †ÿ‡Î M¨vm AYymg~‡ni cÖhy³ ej hv w¯’i AvqZ‡b ZvcgvÎv e„w×i mv‡_ e„w× cvq|
4. AvK…wZ I AvqZ‡bi Awbw`©óZv : wbw`©ó †Kvb AvK…wZ I AvqZb †bB †h cv‡Î ivLv nq †m cv‡Îi AvK…wZ I AvqZb avib K‡i|
5. Av‡cwÿK AvqZb : M¨vmxq c`v‡_©i Av‡cwÿK AvqZb Zij I KwVb c`v‡_©i †P‡q A‡bK †ewk wKš‘ cv‡Îi AvqZ‡bi
Zzjbvq AZ¨šÍ bMY¨|
6. ms‡KvPb I cÖmviY ÿgZv : M¨v‡mi mPjZv AZ¨šÍ †ewk Ges M¨vm LyeB ms‡KvPb I cÖmviYkxj|
7. M¨v‡mi NbZ¡ : DËß M¨v‡mi NbZ¡ Kg nq| Avevi AwaK Pv‡c M¨v‡mi NbZ¡ e„w× cvq|
8. AvšÍtAvYweK AvKl©Y ej I duvKv ¯’vb : M¨v‡mi AYymg~‡ni g‡a¨ AvšÍtAvYweK duvKv ¯’vb Lye †ewk Ges AvšÍtAvYweK
AvKl©Y ej cÖvq †bB ej‡jB P‡j|
9. MwZkw³ t ZvcgvÎv e„w× †c‡j M¨v‡mi MwZkw³ e„w× cvq|
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]
 M¨v‡mi †gvjvi AvqZb cÖKv‡ki `ywU c×wZ :
welqe¯‘ ZvcgvÎv Pvc AvqZb
STP/cÖgvY ZvcgvÎv 0C ev 273 K 1 atm ev 101.325 kPa 22.414 Lmol1
SATP/Kÿ ZvcgvÎv 25C ev 298 K 100 kPa 24.789 Lmol1

 †R‡b ivL :
 1m3 = 103dm3 = 103L; 1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3
 1 atm = 76.0 cm (Hg) = 760 mm (Hg) = 101.325 kPa = 101.325  103 Pa = 760 torr = 1 bar

M¨vm m~Îmg~n
 M¨vmxq m~Î m~‡Îi bvg Avwe®‹viK
e‡q‡ji m~Î ievU© e‡qj
Pvj©‡mi m~Î Pvj©m
cÖavb M¨vm m~Î
†M jymv‡Ki Pvcxq m~Î †M jymvK
A¨v‡fvMv‡Wªv ZË¡ A¨v‡fvM¨v‡Wªv
Wvë‡bi AvswkK Pvc m~Î Rb Wvëb
M¨vm wgkÖ‡bi m~Î
MÖvnv‡gi e¨vcb m~Î _gvm MÖvnvg

 M¨vmxq m~Îmg~n :
m~‡Îi bvg m~‡Îi wee„wZ MvwYwZK iƒc †jL/cÖ‡qvM
 G †jL‡K m‡gvò †jL ev
AvB‡mv_vg© e‡j|
i. V ebvg P †jLwPÎÑAwae„Ë ev
1. e‡q‡ji m~Î w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq wbw`©ó f‡ii †Kvb nvBcvi‡evjv
1
[1660, nvRvix; M¨v‡mi AvqZb M¨vmwUi Dci V ev PV = K 1
1662, Kwei] cÖh³y Pv‡ci e¨¯ÍvbycvwZK P ii. V ebvg †jLwPÎÑg~j
P
we›`yMvgx mij‡iLv
iii. PV ebvg P †jLwPÎ-x A‡ÿi
mgvšÍivj
 G †jL‡K mg‡cÖm ev AvB‡mvevi
w¯’i Pv‡c wbw`©ó f‡ii †Kvb ev mgPvc †jL e‡j|
2. Pvj©‡mi m~Î
M¨v‡mi AvqZb Zvi cig V  T ev V = KT
[1787] i. g~j we›`yMvgx mij‡iLv
ZvcgvÎvi mgvbycvwZK
ii. Aÿ‡K wbw`©ó we›`y‡Z †Q`Mvgx
3. Pv‡ci m~Î ev w¯’i AvqZ‡b wbw`©ó f‡ii †Kvb  G †jL‡K mgAvqZbxq ev
†M-jymv‡Ki m~Î M¨v‡mi Pvc Zvi cig ZvcgvÎvi P  T ev P = KT AvB‡mv‡Kvi †jL e‡j
[1804, Kwei] mgvbycvwZK i. g~j we›`yMvgx mij‡iLv
GKB ZvcgvÎv I Pv‡c
4. A¨v‡fvMv‡Wªvi m~Î
[1812]
mgAvqZ‡bi mKj M¨v‡m mgvb V  n  V = Kn i. ‡gvj msL¨v MYbv Kiv hvq
msL¨K AYy _v‡K
‡Kvb wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq ci¯úi
i. wgwkÖZ M¨v‡mi Pvc wbY©q
5. Wvë‡bi wewµqvnxb `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK M¨v‡mi
P = P1 + P2 + ... + Pn, ii. Av`ª© M¨v‡mi Pvc wbY©q
AvswkKPvc m~Î GKwU wgkÖ‡Yi †gvU Pvc wgkÖ‡Y
P1, P2, P3 = AvswkK Pvc [evqygÛ‡j N2 M¨v‡mi AvswkK Pvc
[1802] Dcw¯’Z Dcv`vb M¨vmmg~‡ni
AvswkK Pv‡ci mgwói mgvb| 593.4 mm (Hg)]
1  M¨v‡mi AvYweK fi wbY©q
r ;
6. MÖvnv‡gi e¨vcb m~Î w¯’i ZvcgvÎv I Pv‡c †Kvb M¨v‡mi d  M¨vm wgkÖ‡Yi Dcv`vbmg~‡ni
[1846, nvRvix; e¨vc‡bi nvi D³ M¨v‡mi Nb‡Z¡i c„_KxKiY| G‡K GU‡gvwjwmm e‡j|
1829, Kwei] eM©g~‡ji e¨¯ÍvbycvwZK r1 t 2 d2 M2
    GKB †gŠ‡ji wewfbœ
r2 t1 d1 M1 AvB‡mv‡Uv‡ci c„_KxKiY
 e‡q‡ji m~‡Îi Abywm×všÍ : w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq M¨v‡mi Nb‡Z¡i Ici Pv‡ci cÖfve, P  d (w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq)|
Pvj©‡mi m~‡Îi Abywm×všÍ : w¯’i Pv‡c M¨v‡mi Nb‡Z¡i Dci ZvcgvÎvi cÖfve, d  1/T (w¯’i Pv‡c)|

 mvaviY Ae¯’vq H2, N2, O2 I wbw®Œq M¨vmmg~n e‡q‡ji m~Î †gvUvgywUfv‡e †g‡b P‡j
 ‡hme M¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î e‡q‡ji m~ÎwU cÖ‡hvR¨ bq  NO2, NH3, CO2, H2S, SO2, SO3
 cigk~b¨ ZvcgvÎv : gvb 0 K ev  273C ev  273.15C
 cixÿvg~jK c×wZ‡Z – 260C-Gi wb‡P †Kvb ZvcgvÎvq M¨v‡mi AvqZb cwigvc Kiv hvq bv
 wbDwK¬qvi cvIqvi †÷k‡b R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c 235U e¨eüZ nq
 BD‡iwbqvg †n·v‡d¬vivBW UF6 iƒ‡c Dfq AvB‡mv‡Uvc‡K c„_K Kiv hvq
 mwQ`ª †gg‡eª‡bi gva¨‡g M¨vmxq 235UF6 Gi e¨vcb 238UF6 Gi e¨vcb nv‡ii †P‡q †ewk nIqvq G‡`i c„_K Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q
 cÖKw… Z‡Z BD‡iwbqv‡gi AvB‡mv‡Uvc 235U = 0.7% Ges 238U = 99.3% wgwkÖZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K
235
 U Gi e¨vcb nvi 238U Gi e¨vcb nv‡ii †P‡q 1.0043 ¸Y †ewk

Av`k© M¨vm mgxKiY

 Av`k© M¨vm mgxKiY :

 Av`k© M¨vm mgxKiY n‡jv, PV = nRT
 G‡K Av`k© M¨v‡mi Ae¯’vi mgxKiYI ejv nq|
Av`k© M¨vm mgxKiYwU‡K GKvwaK wewfbœ iƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvqÑ
i. PV = RT; 1 †gvj cwigv‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨|
ii. PV = nRT; †h †Kvb cwigvY (n †gvj) M¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î|
W
iii. PV  RT ; M AvYweK IRb wewkó W MÖvg cwigvY M¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î|
M
W
iv. PM  RT  dRT ; d NbZ¡wewkó M¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î|
V
 Av`k© M¨vm mgxKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvM
i. AvYweK fi wbY©q
ii. M¨v‡mi NbZ¡ wbY©q
fi W
 †gvj msL¨v (Number of Moles) t †gvj msL¨v = AvYweK fi A_©vr, n=
M

 wewfbœ GK‡K R Gi gvb :

GK‡Ki bvg R Gi gvb GKK
wjUvi-evqygÐj Pvc 0.0821 L.atm.mol .K1
1
 wm.wR.Gm 8.314  107 erg.mol1.K1
Gm. AvB 8.314 J.mol1.K1
K¨vjwi 1.987 cal.mol1.K1
BwÄwbqvwis/FPS 2783.63 ft.lb.mol1.K1

R
 wewfbœ GK‡K †evjU&R&g¨vb aªæe‡Ki (k = ) gvb :
NA
GK‡Ki bvg K Gi gvb GKK
25
wjUvi-evqygÐj Pvc 1.3610 L.atm.K .molecule1
1

wm.wR.Gm 1.38  1016 erg.K1.molecule1

Gm. AvB 1.381023 J.K1.molecule 1
K¨vjwi 3.291024 cal.K1.molecule 1

 e¨vcb I Abye¨vcb-Gi mv`„k¨ t

1. e¨vcb I Abye¨vcb Dfq cÖwµqvB cÖevngvb c`v_© A_©vr Zij I M¨v‡mi AYymg~ ‡ni ¯’vbvšÍi cÖwµqv|
2. Dfq cÖwµqv‡ZB AYymg~‡ni ¯’vbvšÍi N‡U D”P Pvc AÂj ev D”P NbZ¡ A_ev D”P NbgvÎvi Ask †_‡K wb¤œ Pvc AÂj ev
wb¤œ NbZ¡/NbgvÎvi As‡k|
3. e¨vcb I Abye¨vcb Dfq cÖwµqvq cwi‡k‡l me©vs‡k c`v‡_©i NbZ¡/Pvc mgvb nq|
4. MÖvnv‡gi m~ÎwU e¨vcb I Abye¨vcb ev wbtmiY Dfq‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨|
[Kexi m¨vi]

e¨vcb I wbtmi‡Yi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

ˆewkó¨ e¨vcb wbtmiY ev Abye¨vcb
D”P Nb‡Z¡i ¯’vb †_‡K wb¤œ Nb‡Z¡i ¯’v‡b †Kv‡bv evwn¨K D”P Pv‡ci cÖfv‡e cv‡Îi miæ wQ`ª c_ w`‡q
KwVb, Zij ev M¨vmxq e¯‘i AYymg~n ev KYvmg~‡ni †Kv‡bv M¨v‡mi AYymg~n m‡Rv‡i GKgyLx †ei nIqvi
1. msÁv
¯^Ztù‚Z© I mgfv‡e ¯’vbvšÍi ev cwie¨vß nIqvi cÖwµqv‡K wbtmiY e‡j
cÖwµqv‡K e¨vcb e‡j
dz‡ji myMÜ I H2S M¨v‡mi `yM©Ü evZv‡m e¨vcb Mvoxi PvKvi wUD‡ei wQ`ªc‡_ wbtmiY cÖwµqvq evZvm
2. D`vniY
cÖwµqvq Qwo‡q c‡o †ei n‡q c‡o
c`v‡_©i KYv ev AYymg~‡ni BZ¯ÍZ ¯^Ztù‚Z© PjvP‡ji M¨vm cv‡Îi †fZ‡i ev evB‡i Pv‡ci cv_©‡K¨i Kvi‡Y
3. wfwË ev KviY
Kvi‡Y e¨vcb cÖwµqv N‡U wbtmiY cÖwµqv N‡U
e¨vcb n‡jv MwZZË¡ g‡Z mgevqyPv‡c AYymg~‡ni wbtmiY n‡jv AwaK Pv‡ci cÖfv‡e M¨vmxq AYyi `ªæZ
4. cÖwµqvi cÖK…wZ
¯^Ztù‚Z© gš’i cÖwµqv Pjb cÖwµqv
e¨vc‡bi †ejvq M¨vm cv‡Îi †fZ‡i I evB‡i GKB wbtmi‡Yi †ejvq M¨vm cv‡Îi †fZ‡i AwaK Pvc Ges
5. evqy Pvc
evqyPvc _v‡K evB‡i Kg Pvc ev f¨vKzqvg Ae¯’v _v‡K
6. cÖKw… Z e¨vcb GKwU cÖvK…wZK NUbv wbtmiY GKwU hvwš¿K NUbv
e¨vcb cÖYvwji mvnv‡h¨ AvYweK fi wbY©q Kiv nq AvYweK fi wbY©‡q wbtmiY cÖYvwj e¨vcb cÖYvwj
7. AvYweK fi
A‡cÿv myweavRbK I e¨vcKZi
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]
 M¨v‡mi e¨vcb nvi wba©viYKvix welq ev d¨v±i :
 M¨v‡mi †gvjvi fi ev M¨v‡mi NbZ¡
 M¨v‡mi ZvcgvÎv I PvcgvÎv
 GQvov M¨v‡mi Abye¨vcb-Gi †ÿ‡Î †`qv‡ji m~² wQ‡`ªi AvKvi I M¨vm AYyi AvKvi

M¨v‡mi MZxq ZË¡

 ev‡b©vjx‡K M¨v‡mi MwZZ‡Ë¡i RbK ejv nq|

1
 Av`k© M¨v‡mi MZxq mgxKiYwU cÖwZôv K‡ib weÁvbx K¬wmqvm| mgxKiYwU nj t PV = mNc2
3

 M¨v‡m AvYweK MwZZ‡Ë¡i ¯^xKvh© :

 M¨v‡mi MVb : †h †Kv‡bv M¨vm AmsL¨ ÿz`ª KwYKv †hgb cigvYy A_ev AYyi mgš^‡q MwVZ| Gme KwYKv ev AYy Lye
`ªæZMwZ‡Z mij‰iwLK c‡_ BZ¯ÍZ m¤¢eci me w`‡K QzUvQzwU K‡i|
 M¨vm AYymg~‡ni AvqZb : M¨v‡mi AYy¸‡jvi †gvU AvqZb M¨vm-cv‡Îi †gvU AvqZ‡bi Zzjbvq bMY¨; M¨v‡mi †gvU
AvqZ‡bi AwaKvsk ¯’vbB Lvwj|
 M¨vm AYymg~‡ni g‡a¨ AvKl©Y I weKl©Y : M¨v‡mi AYy¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK †Kv‡bv AvKl©Y ev weKl©Y †bB|
 AvšÍtAvYweK msNl© I cÖK…wZ t
 msNl©¸‡jv m¤ú~Y© w¯’wZ¯’vcK nq A_©vr Zv‡`i MwZkw³ Af¨šÍixY ev Ab¨ kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq bv|
 wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq (T), M¨v‡mi AYy¸‡jvi †gvU MwZkw³ (Ek) w¯’i _v‡K|
 †h †Kvb `y‡Uv msN‡l©i ga¨eZ©x c_ mij‰iwLK|
 M¨v‡mi AYyi MwZkw³ : M¨v‡mi AYy¸‡jvi Mo MwZkw³ mswkøó M¨v‡mi †Kjwfb ZvcgvÎvi mgvbycvwZK|
 Mo gy³ c_ : `y‡Uv msN‡l©i ga¨eZ©x `~iZ¡mg~‡ni Mogvb‡K M¨vm AYyi Mogy³ c_ e‡j|
 msN‡l©i mgq : AYy¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ïay msN‡l©i Rb¨ †h mgq e¨q nq Zv `y‡Uv msN‡l©i ga¨eZ©x mg‡qi Zzjbvq bMY¨|
 MwZ‡eM : M¨vm AYymg~n m¤ú~Y© w¯’wZ¯’vcK nIqvq msN‡l©i d‡j Zv‡`i MwZ‡e‡Mi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv|
 AwfKl© kw³i cÖfve : M¨v‡mi AYy¸‡jvi MwZi Dci AwfKl© kw³i †Kvb cÖfve †bB|
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]
 M¨v‡mi MZxq mgxKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvM :
3
 1 mole M¨v‡mi AYyi MwZkw³, E k  RT
2
3
 n mole M¨v‡mi AYyi MwZkw³, E k  nRT
2
3RT
 1wU AYyi MwZkw³, E k 
2N A

 M¨v‡mi †gvU MwZkw³i gvb wbf©i K‡i :

1. M¨v‡mi cwigvY (n)
2. ‡Kjwfb ZvcgvÎvi (T) Dci
 AvYweK msNl© I msNl© e¨vm () :
 msNl© e¨vm AvYweK e¨vm †_‡K eo nq|
 AwaKvsk M¨v‡mi AvYweK e¨v‡mi gvÎv 2Å (A¨vs÷ªg) ev 2  1010m Gi KvQvKvwQ nq|
 msNl© e¨v‡mi gvÎv 2Å ‡_‡K 4Å Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K|

 eM©g~j Mo eM©‡eM Ges Ab¨vb¨ MwZ‡eM :

3RT
 eM©g~j Mo eM©‡eM ev RMS ‡eM, c  (M = M¨vmwUi AvYweK fi)
M
8RT
 Mo MwZ‡eM c 
πM
2RT
 m¤¢ve¨Zg †eM  =
M
  : c : c  1.0 : 1.12 : 1.22
 Mo‡e‡Mi gvb †_‡K RMS †e‡Mi gvb †ewk nq|

Av`k© M¨vm I ev¯Íe M¨vm

 Av`k© M¨vm I ev¯Íe M¨v‡mi Zzjbvt

Av`k© M¨vm ev¯Íe M¨vm
msÁv : †h me M¨vm me Ae¯’vq e‡q‡ji m~Î I Pvj©‡mi m~Î †h me M¨vm ev¯Í‡e cvIqv hvq Ges M¨vm m~Îmg~n mwVKfv‡e †g‡b
†g‡b P‡j Zv‡`i‡K Av`k© M¨vm e‡j| Av`k© M¨vm GKwU P‡j bv Zv‡`i‡K ev¯Íe M¨vm e‡j| †hgb H2, O2, N2, CO2
KvíwbK aviYv BZ¨vw`
AvYweK AvKl©Y : Av`k© M¨v‡mi AYymg~‡ni g‡a¨ †Kvb AvKl©Y ev¯Íe M¨v‡mi AYymg~‡ni g‡a¨ AvKl©Y weKl©Y ej we`¨gvb|
ev weKl©Y †bB
AYymg~‡ni AvqZb : Av`k© M¨v‡mi AYymg~‡ni †gvU AvqZb M¨vm Øviv
ev¯Íe M¨v‡mi AYymg~‡ni †gvU AvqZb M¨vm Øviv `LjK…Z
`LjK…Z AvqZ‡bi Zzjbvq bMY¨; ZvB wnmv‡e MY¨ Kiv nq bv AvqZ‡bi Zzjbvq bMY¨ bq; ZvB wnmv‡e MY¨ Kiv nq
Av`k© M¨vm mgxKiY : Av`k© M¨vmmg~n Av`k© M¨vm mgxKiY :
ev¯Íe M¨vm f¨vbWvi Iqvjm mgxKiY :
PV = nRT †g‡b P‡j  n 2a 
 P  2 ( v  nb)  nRT †g‡b P‡j
 V 
Af¨šÍixY kw³ : Av`k© M¨v‡mi Af¨šÍixY kw³ AvqZ‡bi Dci ev¯Íe M¨v‡mi Af¨šÍixY kw³ M¨v‡mi AvqZ‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj
U
wbf©ikxj bq| A_©vr    0
 V T
ms‡KvPbkxjZv ¸Yv¼ Z : Av`k© M¨v‡mi †ejvq ms‡KvPbkxjZv ev¯Íe M¨v‡mi †ejvq, ms‡KvPbkxjZv ¸Yv¼ (Z) Gi gvb H2 I
¸Yv¼ (Z) = 1 He Gi †ejvq 1 A‡cÿv †ewk Ges CO2, N2, O2, CH4
PV
BZ¨vw`i †ejvq 1 †_‡K Kg nq|  Z 1
RT

 Av`k© M¨vm KvíwbK aviYvgvÎ| A_©vr Av`k© M¨v‡mi †Kvb D`vniY †bB|
 nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi AvYweK fi me‡P‡q Kg nIqvq Gi AYymg~‡ni MwZ‡eM me‡P‡q †ewk|
 nvB‡Wªv‡Rb AYyi eM©g~j Mo eM©‡eM 25C ev Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq †m‡K‡Û cÖvq 1920.12 ms1 nq|
 Aw·‡Rb, bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M¨v‡mi AYymg~‡ni eM©g~j Mo-eM© MwZ‡eM †m‡K‡Û cÖvq 500m|
 STP †Z GK †gvj M¨v‡mi AYy¸‡jvi †gvU AvqZb M¨vm cv‡Îi †gvU AvqZ‡bi 0.05% nq|
 500 atm I 0C ZvcgvÎvq H M¨v‡mi AYy¸‡jvi AvqZb nq †gvU AvqZ‡bi 20%|
 A¨vgvMv eµ †jL :
 weÁvbx A¨vgvMv P Gi wecix‡Z PV Gi gvb we›`ycvZ K‡i PV Gi cwieZ©b m~PK MÖvd AsKb K‡ib| Giƒ‡c AswKZ
†iLv‡K A¨vgvMv eµ †jL e‡j
 wb¤œPvc †hgb 1 atm ev Zvi wb‡Pi Pvc Ges D”P ZvcgvÎvq ev¯Íe M¨vmmg~n †gvUvgywUfv‡e cÖvq Av`k© M¨v‡mi b¨vq AvPiY
K‡i _v‡K|
 D”P Pvc I wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq ev¯Íe M¨vmmg~n Av`k© AvPiY K‡i bv| A_©vr Av`k© M¨vm mgxKiY †g‡b P‡j bv|
 H2, He cÖf…wZ M¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î A¨vgvMvi cÖ_g ai‡bi †jL cvIqv hvq|
 O2, N2, CO2 cÖf…wZ M¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î A¨vgvMvi wØZxq ai‡bi †jL cvIqv hvq|

 ev¯Íe M¨v‡mi ms‡KvPbkxjZv ¸Yv¼/‡clY ¸Yv¼ :

PV
Z  Z , G AbycvZwU M¨v‡mi ms‡KvPb ev †clY ¸Yv¼ ejv nq|
RT
Z = 1 Av`k© M¨v‡mi †ejvq nq|
Z < 1 ZLb AvšÍtAvYweK AvKl©Y e‡ji cÖvav‡b¨i Rb¨ M¨vmwU AwaK †clY‡hvM¨ nq|
‡hgb : ga¨g Pv‡c CO2 I CH4 Gi †ejvq
Z > 1 M¨v‡mi AvYweK AvqZ‡bi cÖvavb¨ ekZ M¨vmwU Kg †clY‡hvM¨ nq| †hgb : AwaK Pv‡c H2 I He Gi †ejvq
 Z 1 ‡_‡K hZ †ewk ev Kg n‡e ev¯Íe M¨vmwU Av`k© AvPiY †_‡K ZZB wePz¨Z n‡e|
 N2 M¨v‡mi †ejvq 700C G †clY ¸Yv¼ ebvg Pv‡ci †jLwU Av`k© †j‡Li AwZ wbKUeZ©x nq|

 Av`k© AvPiY †_‡K ev¯Íe M¨v‡mi wePz¨wZi KviY 2wU

i. AvqZb m¤úwK©Z ÎæwU
ii. Pvc m¤úwK©Z ÎæwU

 Av`k© AvPiY cÖ`k©‡bi kZ© t Av`k© AvPiY cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ M¨v‡mi KZ¸‡jv †gŠwjK ˆewkó¨ _vKv cÖ‡qvRb-
1. AvšÍtKYv AvKl©Y ej t Av`k© Ae¯’vq M¨vm AYymg~‡ni g‡a¨ AvšÍtAvYweK AvKl©Y ej b~¨bZg A_©vr cÖvq _v‡K bv
ej‡jB P‡j|
2. AvšÍtKYv `~iZ¡ t Av`k© M¨v‡mi AYymg~‡ni g‡a¨ `~iZ¡ _v‡K m‡e©v”P|
[Kexi m¨vi]
 M¨vm wmwjÛviRvZKiY I ZijxKiY

 M¨vm wmwjÛviRvZKi‡Y M¨vm m~‡Îi cÖ‡qvM :

 eZ©gv‡b ivbœvi Pzwjø‡Z e¨eüZ M¨vm wmwjÛv‡i L.P-M¨vm ev Zijxf‚Z †c‡Uªvwjqvg M¨vm e¨envi Kiv nq
 †gvUihv‡bi M¨vm wmwjÛv‡i C.N.G ev Nbxf‚Z cÖvK…wZK M¨vm wewµ Kiv nq
 L.P M¨vm G= 25% †cÖv‡cb I 75% weD‡Ub _v‡K
 C.N.G. ev Nbxf‚Z cÖvK…wZK M¨vm = (95-99)% CH4, Aewkó C2H6, C3H8, C4H10
 †÷Bb‡jm w÷j Gi welding Gi †ejvq wbw®Œq cwi‡ekiƒ‡c AvM©b M¨vm e¨envi Kiv nq
 †jvnv KvUv I †Rvovi Kv‡R A¨vwmwUwjb M¨vm e¨envi Kiv nq
 LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) :
 ZijxK…Z †c‡Uªvwjqvg M¨vm ev LPG n‡jv n-weD‡Ub, †cÖv‡cb, AvB‡mv weD‡Ub, weDwUb BZ¨vw`i Zij wgkÖY|
 G‡Z B‡_b I †cÖvwcwjb Aí cwigv‡Y _v‡K|
 LPG †K 6 atm Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i Zi‡j cwiYZ Kiv nq Ges wmwjÛv‡i fwZ© K‡i evRviRvZ Kiv nq|
 LPG MÜnxb|
 wmwjÛv‡i LPG wj‡KR n‡”Q Kxbv Zv †evSvi Rb¨ Gi mv‡_ Zxeª `yM©Ühy ³ gviK¨vcUvb †hŠM _v‡qvwg_vbj (CH3SH)
ev _v‡qvB_vbj (C2H5SH) wgwk‡q †`qv nq|
 ‘Full’ LPG wmwjÛv‡i 85% Zij _v‡K; Gi Ic‡ii 15% AvqZ‡b M¨vm _v‡K|
 wmwjÛv‡ii †fZ‡i 3kgcm2 Pv‡c LPG _v‡K| G‡Z Pv‡ci 3.4  102 kgcm2 gvÎvq cwieZ©b NU‡j ZLb Zij
LPG M¨v‡m cwiYZ nq|
 LPG Gi `nb ev K¨vjwiwdK gvb cÖvq 94000 kJm3 nq|
 GwU GKwU “Clean fuel”; KviY Gi `n‡b mvaviY R¡vjvwbi g‡Zv †auvqv I Kve©b ¸uov ev QvB ˆZwi nq bv| Z‡e
LPG Gi `n‡b wMÖb nvDm M¨vm CO2 I ¯^í CO M¨vm wbM©Z nq|
 LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) :
1. CH4 M¨vm‡K wb¤œZvcgvÎv 160C G kxZj K‡i 1 atm Pv‡c Zi‡j cwiYZ Kiv nq| G Zij cÖvK…wZK M¨vm‡K
LNG ev ZijxK…Z cÖvK…wZK M¨vm e‡j|
2. LNG GKwU “Clean fuel” ev cwi‡ekevÜe R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
3. LNG I CNG Gi K¨vjwiwdK gvb cÖvq 38000 kJm3 nq| Aciw`‡K LPG Gi K¨vjwiwdK gvb 94000
kJm3 A_©vr Zv LNG I CNG †_‡K 2.47 ¸Y †ewk|

CNG I LPG Gi Zzjbv

welq CNG LPG
cwiPq I mshyw³ Compressed Natural Gas. G‡Z Liquefied Petroleum Gas. GwU cÖ‡cb I weD‡Ub Gi
g~jZ (85-95)% wg‡_b _v‡K wgkÖY
kw³ 38 MJm3 (10.6 k Whm3) 94 MJm (26.1 k Whm3)
3

Dc‡hvwMZv CNG Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e m¯Ív Z‡e LPG cÖvq 2.5 ¸Y kw³ Drcv`b K‡i| ZvB GwU AwaK
Cost effective
cwi‡ek mnvqK Kg Green house M¨vm wegy³ K‡i †ewk CO2 wegy³ K‡i
[Kexi m¨vi]
M¨vm ZijxKiY
 1. wj‡Ûi c×wZ
M¨vm ZijxKi‡Yi c×wZ 2. K¬‡Wi c×wZ
3. iæ×Zvc wePz¤^KxiY c×wZ
wng wgkÖY c×wZ NH3, CO2, Cl2, NO2, H2S, SO2 cÖf…wZi †ÿ‡Î GB c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq
Ryj-_gmb cÖfve H2 I He Gi †ÿ‡Î GB c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq
(wj‡Û c×wZ) [H2 Gi †ÿ‡Î Drµg ZvcgvÎv :  80C Ges He Gi †ÿ‡Î Drµg ZvcgvÎv : 240C]
1. cÖ_gZ M¨vmwUi ZvcgvÎv n«vm K‡i Gi msKU ZvcgvÎv ev µvwšÍ ev mwÜ ZvcgvÎvi (critical
temperature) wb‡P Avb‡Z nq
2. wØZxqZ M¨vm‡K µvwšÍ ev mwÜ ZvcgvÎvi wb‡P †i‡L M¨vmwUi ZijxKi‡Yi Dchy ³ Pvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z
M¨vm ZijxKi‡Yi kZ©
nq| G cÖhy³ Pvc‡K H M¨v‡mi µvwšÍ ev mwÜ Pvc e‡j
[†Kvb M¨vm Gi µvwšÍ ev mwÜ ZvcgvÎvi h‡Zv wb‡P _vK‡e Gi ZijxKi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖhy ³ Pv‡ci cwigvY
Z‡Zv Kg n‡e|]
 evwYwR¨Kfv‡e evqyi ZijxKiY Ryj-_gmb cÖfve cÖwµqvq Kiv nq
 200C ZvcgvÎvq Ges cÖvq 200 atm Pv‡c evqy‡K Zijxf‚Z Kiv nq
evqyi ZijxKiY
 nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I wnwjqvg M¨vm ZijxKiY me‡P‡q KwVb
 H2 Gi Drµg ZvcgvÎv n‡jv 80C Ges wnwjqv‡gi Drµg ZvcgvÎv 240C

 M¨v‡mi µvwšÍ ev mwÜ ZvcgvÎv t †h ZvcgvÎvi Ic‡i M¨vmwU _vK‡j ZLb Gi Ici h‡Zv Pvc cÖ‡qvM Kiv †nvK bv †Kb, G‡K
Zi‡j iƒcvšÍ Kiv hvq bv| G ZvcgvÎv‡K D³ M¨v‡mi µvwšÍ ev mwÜ ev msKU ZvcgvÎv e‡j| G‡K TC Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq

 M¨v‡mi µvwšÍ ev mwÜ Pvc t †Kv‡bv M¨vm‡K µvwšÍ ev mwÜ ZvcgvÎvq †i‡L M¨vmwUi Ici me©wb¤œ †h cwigvb Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i
M¨vmwU‡K Zi‡j cwiYZ Kiv hvq, H Pvc‡K H M¨v‡mi µvwšÍ ev mwÜ Pvc e‡j| G‡K PC Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
 KwZcq M¨v‡mi mwÜ ZvcgvÎv I mwÜ Pvc :

M¨vm µvwšÍ ev mwÜ ZvcgvÎv, (TC) C µvwšÍ ev mwÜ Pvc, (PC) atm
He  268 2.26
H2  240 12.80
N2  147.1 33.50
Ar  122.1 48.36
O2  118.8 50.14
CH4  82.3 45.80
CO2 31.1 72.90
NH3 132.4 111.50
Cl2 143.9 78.75
SO2 157.7 77.80

bvB‡Uªv‡Rb Pµ
  eRªe„wói mg‡q we`y¨r ÿi‡Yi d‡j m„ó 3000C ZvcgvÎvq evqy¯’ N2 Ges O2 hy³ n‡q bvBwUªK A·vBW (NO) MwVZ nq|
 NO M¨vm 500C ZvcgvÎvq AwaK Aw·‡R‡bi mv‡_ hy³ n‡Z NO2 M¨vm MVb K‡i|
 NO2 M¨vm e„wói cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqvq HNO3 MVb K‡i|

 bvB‡Uªv‡Rb wd‡·kb t bvB‡Uªv‡Rb wd‡·k‡bi c×wZ 4wU|

1. cÖvK…wZK cÖwµqvq gvwU‡Z bvB‡Uªv‡Rb wd‡·kb
2. evwYwR¨K cÖwµqvq bvB‡Uªv‡Rb wd‡·kb
3. ev‡qvjwRK¨vj wd‡·kb
4. Dw™¢` †_‡K cÖvwY‡`‡n †cÖvwUb ¯’vbvšÍi

 evwYwR¨K cÖwµqvq bvB‡Uªv‡Rb wd‡·kb :

wewµqvi kZ©vewj †nevi c×wZ AmIqvì c×wZ
wewµqK N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g)
Drcbœ c`v_© NH3 M¨vm NO, NO2, HNO3 GwmW
ZvcgvÎv 500C 800 - 900C
Pvc 200 atm -
cÖfveK Fe, Al2O3 Pt

 ïK‡bv (dry) H2 M¨v‡mi Pvc KZ n‡e? (†g.f.c. 20-21)

A. 101.75 kPa B. 105 kPa C. 108.25 kPa D. 101.325 kPa Ans : D
 wbw`©ó IR‡bi GKwU Av`k© M¨v‡mi ÿgZv †Kvb ˆewk‡ó¨i Dci wbf©i K‡i? (†g.f.c. 18-19)
A. NbZ¡ B. AvqZb C. Pvc D. ZvcgvÎv Ans : D
 †Kvb ZvcgvÎvq M¨v‡mi MwZkw³ k~b¨ n‡e? (†g.f.c. 17-18)
A. 303C B. 273C C.  273C D. 0C Ans : C
 ivbœvi wmwjÛv‡i †KvbwU e¨eüZ nq? (†g.f.c. 17-18)
A. B_vbj I wg‡_b B. wg_vbj I weD‡Ub C. wg_‡b I †cÖv‡cb D. weD‡Ub I †cÖv‡cb Ans : D
 wb‡Pi ‡Kvb M¨vmwUi e¨vcb ÿgZv †ewk? (†W.f.c. 17-18)
A. †d¬vwib B. Aw·‡Rb C. wbqb D. ‡K¬vwib Ans : B
 ev¯Íe M¨vm e‡q‡ji m~Î †g‡b P‡j - (†g.f.c. 15-16)
A. wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq B. 0C ZvcgvÎvq C. Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq D. Lye D”P ZvcgvÎvq Ans : D
 †KvbwU Kÿ ZvcgvÎv? (†g.f.c. 14-15)
A. 310 K B. 288 K C. 298 K D. 313 K Ans : C
 AvqZb I cig ZvcgvÎv DfqB wظY n‡j M¨v‡mi Pvc - (†g.f.c. 12-13)
A. wظY n‡e B. A‡a©K n‡e C. Pvi¸Y n‡e D. AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e Ans : D
 Av`k© I ev¯Íe M¨vm msµvšÍ wb‡¤œi †Kvb Z_¨wU fzj? (†g.f.c. 08-09)
A. N2, O2 Av`k© M¨vm B. PV = nRT mgxKiYwU Av`k© M¨vm cy‡ivcywi AbymiY K‡i
 C. H2, CO2 ev¯Íe M¨vm D. PV = nRT mgxKiYwU ev¯Íe M¨vm cy‡ivcywi AbymiY K‡i bv Ans :
Aw¯’i ZvcgvÎvq †Kvb M¨v‡mi Pvc Ges AvqZ‡bi cwieZ©b wb‡¤œi †KvbwU? (†g.f.c. 09-10)
A. AvB‡mv_vg©vj B. AvB‡mve¨vwiK C. AvB‡mvµwbK D. A¨vWvqv‡ewUK Ans : A
 A¨v‡fvM¨v‡Wªv msL¨v wb‡¤œi †KvbwU mwVK? (†g.f.c. 07-08)
A. 6.02  1023 B. 1.66  1024 C. 6.02  1023 D. 22.4 Ans : C
 wb‡¤œi †KvbwU †gvjvi M¨vm aªæeK ‘R’ Gi mwVK gvb bq? (†g.f.c. 07-08)
A. K¨vjwi GKK, R = 1.987 CalK1 mol1 B. wjUvi evqygÐj Pvc GKK, R = 0.082 L.atm.K1 mol1
C. Gm. AvB. GKK, R = 8.314. JK1 mol1 D. wm. wR. Gm GKK, R = 8.32 JK2 mol1 Ans : D
 `yBwU M¨v‡mi NbZ¡ d1 I d2 Øviv Ges e¨vc‡bi nvi r1 I r2 Øviv cÖKvk Kiv n‡j wb‡¤œi †KvbwU mZ¨ bq? (†g.f.c. 07-08)
K K r1 d2 d1
A. r1  B. r2  C.  D. r1  r2 Ans : D
d1 d2 r2 d1 d2
 mve©Rbxb M¨vm aªæeK R-Gi gvb KZ? (†g.f.c. 05-06)
A. 8.13 KJ1 mol1 B. 8.31 JK1 mol1 C. 8.13 JK1 mol1 D. 8.31 KJ1 mol1 Ans : B
 wb‡Pi †KvbwU wbDwK¬qvi cvIqvi †÷k‡b R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq? (†g.f.c. 00-01)
A. 235 U B. 237 U C. 236 U D. 238 U Ans : A

 ‡`L‡Zv cvi wK bv?

 4.0 g nvB‡Wªv‡Ri Rb¨ evšÍe M¨v‡mi †Kvb mgxKiY cÖ‡hvR¨?
 4a   16a 
A.  P  2 V  4b   4RT B.  P  2 V  16b   4RT
 V   V 
2RT 4a  4a 
C. P   2 D.  P  2 V  2b   2RT Ans : D
V  2b V  V 
 e‡qj, Pvj©m I A¨v‡fvMv‡Wªvi mgš^q m~Î †_‡K M¨v‡mi NbZ¡ wbY©‡qi mgxKiY †KvbwU?
RM RT PM PT
A. d  B. d  C. d  D. d  Ans : C
PT PM RT RM
 18C 0.8 atm Pv‡c †Kvb M¨v‡mi NbZ¡ 2.25 g L-1 M¨vmwUi AvYweK fi KZ?
A. 67.11 B. 36.24 C. 24.36 D. 36.63 Ans : A
 17C DòZvq GK †gvj N2 Gi MwZkw³ KZ?
A. 3606.59 J B. 3616.59 J C. 5936.16 J D. 5916.36 J Ans : B
 Av`k© M¨v‡mi ms‡KvPbkxjZv ¸YvsK z KZ?
A. 3.0 B. 2.0 C. 1.0 D. 0.513 Ans : C
 32 g O2 M¨v‡mi Rb¨ Av`k© mgxKiY Kx?
A. PV = nRT B. PV = RT C. PV = 2RT D. PV = 32RT Ans : B
P
  K m¤úwK©Z †Kvb M¨vm m~·K cÖKvk K‡i?
T
A. e‡q‡ji m~Î B. Pvj©m m~Î C. Pvcxq m~Î D. A¨v‡fvMv‡Wªv ZË¡ Ans : C
 4.0g CH4 Ges 24g O2 M¨v‡mi wgkÖ‡Y CH4 Gi ‡gvj fMœvsk KZ?
A. 0.25 B. 0.5 C. 0.75 D. 0.33 Ans : A
 ‡Kvb M¨vm؇qi e¨vcb nvi mgvb?
A. N2, CO B. C2H4, O2 C. N2, O2 D. CO, O2 Ans : A
 ZvcgvÎvi m‡½ M¨v‡mi AvqZ‡bi cwieZ©b nq †KvbwU‡Z?
A. e‡q‡ji m~Î B. Pvj©m m~Î C. WvjU‡bi m~Î D. MÖvnv‡gi m~Î Ans : B
 1.032g O2 Ges 0.573g CO2 M¨vm wgkÖ‡Y CO2 Gi ‡gvj fMœvsk KZ?
 A. 0.832 B. 0.713 C. 0.357 D. 0.287 Ans : D
 cig k~b¨ Zvcgvb n‡”Q FYvZ¥K -
A. 273.45 C B. 273.35 C C. 273.15 C D. 273.25 C Ans : C
 Pv‡ci SI GKK †KvbwU?
A. mmHg B. pascal C. cmH2O D. cmHg Ans : B

wk‡íi M¨vmxq eR©¨ I evqy`~lY

evqy`~lK

 
M¨vmxq `~lK KYvRvZxq `~lK
 
   
A‰Re M¨vmxq `~lK ˆRe M¨vmxq `~lK evjy, a~wjKYv, †auvqv, wewfbœ avZe I cvwU©‡Kj
i. CO I CO2 : Kve©b †hŠM nvB‡WªvKve©b, †auvqv I Kzqvkvq wgkÖY Al, Fe, Ca, Si : Kqjvi `n‡b m„ó
ii. NOx (N2O, NO2) I NH3 : A¨vjwWnvBW, wK‡Uvb, (Smog)  Na, Cl : AiM¨v‡bvn¨vjvBW cwjgvi
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †hŠM A¨vwgb I A¨vj‡Kvnj eR©¨ †_‡K
iii. H2S, SO2, SO3, H2SO4 :  Sb, Se : ‡Zj I Kqjvi `n‡b m„ó
mvjdvi †hŠM  Pb : ‡jWhy³ R¡vjvwb †_‡K DrcwË
iv. HF, HCl, MX: n¨v‡jv‡Rb †hŠM  Zn : R¡vjvwbi `n‡b m„ó|
 cÖvBgvwi evqy `~lK : †h me `~lK Zv‡`i Drm †_‡K wbM©Z n‡q AcwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vq mivmwi cwi‡e‡k we‡kl K‡i evqy‡Z wg‡k hvq,
Zv‡`i‡K cÖvBgvwi evqy `~lK e‡j| †hgb : CO, CO2, SO2, NO, NH3, H2S, a~wjKYv, †auvqv, QvB, nvB‡WªvKve©b BZ¨vw`
 †m‡KÛvwi evqy `~lK : cwi‡e‡ki GK ev GKvwaK M¨vmxq Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_ cÖvBgvix `~lK hy³ n‡q †h bZzb `~l‡Ki m„wó nq, Zv‡K
†m‡KÛvwi evqy `~lK e‡j| †hgb : SO3, H2SO4 ev®ú, NO2, N2O5 cviAw· A¨vmvBj bvB‡UªU (PANs) BZ¨vw`|
 `~l‡Ki wmsK :
 evqy‡Z _vKv `~lK CO2 Gi wmsK n‡jv- (1) mgy‡`ªi cvwb I (2) meyR Dw™¢`|
 evqy‡Z _vKv `~lK H2SO4 Gi ev‡®úi wmsK n‡jv Pzbvcv_‡ii Drm|
 evqy `~l‡Ki wbivc` gvÎv ev TLV (Threshold Limiting Value) :
M¨vm wbivc` m‡e©v”P gvÎv
SO2 0.05 ppm
SO3 0.02 ppm
CO 0.15 ppm
CO2 350 ppm
NO 350 ppb
NO2 250 ppb
CH4 2.0 ppm
H2S 0.0002 ppm
 wk‡íi M¨vmxq eR©¨ I evqy `~lY :
 Dfq M¨vm eY©nxb, MÜnxb welv³ M¨vm|
 Kqjv I nvB‡Wªv Kve©b R¡vjvwbi Am¤ú~Y© `n‡b CO M¨vm I m¤ú~Y© `n‡b CO2 M¨vm Drcbœ nq|
`~lK CO I CO2 M¨vm  CO M¨vm n‡jv bxie NvZK M¨vm|
 CO2 M¨vm wMÖb nvDm M¨vmiƒ‡c †Møvevj Iqvwg©s NUvq|
 i‡³i wn‡gv‡Møvwe‡bi Avqib (Fe2+) Gi mv‡_ CO wjM¨vÛiƒ‡c hy³ n‡q Aw·wn‡gv‡Møvweb MV‡b euvav †`q
 eY©nxb I A¤øxq MÜhy³ SO2 I SO3 M¨vm k¦vmKó m„wó K‡i| G me evqy `~lK GwmW e„wó NUvq|
`~lK SO2 I SO3 M¨vm  bv‡K I †Pv‡L R¡vjv, k¦vmbvwj‡Z cÖ`vn Ges eªsKvBwUm I nuvcvwb †ivM m„ wó K‡i|
 Kqjv‡Z 0.5  1.0% mvjdvi _v‡K|
`~lK NO I NO2 M¨vm  NO n‡jv eY©nxb wbi‡cÿ M¨vm, NO2 ev`vwg A¤øxq M¨vm|
 NO, NO2, O3, nvB‡WªvKve©b Ges wewfbœ wd«-‡iwW‡Kj wg‡j cviw· A¨vmvBj bvB‡UªU (PANs) ˆZix nq
cviw· A¨vmvBj bvB‡UªU
 G wgkÖ evqy`~lK wewfbœ kni GjvKvq †fvi‡ejv wbPz AvKv‡k ev`vwg Kzqvkv¯Íi m„wó K‡i| GwU‡K
(PANs)
d‡Uv‡KwgK¨vj †¯§vM (Photo chemical smog) e‡j|

MÖxb nvDR M¨vm I MÖxb nvDR cÖfve

 MÖxb nvDR :
 kxZcÖavb †`‡k ZvcgvÎv cÖvq 0C Gi KvQvKvwQ _v‡K|
 MÖxb nvD‡Ri g‡a¨ ZvcgvÎv 38C †_‡K 39C Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K|
 DËß f~-c„ô e„nr Zi½hy³ Bbd«v‡iW (IR) iwk¥ wewKiY K‡i|
 IR iwk¥ KvP †f` Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

 wMÖb nvDR M¨v‡mi IR-iwk¥ †kvl‡Yi kZ© :

(1) ‡h me M¨v‡mi AYy‡Z wZbwU ev PviwU cigvYyhy³ _v‡K; †hgb H2O, CO2, CH4 AYy Ges hv‡`i IR-iwk¥ †kvlY
ÿgZv _v‡K-Giv wMÖb nvDR M¨v‡mi f‚wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i|
(2) Gme AYy‡Z e܇b Ave× cigvYy¸‡jvi K¤úb msL¨v (vibration frequency) Aek¨B f‚c„‡ôi wewKwiZ IR-iwk¥i
K¤úb msL¨vi mgvb n‡Z nq|
(3) GQvov Gme AYy‡Z mn‡R cwieZ©bkxj WvB‡cvj †gv‡g›U _v‡K|

 †gvU 6wU wMÖb nvDR M¨vm I G‡`i †Møvevj Iqvwg©s cÖfve :

wMÖb nvDR M¨vm evqy‡Z ZvcgvÎv e„wׇZ f‚wgKv CO2 Gi Zzjbvq wMÖb nvDR cÖfve
CO2 M¨vm 50% 1 ¸Y
CH4 M¨vm 19% 25 ¸Y
CFC M¨vm 16% 15000 ¸Y
I‡Rvb O3 18% 10 ¸Y
N2O 5% 270 ¸Y
 Rjxq ev®ú 2% 5 ¸Y Kg (0.2 ¸Y)

 Rjxq ev®ú (4000–8000) nm Gi IR iwk¥ Ges CO2, (13000–18000) nm Gi IR iwk¥ †kvlY K‡i|
 evqygÛ‡ji CO2 Gi cwigvY me‡P‡q †ewk e‡j MÖxb nvDR cÖfv‡ei Rb¨ g~jZ CO2 †K `vqx Kiv nq|
 GKwU CFC M¨vm AYyi DËßKiY ÿgZv 15,000 wU CO2 AYyi DËßKiY ÿgZvi mgvb|
 evqy‡Z CH4 M¨v‡mi eZ©gvb NbgvÎv n‡jv 1.7 ppm Ges Zv cÖwZ eQi 1.2% nv‡i e„w× NU‡Q|
 CH4 AYyi Zvc aviY ÿgZv CO2 AYyi Zzjbvq cÖvq 25 ¸Y †ewk|
 c„w_exi Mo ZvcgvÎv 15C aiv nq|
 CO2 e„w×i d‡j ˆewk¦K ZvcgvÎv 3C e„w× cv‡e|
 N2, H2, O2 Gi MÖxb nvDR cÖfve †bB|
 O3 AYyi Zvc aviY ÿgZv CO2 AYyi Zzjbvq 10 ¸Y †ewk|
 N2 AYyi Zvc aviY ÿgZv CO2 AYyi Zzjbvq 270 ¸Y †ewk|
[nvRvix m¨vi]
 MÖxb nvDR M¨vmmg~‡ni Drm I MÖvnK :
 Kve©b WvB A·vBW (CO2) t GwU M¨vm n‡jI Zij I KwVb wn‡m‡e AvBmwµg I AwMœwbe©vcK h‡š¿ e¨envi Kiv nq|
 †K¬v‡iv-‡d¬v‡iv-Kve©b
 †iwd«Rv‡iUi, †Kvì †÷vi, eid Kj BZ¨vw` VvÛv ivLvi Rb¨ CFC e¨envi Kiv nq|
 A¨v‡ivmj, †¯úª, cøvw÷K †dvg Gi Dcv`vb †hgb- Avi‡gv‡Kvjg, ÷vB‡iv‡dvg, hvbevnb kxZjvqb I KjKviLvbvq
e¨eüZ M¨vm CFC Gi Drm|
 wg‡_b (CH4) t eZ©gv‡b evqygÛ‡j CH4 M¨v‡mi cwigvY 1.7 ppm Ges eQ‡i 1.2 kZvsk nv‡i e„w× cv‡”Q|
 eZ©gvb we‡k¦ MÖxb nvDR cÖfve Gi cÖwZwµqv :
1. I‡Rvb¯Íi aŸsmt 1% I‡Rvb¯Íi nviv‡j AwZ †e¸wb iwk¥i ÿwZKi cÖfve 2% †e‡o hvq| I‡Rvb¯Íi aŸs‡mi †cQ‡b g~j
KviY n‡jv †K¬v‡iv‡d¬v‡iv Kve©b (CFC)| CFC †_‡K †K¬vwib wd« ‡iwW‡Kj (Cl) Drcbœ nq hv I‡Rvb¯Íi‡K aŸsm K‡i|
2. gvby‡li Dci cÖfve t Z¡‡K K¨vÝvi I †Pv‡L Qvwb c‡o| BwgDwbwU n«vm cvq Ges cÖRbb ÿgZv n«vm cvq
3. Dw™¢‡`i Dci cÖfve t mv‡jvKms‡kølY e¨vnZ nq Ges Drcv`bkxjZv n«vm cvq
4. cÖvwYi Dci cÖfve t cÖvwYi esk we¯Ívi I e„w× e¨vnZ nq
[Kexi m¨vi]
I‡Rvb ¯Íi

I‡Rvb ¯Í‡ii  O3 Gi Mo NbgvÎv 1.5ppm

ˆewkó¨  O3 AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥i †kvlK| GwU (220-330)nm wewKiY †kvlY K‡i|
 I‡Rvb ¯Íi n‡jv c„w_exi cÖvK…wZK ‡mŠic`©v ev c„w_exi QvZv |
¸iæZ¡
 UV iwk¥i kZKiv 99 fvM †kvlY K‡i m~‡h©i Av‡jv‡K cwiï× K‡i|
I‡Rvb ¯Íi I‡Rvb ¯Íi ÿqKvix c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ CFC n‡jv cÖavb|
ÿqKvix c`v_© GQvovI N2O, NO, CH4 n¨v‡jv‡Rb mg~n, BCF, CH3Br I CCl4 I‡Rvb ¯Íi aŸsm K‡i _v‡K|
I‡Rvb ¯Íi  UV iwk¥i cÖfv‡e gvbe‡`‡n Skin cancer Ges malanoma cancer ‡`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| Skin cancer wPwKrmvi
ÿ‡qi cÖfve gva¨‡g cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hvq wKš‘ malanoma cancer RwUj cancer hv †_‡K Av‡ivM¨ jvf Kiv m¤¢e bq|
  †Pv‡L K¨vUv‡i±
 UV-B iwk¥ Dw™¢‡`i mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi Dci gvivZ¥K cÖfve †d‡j|

 eZ©gv‡b †iwd«Rv‡iU‡i CFC Gi e`‡j nvB‡Wªv †K¬vi‡d¬v‡iv Kve©b (HCFC) †hgb CHF2Cl e¨envi nq| KviY HCFC
Uª‡cvwùqv‡i Kg¯’vqx|
 W. mymvb m‡jvgvb I‡Rvb ¯Íi ÿ‡qi Rb¨ Ò†K¬vwib `~lYÓ †K `vqx K‡ib|
 AwMœ wbe©vcKiƒ‡c e¨eüZ n¨v‡jvbm&& (Halons) ev BCF (CBr2ClF) I KxUbvkKiƒ‡c e¨eüZ CH3Br n‡jv
÷ªv‡Uvwùqv‡i †eªvwg‡bi Drm|

 I‡Rvb wQ`ª : I‡Rvb ¯Í‡ii cvZjv nIqvi NUbv‡K I‡Rvb ¯Í‡ii ÿq ev I‡Rvb wQ`ª e‡j
 I‡Rvb MnŸi ev I‡Rvb wQ‡`ªi gvb Wemb GK‡K cÖKvk Kiv nq
 GK evqygÛjxq Pv‡c 0.01 mm cyiæ I‡Rvb M¨v‡mi NbZ¡‡K GK Wemb GKK (1DU) e‡j
 bvwZkx‡Zvò A‡j I‡Rvb ¯Í‡ii NbZ¡ 350 DU
 µvšÍxq A‡j I‡Rvb ¯Í‡ii NbZ¡ 250 DU
 Dc‡giæ A‡j I‡Rvb ¯Í‡ii NbZ¡ 450 DU

 CFC ¸‡jvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ag© n‡”Q :

 wg‡_b I B‡_b Gi †K¬v‡iv-‡d¬v‡ivRvZKmg~n‡K †K¬v‡iv-‡d¬v‡iv Kve©b ev CFC e‡j| G‡`i †UªW bvg n‡”Q wd«qb (freon)|
 Giv AZ¨šÍ myw¯’Z (stable)
 MÜnxb
 A`vn¨ (non-inflammable)
 Awelv³ (non-toxic)
 cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq|
[Kexi m¨vi]

 wm.Gd.wm Gi e¨envi Ges I‡Rvb¯Íi ÿq :

CFC ms‡KZ CFC Gi e¨envi †ÿÎ
CFCl3 wd«qb - 11 big †dvg (†hgb Mvwoi wmU, evwjk, Kzkvb, Kv‡c©U) †iwd«Rv‡iUi, wd«Rvi I
(UªvB‡K¬v‡iv‡d¬v‡ivwg‡_b) †¯úª K¨vb BZ¨vw`‡Z e¨en¨Z nq|
CF2Cl2 wd«qb - 12 (WvB‡K¬v‡iv KwVb cøvw÷K †dvg, †iwd«Rv‡iUi, GqviKwÛkbvi, †¯úª-K¨v‡b (wewfbœ myMwÜi
WvB‡d¬v‡ivwg‡_b) †¯úª-K¨v‡b) e¨eüZ nq|
CClF2.CFCl2 wd«qb - 113 wMÖR, Møy I wewfbœ B‡jKwUªK mvwK©‡Ui †mvjWvi ay‡q †bqvi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq|
[Kexi I nvRvix m¨vi]

GwmW e„wó
 evqygÛ‡j Aat‡ÿcY e„wó‡Z pH Gi gvb 5.6 Gi Kg n‡jB H Aat‡ÿcY‡K GwmW e„wó e‡j|
 mvaviYZ KjKviLvbv A‡ji GwmW e„wói cvwbi pH Gi gvb 5.6 †_‡K 3.5 Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K|
  Gi g~‡j wZbwU Gwm‡Wi (H2SO3, H2SO4, HNO3) f~wgKv i‡q‡Q|
 A‡Uv‡gvevBj Bwćbi wbM©Z evqy`~lK M¨vm‡K V2O5 Øviv weRvwiZ Kiv nq|
 cvIqvi cøv‡›Ui wPgwb‡Z wbM©Z NO M¨vm‡K A¨v‡gvwbqv Øviv weRvwiZ Kiv nq|

 FGD cø¨v›U :
 FGD cø¨v‡›U SO2 M¨vm †kvwlZ nq|
 FGD cø¨v‡›U Drcbœ wRcmvg (CaSO4.2H2O) dry wall ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
 d¬z M¨vm = H2S + SO2 + SO3

GwmW-ÿvi gZev`
 GwmW-ÿviK m¤úwK©Z AvaywbK gZev` :
1. Avi‡nwbqvm Gi AvqwbK gZev`
2. eªb‡÷W-jvDwii †cÖvUbxq gZev`
3. jyBm Gi B‡jKUªbxq gZev`|

 Avi‡nwbqv‡mi AvqwbK gZev` :

 A¤ø ev GwmW : GwmW ev A¤ø n‡”Q nvB‡Wªv‡Rbhy³ †hŠM, hviv Rjxq `ªe‡Y nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb (H+) `vb K‡i|
†hgb- HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, CH3 – COOH BZ¨vw`|
 ÿviK : ÿviK n‡”Q †h me †hŠM hviv Rjxq `ªe‡Y nvBWªw·j (OH) Avqb `vb K‡i|
†hgb- NaOH, Ca(OH)2, NH4OH BZ¨vw`|
 Avi‡nwbqvm Z‡Ë¡i mvdj¨ :
 Rjxq `ªe‡Y A¤ø I ÿvi‡Ki wewfbœ wewµqvi e¨vL¨vq Avi‡nwbqvm ZË¡ LyeB Kvh©Kix|
 †h †Kvb kw³kvjx A‡¤øi mv‡_ †h †Kvb ÿvi‡Ki cÖkgb wewµqvq cÖwZ †gvj cvwb Drcbœ n‡Z †h Zvc Drcbœ nq, Zv wbw`©ó
gvb (cÖvq 57.34 kJmol-1) nIqvi KviY G gZev` mn‡RB e¨vL¨v K‡i| †Kbbv, me †ÿ‡ÎB cÖK… Zc‡ÿ GKB wewµqv nq
A_©vr H+ Ges OH- Gi ms‡hv‡M cvwb Drcbœ nq|
 †Kvb Rjxq `ªeY A¤øxq ev ÿvixq nIqvi KviY G gZev` Øviv e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq|
 G ZË¡ Abymv‡i A¤ø I ÿvi‡Ki ZxeªZv‡K Zv‡`i we‡qvRb aªæeK h_vµ‡g Ka I Kb Gi gva¨‡g cwigvYMZfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq|
 Avi‡nwbqvm Z‡Ë¡i mxgve×Zv :
 Avi‡nwbqv‡mi A¤ø-ÿviK ZË¡ Rjxq `ªe‡Y LyeB Kvh©Kix n‡jI Zv ARjxq `ªe‡Y †gv‡UB Kvh©Kix bq| A_©vr cvwbi
Abycw¯’wZ‡Z G Z‡Ë¡ A¤ø I ÿvi‡Ki ag©‡K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
 CuSO4, FeSO4, ZnSO4, AlCl3 BZ¨vw` je‡Yi Rjxq `ªeY A¤øag©x nq Ges Na2CO3 je‡Yi `ªeY ÿviag©x nq; Gi
KviY Avi‡nwbqvm Z‡Ë¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
 M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq †Kv‡bv †hŠ‡Mi A¤ø I ÿviK ag© Avi‡nwbqvm Z‡Ë¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z Amg_©|
 Avi‡nwbqvm Z‡Ë¡, nvBWªw·j g~jKhy³ †hŠM¸‡jv‡K ÿviK ejv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ avZe A·vBW †hgb- CaO, NH3 Ges
A¨vwbwjb (C6H5NH2) BZ¨vw` †hŠ‡Mi ÿviag©‡K G ZË¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

 eªb‡÷W-jvDwi gZev` :
 GwmW †h me c`v_© Ab¨ c`v_©‡K †cÖvUb `vb Ki‡Z cv‡i
AvYweK †kÖwYi GwmW HCl, HNO3, H2S, H2O, CH3COOH
A¨vbvqwbK †kÖwYi GwmW HSO 4 , HCO 3 , HS
K¨vUvqwbK †kÖwYi GwmW H 3 O  , NH 4 , CH 3 COOH 2

ÿviK †h me c`v_© †cÖvUb `vZvi KvQ †_‡K †cÖvUb MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡`i ÿviK e‡j
AvYweK †kÖwYi ÿviK NH3, NH4OH, H2O, CH3COOH, NH2- NH2
A¨vbvqwbK †kÖwYi ÿviK OH  , CO 32 , S 2 , NO 3 , Cl 
K¨vUvqwbK †kÖwYi ÿviK [Cu(H2O)3(OH)]+ [Al(H2O)5(OH)]2+

 AbyeÜx GwmW I ÿviK t †cÖvUbxq gZev` Abymv‡i GKwU GwmW †cÖvUb `vb Kivi ci †h cÖRvwZ‡Z cwiYZ nq Zv‡K H Gwm‡Wi
AbyeÜx ÿviK e‡j| Avevi, GKwU ÿviK †cÖvUb MÖn‡Yi ci †h cÖRvwZ‡Z cwiYZ nq Zv‡K H ÿvi‡Ki AbyeÜx GwmW e‡j|
G‡K †cÖvUbxq ZË¡I ejv nq|
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl
GwmW1 ÿviK2 AbyeÜx GwmW2 AbyeÜx ÿviK1

Zxeª ÿvi‡Ki AbyeÜx GwmW `yej

© Ges `ye©j ÿvi‡Ki AbyeÜx GwmW Zxeª

 A‡¤øi †P‡q Gi AbyeÜx ÿvi‡K GKwU H cigvYy Kg I GKwU FYvZ¥K PvR© †ewk _v‡K|
 ÿvi‡Ki †P‡q Gi AbyeÜx A‡¤ø GKwU H cigvYy †ewk I GKwU FYvZ¥K PvR© Kg _v‡K|

 jyBm Gi B‡jKUªbxq gZev` t GwU me©vaywbK gZev`| G gZev‡` -

GwmW : hviv GK †Rvov B‡jKUªb MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
ÿviK : hviv GK †Rvov B‡jKUªb `v‡b mÿg|
 G gZev` Abymv‡i B‡jKUªb`vZv gvÎB ÿviK Ges B‡jKUªb MÖnxZvmg~n GwmW|
 CO2, SO2, SO3, Cu2+, Fe3+ Avqb BZ¨vw`‡Z H-cigvYy bv _vKv m‡Ë¡I Giv jyBm GwmW|
 jyBm ÿviK n‡jv  NH3, H2O, OH, CN, Cl BZ¨vw`|
 me Avi‡nwbqvm GwmW n‡jv eªb‡÷W-jvDwi GwmW; wKš‘ me eªb‡÷W-jvDwi GwmW Avi‡nwbqvm GwmW bq|
 me eªb‡÷W-jvDwi GwmW n‡jv jyBm GwmW; wKš‘ me jyBm GwmW eªb‡÷W-jvDwi GwmW bq|

†evwiK GwmW B(OH)3/H3BO3 n‡jv jyBm GwmW| GwU g„`y GwmW I A¨vw›U†mcwUKiƒ‡c AvB-Iqv‡m e¨eüZ nq

 jyBm Gwm‡Wi cÖKvi‡f` t wewfbœ ai‡bi B‡jKUªb `vZv I MÖnxZv Av‡Q e‡j jyBm Gi gZev` Abymv‡i wewfbœ cÖKvi GwmW
i‡q‡Q|
1. cigvYyi AóK m¤úwK©Z t †hgb- BF3 Gi B cigvYyi AóK Ac~Y© e‡j BF3 B‡j±ªb MÖnxZv Z_v GwmW, AlCl3
2. Avqb t abvZ¥K Avqbmg~n B‡jKUªb MÖnxZv e‡j GwmW| †hgbÑ Cu2+, Zn2+
3. AavZe A·vBW t CO2, SO2, SO3
[Kexi m¨vi]
 jyBm ÿvi‡Ki cÖKvi‡f` :
1. †h mKj AYyi †K›`ªxq cigvYy‡Z wbtm½ B‡jKUªb †Rvo _v‡K| NH3, PH3, H2O, H2S, HF, HCl BZ¨vw`|
 2. FYvZ¥K Avqbmg~n t OH, F, CO32
3. C = C wØ-eÜb wewkó †hŠMmg~n t > C = C <

 †cÖvUb msL¨vi Dci wfwË K‡i A¤ø wZb cÖKvi :

†h mKj A¤ø GKwU gvÎ †cÖvUb (H+) `vb Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡K g‡bv-†cÖvwUK e‡j
g‡bv-†cÖvwUK
D`vniY t HNO3, HClO3, HClO4
†h mKj A¤ø `ywU K‡i †cÖvUb (H+) `vb Ki‡Z mÿg, Zv‡`i‡K WvB-†cÖvwUK A¤ø e‡j
WvB-†cÖvwUK
D`vnviY t H2SO4, H2CO3, H2C2O4, H2SO3
†h mKj A¤ø `yB Gi AwaK †cÖvUb (H+) `vb Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡`i‡K cwj-†cÖvwUK e‡j
CH2COOH
|
cwj-†cÖvwUK D`vniY t H3PO4, H3PO3, HO  CHCOOH
|
CH2COOH
(mvBwUªK GwmW)

 H 3PO 3 (dmdivm GwmW) n‡jv- wØÿviKxq GwmW|

 OH Gi msL¨vi Dci wfwË K‡i ÿviK wZb cÖKvi :

†h mKj ÿviK GKwU gvÎ OH- `vb Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡`i‡K g‡bv-nvB‡Wªvw· ÿviK e‡j|
g‡bv nvB‡Wªvw· ÿviK
D`vniY t KOH, NaOH, NH4OH
†h mKj ÿviK †Kej `yBwU OH- Avqb `vb Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡`i‡K WvB-nvB‡Wªvw· ÿviK e‡j|
WvB nvB‡Wªvw· ÿviK
D`vniY t Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2
†h mKj ÿviK `y‡qi AwaK OH `vb Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡`i cwj nvB‡Wªvw· ÿviK e‡j|
cwj nvB‡Wªvw· ÿviK
D`vniY t Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)3

 ARjxq `ªve‡Ki Dci wfwË K‡i c`v_©¸‡jv‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq :
i. †cÖv‡Uv‡RwbK c`v_© t †h mKj c`v_© †cÖvUb `vb Ki‡Z mÿg Zv‡`i‡K †cÖv‡Uv‡RwbK c`v_© e‡j|
ii. †cÖv‡UvwdwjK c`v_© t †h mKj c`v_© †cÖvUb MÖnY Ki‡Z mÿg Zv‡`i‡K †cÖv‡UvwdwjK c`v_© e‡j

 Dfag©x c`v_©t †h mKj c`v_© KL‡bv ÿviK Avevi KL‡bv A‡¤øi b¨vq AvPiY K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K Dfag©x c`v_© e‡j
D`vniY t H2O, Al2O3, ZnO, PbO, SnO, SiO2, HCO3, HS, H2PO4, HPO42, H2PO3 BZ¨vw`
[D‡jøL¨ †h, H hy³ mKj A¨vbvqb ev FYvZ¥K Avqb Dfag©x †hŠM wn‡m‡e AvPiY K‡i]

 wb¤œwjwLZ †Kvb M¨vm photochemical †auvqvmvi (smog) Rb¨ `vqx bq? ? (†g.f.c. 20-21)
A. NO2 B. CFC C. Hydrocarbon D. O3 Ans : B
 ˆewk¦K DòZv m„wó‡Z cÖavb f‚wgKv iv‡L †KvbwU? (†g.f.c. 15-16)
A. Kve©b WvB A·vBW B. wmGdwm C. I‡Rvb D. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb Ans : A
 d‡Uv‡KwgK¨vj †¯§vM ˆZwi‡Z †Kvb evqy`~lK f‚wgKv iv‡L bv? (†g.f.c. 14-15)
A. NO2 B. CFC C. nvB‡WªvKve©b D. O3 Ans : B
 wb‡Pi †KvbwU wMÖb nvDR M¨vm bq? (†g.f.c. 14-15)
A. N2O B. CH4 C. CFC D. N2 Ans : D
 MÖxb nvDR M¨v‡mi me‡P‡q †ewk Abycv‡Z _v‡K wb‡¤œi †KvbwU? ( †g.f.c. 11-12)
A. Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW B. wm Gd wm C. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cviA·vBW D. bvB‡Uªvm A·vBW Ans : A
 MÖxb nvDm M¨v‡mi kZKiv nvi (%) wb‡¤œi †KvbwU mwVK? (†g.f.c. 10-11)
M¨vm kZKiv (%)
A. Ab¨vb¨ 12
B. bvBUªvm A·vBW 10
C. Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW 70
D. wmGdwm 14 Ans : D
 CFC M¨vm m¤ú‡K© wb‡¤œi †KvbwU mwVK bq? (†g.f.c. 08-09)
A. A`vn¨ M¨vm B. mvgvb¨ Pv‡c Zij nq
C. ùzUbvsK 100 D. ‡iwd«Rv‡ikb I kxZvZc wbqš¿‡Yi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq Ans : B
 AvRKvj AwaK nv‡i k¦vmKó †iv‡Mi Rb¨ wb‡¤œi †KvbwU `vqx - (†g.f.c. 02-03)
A. SO2 B. CO2 C. NO2 D. CaSO3 Ans : A
 evqygÛj Øviv Zvc Acwievnx gÛj m„wói Kvi‡YB c„w_exi eZ©gvb Mo ZvcgvÎv wb‡¤œi KZ C? (†g.f.c. 00-01)
A. 20 B. 10 C. 15 D. 25 Ans : C
 †Kvb M¨vm I‡Rvb ¯Í‡ii ÿwZi Rb¨ `vqx? (†g.f.c. 00-01)
A. mvjdvi B. ‡K¬v‡iv‡d¬v‡iv Kve©b C. Kve©b WvBA·vBW D. Kve©b g‡bvA·vBW Ans : B
 cÖwZ 1% I‡Rvb ¯Íi nviv‡bvi d‡j AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥i ÿwZKviK cÖfve †e‡o hv‡e wb‡¤œi kZKiv (%) KZ? (†W.f.c.10-11)
A. 4 B. 3 C. 5 D. 2 Ans : D

 ‡`L‡Zv cvi wK bv?

 NO 2 Gi AbyeÜx GwmW †KvbwU?
A. HNO3 B. HNO2 C. HNO 2 D. NO 3 Ans : B
 ‡KvbwU jyBm ÿvi?
A. H2O B. AlCl3 C. BF3 D. SO3 Ans : A
 jyBm ZË¡ Abyhvqx GwmW †KvbwU?
A. BF3 B. NH3 C. CH3I D. PH3 Ans : A
 MÖxb nvDR M¨vm †KvbwU?
A. N2 B. CCl2F2 C. Rjxq ev®ú D. H2 Ans : B
 CO2 Gi `ywU cÖavb wmsK wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
A. Dw™¢` I evZvm B. mgy`ª I Dw™¢` C. ebf~wg I gvwU D. Dw™¢` I Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwb Ans:B
 FGD cøv‡›Ui gva¨‡g †KvbwU `~i Kiv hvq bv?
A. SOx B. NOx C. CO2 D. CO Ans : D
 AYyeÜx GwmW-ÿviK hyM‡ji g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kx?
A. GKwU H-cigvYy B. 1wU H+ Avqb C. GK AYy H2O D. GKwU –OH Avqb Ans : B
 ‡Kvb RvZxq e‡R©¨i Rb¨ ETP e¨eüZ nq?
A. KwVb B. Zij C. M¨vmxq D. a~jvRvZxq Ans : B
 wb‡Pi †KvbwU cÖavb ‘green house gas’?
A. CO2 B. CH4 C. CFC D. O3 Ans : A
 wb‡Pi †Kvb c×wZ mn‡R cvwbi ¯’vqx LiZv `~i Kivi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv hvq bv?
A. Caustic soda ms‡hvRb B. Sodium carbonate ms‡hvRb
C. dzUb D. cvZb Ans : A
 m~‡h©i AwZ †e¸wb iwk¥ †kvlY Ki‡Z cv‡i wb‡¤œi †KvbwU?
A. O2 B. NO2 C. CFCl3 D. O3 Ans : D

cvwb I cvwb `~lY

 wgVv cvwb t wgVvcvwbi Drm¸‡jv

1. wngevn I Zzlvi Av”Qv`b (74%) 4. n«` (0.3%)
2. f‚Mf©¯’ cvwb (22.2%) 5. b`x (0.03%)
3. e„wó (0.035%)
 GKRb c~Y©eq¯‹ gvby‡li †`‡ni f‡ii cÖvq 70% n‡jv cvwb| cÖwZw`b GKRb gvby‡li Kgc‡ÿ 1.6 wjUvi weï× cvwb †L‡Z nq|

 mvi‡dm IqvUv‡ii weï×Zvi gvb`Û t

gvb`Ûmg~n

     
cvwbi pH cvwbi LiZv cvwbi DO BOD COD TDS

 cvwbi pH
 weï× cvwbi pH Gi gvb 7
 WHO Gi g‡Z, 25C-G cvwbi pH mxgv 6.5–8.5 Gi g‡a¨ _vK‡Z n‡e| cvwb eY©nxb I MÜnxb n‡e
 RjR cÖvYxi Rb¨ cvwbi AbyK‚j pH n‡jv 7.07.5

 cvwbi LiZv (Hardness of Water) :

wgVv cvwb‡Z ch©vß cwigv‡Y wØabvZ¥K K¨vUvqb †hgb Ca2+, Mg2+ I Fe2+ Avqb `ªexf‚Z _vK‡j H cvwb‡K
msÁv
Li cvwb (hard water) ejv nq|
1. A¯’vqx LiZv t cvwb‡Z Ca2+, Mg2+ I Fe2+ Avq‡bi evBKve©‡bU jeY AwaK `ªexf‚Z _vKvi Kvi‡Y m„ó
LiZv‡K A¯’vqx LiZv e‡j|
cÖKvi‡f`
2. ¯’vqx LiZv t cvwb‡Z Ca2+, Mg2+ I Fe2+ Avq‡bi ‡K¬vivBW I mvj‡dU AwaK `ªexf‚Z _vKvi Kvi‡Y m„ó
LiZv‡K ¯’vqx LiZv e‡j|
 cvwb dzwU‡q A¯’vqx LiZv `~i Kiv hvq|
LiZv `~ixKi‡Yi  cvwb dzwU‡q ¯’vqx LiZv `~i Kiv hvq bv| Avqb G·‡PÄ c×wZ‡Z `~i Kiv nq|
Dcvq  mvi‡dm IqvUv‡ii ¯’vqx I A¯’vqx Dfq cÖKvi LiZv `~i Ki‡Z cvigywUU c×wZ ev Avqb G·‡PÄ c×wZ‡Z
w؇hvRx K¨vUvqb¸‡jv `~i Kiv nq|
  wbw®Œq Avqb-wewbgq †iwRb‡K KCl `ªeY Øviv mwµq Kiv hvq|

 cvwbi DO :
msÁv cvwbi Aw·‡Rb m¤ú„³Ki‡Y cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z Aw·‡R‡bi (dissolved oxygen-Gi) cwigvY‡K cvwbi DO ejv nq|
 15C-G Aw·‡Rb m¤ú„³ cvwb‡Z DO Gi gvb nq 10 mg/L ev 10 ppm|
 mvi‡dm IqvUv‡i DO Gi gvb 5 mg/L Gi mxgvbvq ev Dc‡i _vK‡Z nq|
¯^vfvweK gvb  b`xi †gvnbvq cvwb‡Z DO Gi gvb 6 mg/L Gi †ewk _v‡K|
 mvaviY cÖvK…wZK cvwb‡Z 4-6ppm Aw·‡Rb `ªexf‚Z _v‡K|
 20C ZvcgvÎvq cvwb‡Z Aw·‡R‡bi `ªe¨Zv 9.2 ppm (mgL1)
 Aw·‡Rb †mbmi hy³ Probe ev B‡jK‡UªvW‡K cvwb‡Z Wzwe‡q wgUv‡i DO Gi gvb Rvbv hvq|
 †Kvb cvwbi bgybvq DO wbY©q Kivi Rb¨ bgybvwU‡Z I `ªeY †hvM Kiv nq|
we‡kl Z_¨
 cvwbi DO I BOD wbY©q Kivi Rb¨ DB¼jvi Av‡qv‡WvwgwZK c×wZ e¨eüZ nq|
 ˆRe e¯‘i cÖwZ wgwjMÖvg Kve©b‡K e¨vK‡Uwiqv Øviv RvwiZ Ki‡Z 2.67 mg `ªexf‚Z Aw·‡Rb LiP nq|
 cqteR©¨, gjg~Î, wkí KviLvbvi Zij eR©¨|
n«v‡mi KviY  cvwb‡Z ˆRe e¯‘i cP‡bi d‡j DO Gi gvb n«vm cvq|
 wg‡_b (CH4), H2S, dmwdb (PH3) I A¨vwgb RvZxq †hŠM|

 cvwbi BOD: (Biochemical oxygen demand) :

Initial DO  Final DO = BOD
BOD Gi gvb cvwbi Ae¯’v
12 mg/L LyeB fv‡jv
3 mg/L ‡gvUvgywU fv‡jv
6 mg/L WHO Gi Aby‡gvw`Z `~lYgvÎv
10 mg/L `~lYgvÎv Lvivc
20 mg/L `~lYgvÎv LyeB Lvivc

 cvwbi COD : Chemical oxygen demand

 cvwbi TOC : TOC A_© n‡jv Total organic carbon|

 cvwbi TDS :
TDS Total dissolved solids (A_©vr †gvU `ªexf~Z KwVb `~lY)
Dcv`vb TDS Gi AšÍf©y³ cÖavb ivmvqwbK c`v_©mg~n n‡jv Ca2+, Na+, K+, PO43, NO3 I Cl Avqbmg~n
wbY©‡qi c×wZ Rvbv AvqZ‡bi NbgvÎvi K2Cr2O7 Ges H2SO4 wgkÖY|
wb‡`©kK iƒ‡c: 5ml 85% H3PO4

wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’vi Aby‡gvw`Z cvwbi m‡e©v”P `~lY gvÎv

`~lY WHO Aby‡gvw`Z m‡e©v”P gvÎv (mgL1 ev ppm)
pH 6.5– 8.5
 DO 5.06.0
BOD 6.0
COD 10.0
TDS 500
LiZv : Mg2+ 150
Ca2+ 100
NaCl 500
[1 ppm = 1 mgL1]
 cvwb `~l‡Yi Drm cÖavbZ 4 wU
1. M„n¯’vwji eR©¨
2. wkí-KviLvbvi eR¨©
3. K…wl Drcv`b m¤úwK©Z eR©¨
4. cÖvK…wZK Drm
[Kexi m¨vi]
wewfbœ `~lK Øviv cvwb `~lY

 cvwbi ZvcgvÎv 10C †e‡o †M‡j cvwbi `~lY N‡U|

 cvwbi Pig A¯^v¯’¨Ki `~lY‡K BD‡Uªvwd‡Kkb e‡j|
 welv³ Zij wkí e‡R©¨i cwi‡kvab e¨e¯’v  ETP
 KxUbvkK t M‡o GKRb gvby‡li †`‡ni Pwe©‡Z 10-20 ppm DDT, 0.1 – 0.3 ppm AjwWªb cÖf…wZ KxUbvk‡Ki cÖ‡ek
NU‡Z †`Lv hvq|
 †Zj RvZxq c`v_© Øviv cvwb `~lY I Gi cÖfve t †c‡Uªv‡ji R¡vjvwb ÿgZv AK‡Ub bv¤^vi e„w×i Rb¨ †UUªvA¨vjKvBj †jW
(TML, TEL) †Z‡ji mv‡_ wgkv‡bv nq|

cvwbi cÖvK…wZK `~lY-Av‡m©wbK `~lY

 cÖKw… Z‡Z cÖvß Av‡m©wbK :
 wb‡KvjvBU NiAs  †KvevëvBU CoAsS
 wb‡Kj Mø¨vÝ NiAsS  Av‡m©‡bv cvBivBUm Fe2S2As2
 Iiwc‡g›U As2S3  LwbR A·vBW Av‡m©‡bvjvBU As2O3
 wiq¨vjMvi As2S2
WHO g‡Z As Gi wbivc` gvÎv gvbe kix‡i m‡e©v”P mnbkxj gvÎv
(Safety Value) Theshold Limiting Value (TLV)
0.01 mgL1 0.05 mgL1 ev, 0.040.05 mgL1

 Av‡m©wb‡Ki w·hvRx ev + 3 RviY Ae¯’vq RxeRM‡Zi Ici me‡P‡q †ewk welwµqv m„wó K‡i|
 gvby‡li ¯^v‡¯’¨i Ici welwµqvi m‡e©v”P †_‡K me©wb¤œ gvb Abyhvqx Av‡m©wbK †hŠM¸‡jv cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z Ae¯’vq n‡jv h_vµ‡g
t Avm©vBb M¨vm > Av‡m©bvBU (A‰Re) > Av‡m©b A·vBW (ˆRe, w·hvRx) > Av‡m©‡bU (A‰Re) > Av‡m©wbK (†gUvj‡qW)
 gvwU‡Z Av‡m©wb‡Ki NbZ¡ 5.6 mg/kg
 cvbxq R‡j A‰Re Av‡m©wb‡Ki Mo cwigvY 2.5ppb (parts per billion)
 Av‡m©wbK RwbZ welwµqvi cÖwZ‡laK n‡jv WvBgviK¨v‡cÖvj, BAL (British anti-Lewisite)
  eû gvbyl Av‡m©wbK `~l‡Yi cvwb cvb K‡i Ôeø¨vK-dzUÕ (Black foot) wWwR‡R AvµvšÍ n‡q‡Q
 h‡kvi †Rjvi kvk©v _vbvi mgZv MÖv‡gi Mfxi bjK‚‡ci cvwb‡Z Av‡m©wbK `~lY me‡P‡q †ewk
 CO Gi m‡e©v”P wbivc` gvÎv (TLV) n‡jv 0.1 ppm

 Av‡m©wbK welwµqvi †KŠkj :

1. cÖvY ivmvqwbKfv‡e Av‡m©wbK †cÖvwUb‡K RgvU euvavq (coagulate),
2. ATP Gi Drcv`b n«vm K‡i|
3. w·hvRx Av‡m©wbK (As3+) Rxe‡Kv‡li SH MÖæ‡ci mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i †Kvl¯’ wecvK eÜ K‡i †`q|
4. Avm©vBb (AsH3) i‡³i wn‡gv‡Møvwe‡bi m‡½ hy³ n‡qI welwµqv NUvq|
[Kexi m¨vi]
 Av‡m©wbK `~l‡Yi cÖfve : Av‡m©wbK †jW Gi Zzjbvq 5 ¸Y AwaK welv³
1. eø¨vK dzU wWwRR m„wó K‡i|
2. hK…Z †Kv‡l wjwc‡Wi mÂq NUvq| wjwcW mwÂZ wjfvi‡K Ôd¨vwU-wjfviÕ e‡j|
3. Av‡m©wb‡Ki µwbK welwµqvq AvµvšÍ Mf©eZx gv‡qi 僇Yi e„w× e¨vnZ nq, Rb¥ÎæwU N‡U Ges AcwiYZ 僇Yi Mf©cvZ N‡U|
wR‡bi wgD‡Uk‡bi d‡j A¯^vfvweK kvixie„Ëxq ˆewkó¨ †`Lv hvq|
4. cwicvKZ‡š¿i Dr‡mP‡Ki ¯^vfvweK wµqvi weNœ m„wó nq| Gi d‡j ewg, Wvqwiqv I cwicvKZ‡š¿i ¯’vqx ÿwZ n‡Z cv‡i|
5. Kviwm‡bv‡RwbK cÖfv‡e K¨vÝvi †Kv‡li e„w× mn‡R N‡U| †hgb- dzmdzm, w¯‹b, wjfvi ev hK…Z, wKWwb ev e„°, BDwibvwi
eøvWvi ev g~Î_wji K¨vÝvi|
6. Z¡‡K Kv‡jv `vM ev †KivwUbvB‡Rkb N‡U|
7. µwbK welwµqv ev Av‡m©wb‡Kvwmm Gi cÖavb DrmM© n‡jv nv‡Zi Zvjy I cv‡qi cvZvq †Qvc †Qvc Kv‡jv `vM I c‡i ÿZ ev
M¨vsMÖxb m„wó nIqv| G DcmM© eøvK dzU wfwRR bv‡g cwiPZ|
8. Av‡m©wbK welwµqvi cÖfv‡e g~Îvk‡qi wµqv ÿwZMÖ¯’ nq hv Renal Failure bv‡g cwiwPZ|
9. GQvovI cvj‡gvbvwi BwWgv m„wó nq|
10. gwnjv‡`i eܨvZ¡ I wgmK¨v‡iR n‡Z cv‡i|
11. Av‡m©wbK Gi welwµqvq d¨vwibRvBwUm, j¨vwibRvBwUm, eª¼vBwUm Ges ¯’ vqxfv‡e A¨vwbwgqv cÖf…wZ KwVb ‡ivM n‡q _v‡K|
[nvRvix m¨vi I Kexi m¨vi]
Lv`¨ k„•L‡j fvix avZz (As, Pb, Cd, Cr) hy³ nIqvi KviY I cÖwZKvi

†jW/mxmv `~lY
 mxmvi cÖavb AvKwiK M¨v‡jbv (PbS)|
Drm
 hvbevn‡bi †auvqv mxmvi Ab¨Zg Drm (98%)|
 WHO Gi cÖwZ‡e`b Abyhvqx cvbxq R‡j †jW Gi MÖnY‡hvM¨ gvÎv 50 ppb.
gvÎv  cÖvß eq¯‹ GKRb e¨w³i †`‡n †j‡Wi cwigvY 50ppb Gi †ewk Ges i‡³ 6-10ppb Gi †ewk n‡j †j‡Wi
welwµqv cÖKvk cvq|
evwYwR¨K 1. mxmvhy³ M¨v‡mvwjb R¡vjvwb 02. †÷v‡iR e¨vUvwi 03. KxUbvkK 04. †cB›U 05. cvBc e›`y ‡Ki ¸wj (shots) 06.
e¨envi ÿqKviK c`v_© msiÿ‡Yi cvÎ
1. `uv‡Zi gvwo bxjvf nq|
welwµqvi 2. †jW wn‡gv‡Møvweb Drcv`‡b evav †`q, d‡j A¨vwbwgqv ev i³k~b¨Zv †`Lv †`q|
cÖfve 3. †jW `~l‡Yi d‡j Mf©eZ©x gwnjv g„Z mšÍvb cÖme K‡i|
4. 7 eQ‡ii Kg eq‡mi wkïi †jW welv³Zvq gw¯Í‡®‹i ¯^vfvweK e„w× e¨vnZ nq, wkïi eyw×e„wË ev IQ n«vm cvq|
 5. †jW Gi AvwaK¨ i³Pvc e„w× K‡i|
cÖwZKvi  mxmv RwbZ welwµqvi wPwKrmvq wZbwU c`v_© e¨eüZ nq t Ca-EDTA, Ca-BAL, Ca Penicillamine.
 wU‡bi cv‡Î evRviK…Z ¸ov `y‡a †j‡Wi cwigvY 200 g/L.
 M¨v‡mvwj‡b wmmv †UUªv-B_vBj/‡UUªv wg_vBj †jW AvKv‡i _v‡K|
we‡kl
 †jW GwmW †÷v‡iR e¨vUvwii B‡jK‡UªvW ˆZwi‡Z †jW A·vBW (PbO2) e¨eüZ nq|
Z_¨
 †c‡Uªvj Bwćb e¨eüZ R¡vjvwbi A‡±b bv¤^vi e„w×i Rb¨ GLb †UUªv A¨vjKvBj †jW (PbR4) e¨eüZ nq|
 Pb2+ nv‡oi g~L¨ Dcv`vb Ca2+ †K AcmvwiZ K‡i nv‡o mwÂZ _vK‡Z cv‡i| d‡j nvo f½yi nq|

K¨vWwgqvg `~lY
Drm K¨vWwgqv‡gi GKgvÎ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ AvKwiK MÖx‡bvKUvBU (CdS)|
 WHO Gi Z_¨ g‡Z, gvby‡li †ÿ‡Î K¨vWwgqvg `~l‡Y gviY-gvÎv ev wj_vj †WvR n‡jv 1 MÖvg|
 cÖwZwU wmMv‡iU †_‡K GKRb a~gcvqxi kix‡i 0.1  0.2 g K¨vWwgqvg cÖ‡ek K‡i|
 K¨vWwgqv‡gi wj_vj †WvR n‡jv 1 MÖvg|
 PVC cøvw÷K Drcv`‡b †÷wejvBRvi wn‡m‡e Ges iwOb cøvw÷‡Ki wcM‡g›U iƒ‡c K¨vWwgqvg (II) †hŠM e¨eüZ nq
 eZ©gv‡b K¨vjKz‡jUi I B‡jKUªwbK hš¿cvwZ‡Z e¨üZ wiPv‡R©ej wbKvW e¨vUvwi (NiCAD = Ni + Cd) Gi
we‡kl Z_¨ B‡jK‡Uªv‡W cÖvq 5 MÖvg Cd _v‡K|
 SvjvB Kivi ivO ev †mvìv‡i Cd _v‡K|
 a~gcvqxi wmMv‡i‡Ui †auvqvi Cd KYv dzmdz‡m †kvwlZ n‡q eøvW-K¨vWwgqvg (B-Cd) †j‡fj Aa~gcvqxi Zzjbvq 4-
5 ¸Y †ewk nq|
 nv‡oi g~j Dcv`vb Ca2+ †K Cd2+ cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i|
 Cd2+ Avqb kixi †_‡K Ca2+ I Zn2+ Avqb‡K cÖ¯ªv‡ei gva¨‡g †ei K‡i †`q|
1. †gvU avZzi cÖvq 60% e¨eüZ nq B‡jK‡Uªv‡cøwUs wk‡í;
2. cÖgvY Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kvl Ni – Cd e¨vUvwi,
evwYwR¨K
3. PVC ivevi ˆZwi,
e¨envi
4. iÄb wk‡í CdS,
5. KvP I wPbvgvwUi wk‡í CdO d‡UvMÖvwd,
1. dzmdz‡mi ¯^vfvweK wµqv evavcÖvß nq|
2. µwbK welwµqvq Aw¯’mw܇Z Zxeª hš¿Yv m„wó nq, Aw¯’i g‡a¨ wQ`ªhy³ Aw÷I‡cv‡ivwmm nq|
3. Aw¯’ f½yi nq; Aí AvNvZ †c‡j Aw¯’ †f‡½ hvq| `xN©Kvjxb Cd-Gi `~l‡Y mgMÖ Aw¯’-KvVv‡gv ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡Z cv‡i|
4. we‡kl †ivM ÔBUvB-BUvBÕ ev AvDP-AvDP nq|
welwµqvi
5. wKWwb‡Z †Møv‡giæjvi wd‡ëªkb n«vm cvq; cv_i m„wó I †k‡l wKWwb bó n‡q hvq|
cÖfve
6. GwU Kviwm‡bv‡Rb wn‡m‡e †cÖv‡÷ªU K¨vÝvi I dzmdz‡mi K¨vÝvi m„wó K‡i|
7. wR¼-Acwinvh© Kve©wbK A¨vb&nvB‡WªR GbRvB‡gi MVb †_‡K K¨vWwgqvg Øviv wRsK cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q GbRvB‡gi wµqv
wewNœZ K‡i|
8. wecvKxq ev †gUv‡evwjK A¯^vfvweKZv m„wó nq|

†µvwgqvg `~l‡Yi cÖfve

Drm cÖavb AvKwiK †µgvBU FeCr2O4|
ÿwZKi 1. Cr3+ †hŠ‡Mi †P‡q Cr6+ †hŠ‡Mi welwµqv AwaK gvivZ¥K|
cÖfve 2. gvby‡li cwicvKZš¿, k¦vmZš¿, cÖRbb Zš¿, †ivM cÖwZ‡iva wm‡÷g cÖf…wZ AvµvšÍ nq|
 3. kix‡i K¨vÝvi m„wóKvix ÔKviwm‡bv‡RbÕ wn‡m‡e MY¨| †hgb- cÖk¦v‡mi gva¨‡g dzmdz‡m K¨vÝvi m…wó K‡i|
4. AwaK †µvwgqvg `~l‡Yi d‡j RBC ‡Z †jŠn †kvlY evav cvq| d‡j A¨vwbwgqv ev i³k~b¨Zv †`Lv †`q|

avZz cÖfve
As eø¨vK dzU wWwRR, d¨vwU wjfvi
Pb `uv‡Zi gvwo bxjvf, wkï‡`i IQ n«vm cvq
Cr A¨vwbwgqv
Cd BUvB-BUvB ev AvDP-AvDP, Aw÷I‡cv‡ivwmm

`ªeY

`ªveK `ªe `ªeY

M¨vm evqy-N2, O2, Ar I Ab¨vb¨ M¨vm
M¨vm Zij †avqv I †avqvkv, Kzqvkv
KwVb evqy‡Z Kc©‡y ii `ªeY|
M¨vm Kve©‡b‡UW IqvUvi (cvwb‡Z CO2 M¨vm), cvwb‡Z O2 Gi `ªeY
Zij Zij M¨v‡mvwjb (wewfbœ Zij nvB‡WªvKve©b wgkÖY)
KwVb mgy‡`ªi jeYv³ cvwb (cvwb‡Z NaCl I Ab¨vb¨ jeY, †Rjx)
M¨vm c¨vjvwWqvg I cøvwUbv‡g H2 M¨vm †kvlY)
KwVb Zij †W›Uvj A¨vgvjMvg (wmjfv‡i gviKvwi, cvwb‡Z wPwbi `ªeY)|
KwVb wewfbœ avZz msKi (wcDUvi ˆZwi RM, 96% Sn I 4% Cu)

 Avqb-WvB‡cvj ej Kvh©Ki _v‡K hLb †cvjvi `ªveK cvwb‡Z `ªeiƒ‡c AvqwbK †hŠM †hgb NaCl `ªexf~Z nq|
 fvix avZzi Avqb †hgb Pb 2 , Cd 2 , As3 , Cr 3 Avqb `~wlZ cvwb‡Z Avqb-WvB‡cvj ej Øviv AvK…ó _v‡K|
 Avqb-Avweó WvB‡cvj ej Øviv i‡³i wn‡gv‡Møvwe‡b Fe 2 Avqb hy³KiY I i³cÖev‡n O 2 AYy `ªexf‚Z _v‡K|
 evqy I cvwb‡Z `~lK c`v‡_©i AYy¸‡jv wgwkÖZ _vKvi Rb¨ we¯ÍviY ej fzwgKv iv‡L|

 `~lK c`v_©mg~‡ni evqy I cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z _vKvi †KŠkj :

imvq‡b `ªe‡Yi wbqg n‡jv ÒjvBK wWRjfm& jvBKÓ (Like dissolves like)|
1. Avqb-WvB‡cvj ej 4. Avqb-Avweó WvB‡cvj ej
2. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb-eÜb ej 5. WvB‡cvj-Avweó WvB‡cvj ej
3. WvB‡cvj-WvB‡cvj ej 6. we¯ÍviY (dispersion) ej

 †Kvb GKwU bgybv cvwbi BOD 3 mg/L n‡j bgybv cvwbwU m¤ú‡K© †KvbwU mwVK? (†g.f.c. 18-19)
A. LyeB fv‡jv B. †gvUvgywU fv‡jv C. `~lY gvÎv Lvivc D. `~lY gvÎv LyeB Lvivc Ans : B
 GwmW e„wói Rb¨ `vqx †KvbwU? (†g.f.c. 17-18)
A. O2 B. CO C. SO2 D. CO2 Ans : C
 wb‡Pi †Kvb Z_¨wU mwVK bq? (†g.f.c. 16-17)
 A. mvi‡dm IqvUv‡i HNO3 GwmW `ªexf‚Z _v‡K B. Li cvwb‡Z Ca+2, Mg+2, Fe+2 `ªexf‚Z _v‡K
C. weï× cvwbi pH = 7.00
D. 25C ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi pH = 6.5-8.5 Gi g‡a¨ _vK‡j, cvwb eY©nxb I MÜnxb nq Ans : A
 Acid Rain-G †Kvb GwmW _v‡K? (†W.f.c. 16-17)
A. H2SO4 I HCl B. H2SO4 I HNO3 C. H2SO4 I H2CO3 D. HNO3 I HCl Ans : B

 ‡`L‡Zv cvi wK bv?

 evsjv‡`‡k wgVvcvwbi Drm †KvbwU?
A. mgy‡`ªi cvwb B. f~Mf©¯’ cvwb C. b`xi cvwb D. cyK‡z ii cvwb Ans : B
 wb‡Pi †KvbwU †m‡KÛvwi `~lK?
A. CO2 B. CO C. SO2 D. O3 Ans : D
 BUfvUvq R¡vjvwbi Am¤ú~Y© `n‡b wb‡Pi †Kvb M¨vmwU Drcbœ nq?
A. CO2 B. CO C. SO3 D. NH3 Ans : B
 GKwU cyKz‡ii cvwbi DO Gi gvb 4.0| cvwbi H bgybvwU Kx ai‡bi?
A. weï× cvwb B. `~wlZ cvwb C. g„`y cvwb D. Li cvwb Ans : A
 ‡KvbwU fvix avZz?
A. Fe B. Cd C. Al D. K Ans : B
 WHO Gi mycvwik Abyhvqx ppm GK‡K Av‡m©wb‡Ki m‡e©v”P MÖnY‡hvM¨ gvÎv KZ?
A. 0.01 B. 0.04 C. 0.05 D. 0.06 Ans : C
 cvwbi weï×Zv cwigv‡ci gvb`Ð bq †KvbwU?
A. SDS B. DO C. BOD D. pH Ans : A
 K…wl Kv‡R mvi‡dm IqvUv‡ii Dchy³Zvi gvb`Ð †KvbwU?
A. TDS B. pH C. COD D. BOD Ans : B
 ‡KvbwUi cÖfv‡e nvo f½yi nq?
A. Cd B. Pb C. Cr D. As Ans : A
 cvwbi A¯’vqx LiZvi Rb¨ `vqx †KvbwU?
A. SO 24  B. CO32  C. Cl D. HCO3 Ans : D

¸iæZ¡c~Y© MvwYwZK mgm¨v

Type-01
1 GLv‡b,
i. V  (w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq) cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq,
P
ii. P1V1 = P2V2 P1 = M¨v‡mi Pvc
iii. V  T (w¯’i Pv‡c) V1 = M¨v‡mi AvqZb
V1 V2 P~ovšÍ Ae¯’vq,
iv. =
T1 T2 P2 = M¨v‡mi Pvc
P1V1 P2 V2 V2 = M¨v‡mi AvqZb
v. e‡qj I Pvj©‡mi mgš^q m~Î 
T1 T2 T1 = cÖv_wgK ZvcgvÎv
T2 = †kl / cwiewZ©Z ZvcgvÎv
01. w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq I 1 atm Pv‡c †Kvb wbw`©ó f‡ii Aw·‡Rb M¨v‡mi AvqZb 3.15 L nq| H Aw·‡Rb M¨v‡mi Pvc e„w× K‡i
2.50 atm Kiv n‡j, H M¨v‡mi AvqZb KZ L n‡e?

Hints : P1V1 = P2V2 GLv‡b, P1 = 1 atm, V1 = 3.15 L, P2 = 2.50 atm

P V 1  3.15
V2  1 1   1.26 L
P2 2. 5
Ans : 1.26
02. 25C ZvcgvÎvq 50L AvqZ‡bi GKwU wmwjÛvi 15 atm Pv‡c evqy Øviv c~Y© Av‡Q| hw` evqygÛ‡ji Pvc 25C ZvcgvÎvq 1
atm nq Ges H wmwjÛv‡i gyL Ly‡j †`qv nq, Z‡e KZ wjUvi (L) evqy wmwjÛvi †_‡K †ei n‡q hv‡e?
Hints : cÖv_wgK Pvc, P1 = 15 atm
P‚ovšÍ Pvc, P2 = 1 atm
cÖv_wgK AvqZb, V1 = 50L, P‚ovšÍ AvqZb, V2 = ?
P V 15  50
Avgiv Rvwb, P1V1 = P2V2  V2 = 1 1   750L
P2 1
‡h‡nZz cÖv_wgK AvqZb 50L Ges P‚ovšÍ AvqZb 750L
 (750 – 50) = 700 L evqy wmwjÛvi †_‡K †ei n‡q hvq|
Ans : 700
03. w¯’i Pv‡c 27C ZvcgvÎvq †Kvb M¨v‡mi AvqZb 400 ml n‡j 327C ZvcgvÎvq Zvi AvqZb KZ n‡e?
V1 V2
Hints :  ; GLv‡b V1 = 400 ml, T2 = 327 + 273 = 600 K Ges T1 = 27 + 273 = 300 K
T1 T2
400  600
 V2   800 ml Ans : 800 ml
300
04. 30C ZvcgvÎvq I 556 Pa Pv‡c GKwU wbw`©ó f‡ii M¨v‡mi AvqZb 0.825L n‡j 20C ZvcgvÎvq KZ Pv‡c M¨vmwUi
AvqZb 2.00 L n‡e?

P1V1 P2 V2
Hints :  ; GLv‡b, P1 = 556Pa, V1 = 0.825L, V2 = 200L, T1 = 273+30 = 303K, T2 = 273+20 =
T1 T2
293K
556  0.825  293
 P2   221.78 Pa
303  200
Ans : 221.78 Pa
Type-02
w GLv‡b,
 i. PV = nRT = RT
W P = M¨v‡mi Pvc
T = ZvcgvÎv
V = M¨v‡mi AvqZb
w (fi)
n = †gvjmsL¨v =
W (AvbweK fi)
R= †gvjvi M¨vm aªæeK
01. GKwU c~Y© eq¯‹ †jv‡Ki dzmdz‡mi evqyi aviY ÿgZv 3.8L n‡j G‡Z KZ †gvj M¨vm ev evqy _vK‡e? G mg‡q evqyi Pvc 1atm
I †`‡ni ZvcgvÎv 37C i‡q‡Q|
 Hints : PV = nRT
GLv‡b, P = 1atm, V = 3.8L, T = 310K, R = 0.082 L atm mol-1k-1
PV
n= Ans : 0.15 mol
RT
02. 20C ZvcgvÎvq I 740mm Pv‡c 0.842g GKwU M¨vm 400mL AvqZb `Lj K‡i| M¨vmwUi AvYweK fi KZ?
w
Hints : PV = nRT = RT
W
740
GLv‡b, P = 740mm = atm = 0.9737 atm, V = 0.4L, R = 0.082 L atm mol-1k-1, T = 293K, w =
760
0.842g
wRT
W= Ans: 52
PV
Type-03
3RT GLv‡b,
eM©g~j Mo eM©‡eM ev RMS †eM, c  T = ZvcgvÎv
M
M = AvbweK fi (†KwR‡Z)
R= †gvjvi M¨vm aªæeK
01. 27C ZvcgvÎvq GKwU bvB‡Uªv‡Rb AYyi eM©g~j Mo eM© ‡eM KZ m/s?
3RT
Hints : c 
M
GLv‡b, R = 0.082 L atm mol-1k-1, T = 300K, M = 28g = 28  103 kg Ans: 517 m/s

Type-04
A¨v‡fv‡M‡Wªvi msL¨v m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v I mgvavb A¨v‡fv‡M‡Wªvi msL¨v, NA = 6.0221023
01. nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi GKwU cigvYyi fi (g) KZ?

Hints : 6.02  1023 wU AYyi fi = 2.016 gm

2.016
 1wU cigvYyi fi = gm  1.67  10  24 gm Ans : 1.67  1024 gm
2  6.02  10 23

02. 6.02  1023 wU Aw·‡Rb cigvYyi fi KZ MÖvg (g) n‡e?

Hints : Aw·‡R‡bi cvigvYweK fi = 16| Aci †Kvb †gŠ‡ji cvigvYweK fi‡K MÖv‡g cÖKvk Ki‡j Zv‡K H †gŠ‡ji 1 †gvj
e‡j| Avevi †Kvb †gŠ‡ji 1 †gv‡j cigvYyi msL¨v = 6.02  1023 wU = NA Ans : 16 gm

03. 5.0 g Kve©b WvB-A·vBW M¨v‡m KZwU AYy _v‡K?

Hints : 1 †gvj ev 44 MÖvg Kve©bWvB A·vB‡W AYyi msL¨v 6.023  1023 wU Ans : 6.84  1022

Type-05
r1 t 2 d2 M2
MÖvnv‡gi m~Î m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v I mgvavb   
r2 t1 d1 M1
 GLv‡b, r1 = cÖ_g M¨v‡mi e¨vcb nvi; r2 = wØZxq M¨v‡mi e¨vcb nvi
t1 = cÖ_g M¨v‡mi wbM©gb mgq; t2 = wØZxq M¨v‡mi wbM©gb mgq
d1 = cÖ_g M¨v‡mi NbZ¡ mgq; d2 = wØZxq M¨v‡mi NbZ¡ mgq
M1 = cÖ_g M¨v‡mi AvbweK fi; M2 = wØZxq M¨v‡mi AvbweK fi
01. GKB ZvcgvÎv I Pv‡c †Kvb cv‡Îi GKB wQ`ª c‡_ GKwU M¨vm I †K¬vwi‡bi c„_Kfv‡e wbtmiY nvi h_vµ‡g 6 : 5| †K¬vwi‡bi
NbZ¡ 6 n‡j AÁvZ M¨v‡mi NbZ¡ I AvYweK fi KZ n‡e?
r1 d2 6 6 36 36
Hints :     
r2 d1 5 d1 25 d1

 AÁvZ M¨v‡mi NbZ¡ d1 = 25

 AÁvZ M¨v‡mi AvYweK fi = 2  NbZ¡ = 2  25 = 50 Ans : 50
02. 450 mL AvqZb wewkó cv‡Î 1.05 atm Pv‡c N2 Ges Av‡iKwU cvÎ 300 ml, 0.79 atm Pv‡c O2 Øviv c~Y© Av‡Q| M¨vm
`ywU wgwkÖZ n‡Z w`‡j wgwkÖZ M¨v‡mi Pvc KZ n‡e?

P1V1  P2 V2 450  1.05  300  0.79

Hints : P    0.946 atm
V1  V2 450  300
Ans : 0.946 atm

 mvaviYZ evqygÛ‡j cÖwZ 1000 wgUvi D”PZvq ZvcgvÎv 60 †m. (Kexi m¨vi) /6.5 †m. (¸n m¨vi) /7 †m. (nvRvix m¨vi) nv‡i
n«vm cvq|
1
 Av`k© M¨v‡mi MZxq mgxKiY, PV  mNc2
3
 NO n‡jv eY©nxb wbi‡cÿ M¨vm, NO2 ev`vwg A¤øxq M¨vm|
 †bv‡fj M¨vm/ weij M¨vm/ AwfRvZ M¨vm/ †mZz †gŠj/ wbw®Œq ‡gŠj - He, Ne , Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn.
 m~‡h©i Av‡jv c„w_ex‡Z Xz‡K c„w_ex‡K Mig iv‡L Ges Gi Mo ZvcgvÎv 150C _v‡K|
 Av‡m©wbK †jW Gi Zzjbvq 5 ¸Y AwaK welv³|
 evqyi cÖvBgvwi `~lK t a~wjKYv, QvB, †auvqv, CO2, SO2, CO, NH3, H2S, nvB‡WªvKve©b BZ¨vw`|
 evqyi ‡m‡KÛvwi `~lK t SO3, NO2, H2SO4, N2O3 BZ¨vw`|
 Fe 3 Avqb n‡jv jyBm GwmW Ges CN Avqb jyBm ÿviK|
 gvbe Rxe‡bi Rb¨ SO2 nj me‡P‡q fq¼i M¨vm|
 wg‡_b M¨vm CO2-Gi †P‡q cÖvq 25 ¸Y †ewk Zvc aviY Ki‡Z mÿg|
 (60-70)% GwmW e„wói cvwb‡Z H2SO4 Ges (30-60)% GwmW e„wói cvwb‡Z HNO3 Dcw¯’Z _v‡K|
 ‡evwiK GwmW B(OH)3 GKwU jyBm GwmW| GwU A¨vw›U‡mwÞKiƒ‡c AvBIqv‡ki Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
 wg_vBj gvK©vwi gv‡Qi gva¨‡g kix‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i wgbvgvZv bvgK †ivM m„wó K‡i|
 Mn hy³ cvwb MÖnY Ki‡j ¯œvqy †ivM nq|
 f‚-c„‡ôi cvwbi weï×Zvi gvb`Û¸‡jv- LiZv, pH, DO, BOD, COD, TDS, TSS.
 CFC M¨v‡mi RxebKvj †hLv‡b cÖvq 100 eQi, †mLv‡b HCFC M¨v‡mi RxebKvj 2-10 eQi|
 me Avi‡nwbqvm GwmW n‡jv eªb‡÷W-jvDix GwmW wKš‘ me eªb‡÷W-jvDix GwmW Avi‡nwbqvm GwmW bq|
 me Avi‡nwbqvm ÿviK n‡jv eªb‡÷W-jvDix ÿviK wKš‘ me eªb‡÷W-jvDix ÿviK Avi‡nwbqvm ÿviK bq|
 me eªb‡÷W-jvDix GwmW n‡jv jyBm GwmW; wKš‘ me jyBm GwmW eªb‡÷W-jvDix GwmW bq|
 Cr3+ `~l‡Yi d‡j RBC ‡Z †jŠn †kvlY evav cvq; d‡j i³k~b¨Zv †`Lv †`q|
 mvaviYZ mvB‡K¬vb ˆZwi n‡Z mvM‡ii cvwbi ZvcgvÎv 27C (ev 80F) Gi †ewk n‡Z nq|
 D”P ZvcgvÎv I wb¤œPv‡c me M¨vmB †gvUvgywUfv‡e e‡q‡ji m~Î †g‡b P‡j|
 cixÿvg~jK c×wZ‡Z – 2600C-Gi wb‡P †Kvb ZvcgvÎvq M¨v‡mi AvqZb cwigvc Kiv hvq bv|
 cÖKw… Z‡Z BD‡iwbqv‡gi AvB‡mv‡Uvc 235U = 0.7% Ges 238U = 99.3% wgwkÖZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
 ev¯Íe M¨vmmg~n h_vh_fv‡e Av`k© M¨vm mgxKiY PV = nRT ‡g‡b P‡j bv|
 L.P M¨vm = 25% ‡cÖv‡cb I 75% weD‡Ub|
 C.N.G ev Nbxf‚Z cÖvK…wZK M¨vm = (9599)% CH4, Aewkó C2H6, C3H8, C4H10
 wng wgkÖY c×wZ‡Z Lv`¨ jeY I eid e¨envi K‡i 20C , Lv`¨ je‡Yi cwie‡Z© MwjZ CaCl2 e¨envi K‡i 54C Ges
KwVb CO2 I B_vi wgkÖY e¨envi K‡i 110C ch©šÍ ZvcgvÎv bvgv‡bv hvq|
 H2 Gi Drµg ZvcgvÎv -80C Ges He Gi Drµg ZvcgvÎv 240C
 eRªe„wói mg‡q we`y¨r ÿi‡Yi d‡j m„ó 30000C ZvcgvÎvq evqy¯’ N2 Ges O2 hy³ n‡q bvBwUªK A·vBW (NO) MwVZ nq|
 †iwd«Rv‡iUi, †Kvì †÷vi, eid Kj BZ¨vw` VvÛv ivLvi Rb¨ CFC e¨envi Kiv nq
 CFC ¸‡jvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ag© n‡”Q, Giv AZ¨šÍ myw¯’Z (stable), MÜnxb, A`vn¨ (non-inflammable), Awelv³ (non-
toxic) I cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq|
 mvaviYZ KjKviLvbv A‡ji GwmW e„wói cvwbi pH Gi gvb 5.6 †_‡K 3.5 Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K|
 FGD cø¨v›U Drcbœ wRcmvg dry wall ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
 15C-G Aw·‡Rb m¤ú„³ cvwb‡Z DO Gi gvb nq 10 mg/L ev 10 ppm.
 20C ZvcgvÎvq cvwb‡Z Aw·‡R‡bi `ªe¨Zv 9ppm (mgL1)
 BOD Gi gvb 10 Gi †ewk n‡j cvwb‡Z `~lYgvÎv Lye Lvivc aiv nq|
 cvwbi ZvcgvÎv 10C †e‡o †M‡j cvwbi `~lY N‡U|
 Av‡m©wbK RwbZ welwµqvi cÖwZ‡laK n‡jv WvBgviK¨v‡cÖvj, BAL|
 As `~l‡Y Fatty Liver (hK…Z †Kv‡l wjwcW mwÂZ nq) m„wó nq|
 WHO Gi cÖwZ‡e`b Abyhvqx cvbxq R‡j †jW Gi MÖnY‡hvM¨ gvÎv 50 ppb.
 WHO Gi Z_¨ g‡Z, gvby‡li †ÿ‡Î K¨vWwgqvg `~l‡Y gviY-gvÎv ev †j_vj †WvR n‡jv 1 MÖvg|
 a~gcvqxi wmMv‡i‡Ui †auvqvi Cd KYv dzmdz‡m †kvwlZ n‡q eøvW-K¨vWwgqvg (BCd) †j‡fj Aa~gcvqxi Zzjbvq 45 ¸Y †ewk
nq|
 SATP ‡Z 1.0 mole M¨v‡mi AvqZb 24.8L
 SI GK‡K R Gi gvb  8.316 J k 1mole1
 DB‡cvKvi wXwe †_‡K cÖwZ wgwb‡U 5 wjUvi wg‡_b M¨vm wbM©Z nq|
 WHO Aby‡gvw`Z cvbxq R‡ji P H 6.5  8.5 n‡Z nq|
 evqy gÛ‡ji Uª‡cvwùqvi ¯ÍÍiwU‡K Òµgn«vmgvb DòZv ¯ÍiÓ ejv nq|
 evqygÛ‡ji Dcv`v‡bi †gvU f‡ii cÖvq 70% Uª‡cvwùqvi ¯Í‡i eZ©gvb|
 ÷ªv‡Uvwùqvi AÂj ZvcgvÎv e„w×i NUbv‡K Positive lapse rate ejv nq|
 †gv‡mvwùqvi A‡j ZvcgvÎv n«v‡mi NUbv‡K Negative lapse rate ejv nq|
 N~wY©S‡oi †ÿ‡Î evZv‡mi MwZ N›Uvq 120km †_‡K 360 km ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| evZv‡mi MwZ 250 kmh1 Gi †ewk n‡j
mycvi mvB‡K¬vb m„wó nq|
 LNG Gi R¡vjvwb ¸Y CNG A‡cÿv 2.4 ¸Y †ewk|
 †nevi c×wZ‡Z A¨v‡gvwbqviƒ‡c wd‡·kb Gi Rb¨ 550C ZvcgvÎvq DËß Kiv nq|
 cÖKZ … c‡ÿ 10 gvB‡µvwgUvi ev Zvi †P‡q Kg e¨v‡mi KYv mivmwi k¦vmbvwj n‡q dzmdz ‡m Xz‡K hvq|
 c„w_ex‡Z f~c„‡ôi ZvcgvÎv 15C Gi KvQvKvwQ _v‡K
 eRªcv‡Zi mgq †h Zv‡ci m„wó nq Zvi cwigvY 27760F ev 15404.45C
 `yÕai‡Yi CFC me‡P‡q †ewk e¨eüZ nq| G¸‡jv n‡”Q- CFC-11 (CFCl3) I CFC-12 (CF2Cl2) GQvovI †dªqb -
114(CCF2-CClF2), CFC-113 (CHCl2-CF3), HCFC-141(CH3-CCl2F) I‡Rvb ¯Íi‡K ÿq K‡i _v‡K
 GwmW e„wó‡Z me ‡_‡K †ewk f~wgKv iv‡L H2SO4 (60-65) %, Zvici HNO3 (30-35) %, me‡P‡q Kg f~wgKv iv‡L HCl
 †hme †hŠ‡Mi †K›`ªxq cigvYyi AóK Ac~Y© _v‡K †m¸‡jv jyBm GwmW wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| BF3, BCl3, AlCl3 BZ¨vw` jyBm
GwmW
 cÖvK…wZK cvwbi g‡a¨ e„wói cvwb me©v‡cÿv weï× wgVvcvwb
 cvwbi ¯’vqx LiZv Bw_wjb WvBA¨vwgb †UªUv A¨vwmwUK GwmW (EDTA) Øviv wbY©q Kiv nq
 iƒcvi ˆZix AjsKvi evqyi H2S Gi mv‡_ †ewkw`b _vK‡j Kv‡jv n‡q hvq| iƒcvi Ici Kv‡jv e‡Y©i Ag2S Gi Av¯Íi‡bi m„wó
nq
 400C ZvcgvÎvq cvwb‡Z KNO3 Gi `ªve¨Zv 65 wKš‘ 50C ZvcgvÎvq KNO3 Gi `ªve¨Zv 48
01. c„w_exi Mo ZvcgvÎv KZ? 13. †KvbwU KxUbvkK?
A. 6C B. 10C A. BCF B. CHBr
C. 15C D. 20C C. CH3Br D. CBr2ClF
02. 20C ZvcgvÎvq cvwb‡Z Aw·‡R‡bi `ªve¨Zv KZ? 14. O3 ¯Í‡ii NbgvÎv 1% n«vm †c‡j f‚c„‡ô UV Gi cwigvY
A. 1.8 ppm B. 15 ppm KZUyKz †e‡o hvq?
C. 6 ppm D. 9 ppm A. 3% B. 2%
03. iwOb cøvw÷K I PVC Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ †÷wejvBRv‡i C. 5% D. 4%
†Kvb †hŠM e¨envi Kiv nq? 15. O3 ¯Íi ÿ‡qi Rb¨ `vqx bq †KvbwU?
A. Hg2+ B. Cd2+ A. NO B. N2
C. Cr 2+
D. PbO C. NO2 D. wd«-‡iwWK¨vj
04. wkí kÖwgK‡`i eªsKvBwUm Gi D”PZi nv‡ii Rb¨ `vqx †KvbwU? 16. †KvbwU AZ¨šÍ welv³ I D‡ËRbvKvix e¯‘ we‡kl K‡i †Pv‡L
A. Cd B. As D‡ËRbv m„wó K‡i?
C. Pb D. Cr A. PAN B. DDT
05. A¨v‡ivm‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU _v‡K? C. TML D. Nano Particle
A. a~wjKYv B. jeY KwYKv 17. He Gi mwÜ ZvcgvÎv KZ?
C. c‡jb D. CFC A.  268C B.  240C
06. c~evjx evqyi MwZ‡eM N›Uvq KZ? C.  147C D.  188C
A. 50 km B. 10 km 18. †jvnv KvUv I †Rvov jvMv‡bvi Kv‡R †KvbwU e¨envi Kiv nq?
C. 20 km D. 15 km A. Aw·‡Rb M¨vm B. A¨vwmwUwjb M¨vm
07. †h mg¯Í M¨vm e‡q‡ji m~Î †g‡b P‡j Zvi AšÍf©y³ bq †KvbwU? C. LP M¨vm D. CNG M¨vm
A. NH3 B. He 19. AwaKvsk M¨v‡mi AvYweK e¨vm KZ?
C. O2 D. N2 A. 1 Å B. 2 Å
08. †KvbwU †M-jymv‡Ki Pv‡ci m~Î? C. 5 Å D. 3 Å
A. P1V1 = P2V2 B. P1T1 = P2T2 20. wb‡Pi †KvbwUi welwµqvq cÖ‡÷U K¨vÝvi I Aw÷I‡cv‡iwmm
P P V V nq?
C. 1  2 D. 1  2
T1 T2 T1 T2 A. Cd B. Cr
09. M¨v‡mi AvqZb cwigvc Kiv hvqbv †Kvb ZvcgvÎvi wb‡P? C. As D. Pb
21. Kÿ ZvcgvÎv ej‡Z †KvbwU‡K †evSvq?
A. - 273C B. - 260C
A. 0C ZvcgvÎv B. 25C ZvcgvÎv
C. 0C D. -260 K
10. M‡o GKRb gvby‡li †`‡ni Pwe©‡Z KZ ppm DDT cÖ‡ek C. 273C ZvcgvÎv D. 298C ZvcgvÎv
NU‡Z †`Lv hvq? 22. mvB‡K¬vb ˆZix n‡Z mvM‡ii cvwbi ZvcgvÎv KZ nIqv jv‡M?
A. (0.1 - 0.3) ppm B. (10-20) ppm A. < 27C B. > 27C
C. 20-30 ppm D. (0.1 - 20) ppm C. 80C D. > 80C
11. †KvbwU Dfag©x c`v‡_©i D`vniY?
A. Al(OH)3 B. PbO 23. cÖgvY ZvcgvÎv I Pv‡c mKj M¨v‡mi †gvjvi AvqZb KZ?
C. KOH D. NH3 A. 22400 L B. 22.4 L
C. 2.24 L D. 224 L
12. wd«qb-12 Gi ms‡KZ †KvbwU? 24. †gvj msL¨vi mgxKiY wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
A. CFCl3 B. CF2Cl2 W n
A. n  B. M 
C. CClF2CClF2 D. CFCl2 m W
 W C. Av‡jvK ag© cÖ`k©b K‡i
C. n  D. n = RT
M D. ZvcgvÎv ms‡e`K wnmv‡e KvR K‡i
25. †nevi c×wZ‡Z NH3 ˆZixi Pvc KZ? 35. GKwU ev¯Íe M¨vm cÖvq Av`k© M¨v‡mi gZ AvPiY Ki‡e -
A. 100 atm B. 1.7 atm A. wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq I wb¤œ Pv‡c
C. 200 atm D. 250 atm B. wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq I D”P Pv‡c
26. CFC M¨v‡mi Zzjbvg~jK MÖxb nvDR cÖfve KZ? C. D”P ZvcgvÎvq I wb¤œ Pv‡c
A. 270 ¸Y B. 10,000 ¸Y D. D”P ZvcgvÎvq I D”P Pv‡c
C. 10 ¸Y D. 23 ¸Y 36. evwn¨K Pv‡ci cÖfv‡e †Kvb miæ wQ`ª w`‡q †Kvb M¨v‡mi
27. Òhviv GK‡Rvov B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i Zviv GwmWÓ GwU †Kvb m‡Rv‡i wbM©gb‡K ejv nq -
gZev‡`i AšÍf©y³? A. ev®úvqb B. e¨vcb
A. Avi‡nwbqvm gZev` B. eªb‡÷W gZev` C. wbtmiY D. Am‡gvwmm
C. jvDwi gZev` D. jyBm gZev` 37. KZ ZvcgvÎvq evqy Zij nq?
28. KwVb cøvw÷K †dvg, †iwd«Rv‡iUi cÖf…wZ‡Z e¨eüZ nq †KvbwU? A.  184C B.  269C
A. wd«qb-11 B. wd«qb-12 C. 271C D.  196.8C
C. wd«qb-21 D. wd«qb-114 38. bvB‡UªU mv‡ii g‡a¨ †KvbwU m‡e©vËg mvi?
29. wb‡Pi †Kvb M¨vmwU eY©nxb, A¤øMÜhy³ Ges k¦vmKó ˆZix K‡i? A. NaNO3 B. Ca(NO3)2
A. NO B. SO3 C. CaCO3.NH4NO3 D. NH4NO3
C. CO2 D. CO 39. cwi‡ek webóKvix MÖxb nvDm cÖfv‡ei R‡b¨ †Kvb M¨vm `vqx?
30. LP M¨v‡m KZUzKz weD‡Ub _v‡K? A. CO2 B. CFC
A. 25% B. 75% C. bvBUªvm A·vBW D. me¸‡jv
C. 95-99% D. 20% 40. MÖxb nvDR M¨v‡m CFC Gi kZKiv cwigvY KZ?
31. wbDwK¬qvi cvIqvi †÷k‡b R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c †KvbwU e¨eüZ Kiv nq? A. 16% B. 6%
A. UF6 B. 239U C. 13% D. 14%
C. 235U D. 235Pu Answer
32. 1 J = KZ erg? 1 C 11 B 21 B 31 C
A. 10-7 B. 107 2 D 12 B 22 B 32 B
10
C. 10 D. 10-10 3 B 13 C 23 B 33 A
33. wb‡¤œi †Kvb M¨vmwU Av`k© M¨v‡mi ag© †_‡K me‡P‡q †ekx wePz¨Z? 4 D 14 B 24 C 34 B
A. HCl B. He 5 D 15 B 25 C 35 C
C. CH4 D. N2 6 C 16 A 26 B 36 C
7 A 17 A 27 D 37 B
8 C 18 B 28 B 38 C
34. Zij ùwUK m¤ú‡K© wb‡¤œi †KvbwU mwVK bq? 9 B 19 B 29 B 39 D
A. ˆRe †hŠM 10 B 20 A 30 B 40 D
B. AvYweK MV‡bi `yB cÖv‡šÍ †cvjvi MÖæc _v‡K
 Key Words :
 ‰Re imvqb : Kve©b wkKj Øviv MwVZ wewfbœ †kÖwYi †hŠ‡Mi imvqb‡K ˆRe imvqb ev AM©vwbK †Kwgw÷ª e‡j|
 mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwY : GKB Kvh©Kixg~jK wewkó Ges GKB ai‡bi ag©wewkó ˆRe †hŠMmg~n‡K GK‡Î mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwY ejv nq,
mg‡MvÎxq †hŠ‡Mi †ÿ‡Î cvkvcvwk `ywU AYyi g‡a¨ GKwU  CH2  g~j‡Ki cv_©K¨ _v‡K Ges G‡`i mvaviY ms‡KZ GKB nq|
 Kvh©Kix g~jK : †h mKj cigvYy ev cigvYy¸”Q ev g~jK †Kvb ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z we`¨gvb †_‡K H †hŠ‡Mi †fŠZ I
ivmvqwbK ag©vejx Kvh©Z ivmvqwbK wewµqv wba©viY K‡i Zv‡`i‡K Kvh©Kix g~jK e‡j|
 mgvYyZv : GKB AvYweK ms‡KZ wewkó wKš‘ wewfbœ †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK ag© m¤úbœ †hŠMmg~n‡K ci¯ú‡ii mgvYy e‡j Ges G
welqwU‡K mgvYyZv ejv nq|
 AcÖwZmg Kve©b : †h Kve©b †K‡›`ªi mv‡_ PviwU wfbœ cÖwZ¯’vcK hy³ _v‡K †mB Kve©b †K›`ª‡K KvBivj Kve©b e‡j|
 GbvbwmIgvi : †h mKj wÎgvwÎK mgvYy ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z Ges hv‡`i `c©Y cÖwZwe¤^ ci¯ú‡ii Dci A-Dcwi¯’vcbxq
Zv‡`i‡K GbvbwmIgvi ejv nq|
 †iwmwgK wgkÖY : GbvbwmIgvi Gi mg‡gvjvi wgkÖY‡K †iwmwgK wgkÖY ejv nq|
 hyZ wewµqv : †h wewµqvi wewµqK AYy¸wj ci¯úi hy³ n‡q hvq Ges AYy `ywU †Kvb As‡kB Avjv`v nq bv| Zv‡K hyZ wewµqv e‡j|
 AcmviY wewµqv : †h wewµqvi gva¨‡g GKwU wewµqK AYy n‡Z `ywU cigvYy ev g~jK AcmvwiZ n‡q GKwU bZzb  e܇bi
m„wó nq Zv‡K AcmviY wewµqv e‡j|
 gvK©wbKf wbqg : AcÖwZmg A¨vjwK‡bi m‡½ AcÖwZmg weKvi‡Ki hZ wewµqvq weKvi‡Ki FYvZ¥K AskwU wØ-eÜb Øviv hy³ Kve©b
cigvYy `ywUi g‡a¨ †mB Kve©b cigvYyi m‡½ cÖavbZ hy³ nq, †hwU‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi msL¨v A‡cÿvK…Z Kg _v‡K|
 m¨vÛ‡gqvi wewµqv : Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY n‡Z †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb ev †eªv‡gv‡ebwRb cÖ¯‘wZ Kivi cÖwµqv‡K m¨vÛ‡gqvi wewµqv e‡j|
 A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM : †ebwRb, †ebwRb RvZK I we‡kl ai‡bi Am¤ú„³Zv wewkó PµvKvi mgag©x ˆRe †hŠMmg~n‡K
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM ejv nq|
 cwjgvi : A¨vjwKb I cÖwZ¯’vwcZ A¨vjwK‡bi AmsL¨ †QvU AYy ev g‡bvgvi †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq ZvcgvÎv, Pvc I cÖfve‡Ki
Dcw¯’wZ‡Z m„ó `xN© Kve©b wkKjhy³ g¨v‡µvAYy‡K cwjgvi e‡j|
 cøvw÷wmwU : cøvw÷K c‡Y¨i ag©| cøvw÷K RvZxq c`v‡_©i Dci ej cÖ ‡qvM Ki‡j AvKv‡ii weK…wZ N‡U Avevi e‡ji AcmviY
NUv‡j cybivq c~‡e©i Ae¯’vq wd‡i Av‡m|
| |
 MøvB‡KvmvBW eÜb : Møy‡KvR AYymg~‡ni g‡a¨ Nbxfeb wewµqvKv‡j m„ó (  C O  C ) eÜb‡K MøvB‡KvmvBW eÜb e‡j|
| |

 †ccUvBW eÜb : A¨vwg‡bv GwmWmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Nbxfeb wewµqvq m„ó (  CO  NH  ) eÜb‡K †ccUvBW eÜb e‡j|
 ˆRe ‡hŠM
 ˆRe †hŠM : nvB‡WªvKve©b I G‡`i †_‡K D™¢‚Z †hŠMmg~n‡K ˆRe †hŠM ejv nq| †hgb : wg_vbj, diwgK GwmW cÖf… wZ|
 G ch©šÍ Avwe®‹…Z ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi msL¨v 80 j‡ÿiI AwaK|
 ˆRe †hŠM MV‡b C, H2, O2, N2, S, P, X (n¨v‡jv‡Rb) cigvYy AskMÖnY K‡i|

 ˆRe imvq‡bi BwZnvm :

welq weÁvbxi bvg †`k

imvq‡bi RbK j¨vfqwm‡q d«vÝ

AvaywbK imvq‡bi RbK Rb Wvëb weª‡Ub

ˆRe imvq‡bi RbK wd«WwiL DBjvi Rvg©vwb

AvaywbK ˆRe imvq‡bi RbK wd«WwiL DBjvi Rvg©vwb

†÷wiI imvq‡bi RbK †R GBP f¨v›U-nd cZ©yMxR

ˆRe †hŠM bv‡gi cÖeZ©K ev‡R©wjqvm (1807) myB‡Wb

A‰Re †hŠM bv‡gi cÖeZ©K ev‡R©wjqvm (1807) myB‡Wb

cÖvYkw³ gZev‡`i RbK ev‡R©wjqvm myB‡Wb

†ebwR‡bi lof‚R KvVv‡gv AMv÷v †KKzj Rvg©vwb

A¨vwmwUK GwmW ms‡kølY †Kv‡e (1845) Rvg©vwb

BDwiqv ms‡kølY wd«WwiL DBjvi Rvg©vwb

g~Î †_‡K BDwiqv c„_K ivDwj d«vÝ

 ˆRe †hŠM c„_KxKiY :

ˆRe †hŠM c„_KxKiY

†jey n‡Z mvBwUªK GwmW

AviMj/‡ZZzj n‡Z UviUvwiK GwmW

`wa n‡Z j¨vKwUK GwmW

Mj exwP n‡Z M¨vwjK GwmW

Bÿz n‡Z A·vwjK GwmW

 ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi msL¨vwaK¨ ev cÖvPz‡h©i KviY: 3wU [Kexi m¨vi - 5wU]
1. Kve©b civgvbyi K¨v‡U‡bkb
2. ‰Re †hŠ‡Mi mgvbyZv ag©
3. ‰Re †hŠ‡Mi cwjgvi ag©
4. eÜb cÖK…wZ
Kexi m¨vi
5. msKiY

 dzjvwibm& :
 K¨v‡U‡bk‡bi GKwU we‡kl D`vniY n‡jv dzjvwibm|
 dzjvwibm, MÖvdvBU I WvqgÛ ev nxiK n‡”Q Kve©‡bi iƒc‡f`|
 G iƒc‡f`mg~‡ni AYy‡Z 30-70 wU Kve©b cigvYy mg†hvRx e܇b Ave× _v‡K|
 G iƒc‡f‡`i †hgb C32 , C50 , C60 , C70 Gi bvgKiY nj dzjwibm|
 C60 †K eyKwgb÷vi dzjvwib ev ÒevwK ejÓ e‡j Ges MVb Òf~‡MvjK AvK…wZi M¤^yRÓ Gi g‡Zv|
 C60 Gi AvYweK fi 720 Ges G‡Z sp 2 msKiY we`¨gvb|

 Kve©‡bi K¨v‡U‡bk‡bi mdjZvi g~j KviY t Kve©‡bi K¨v‡U‡bk‡bi mdjZvi g~j KviY nj Kve©b-Kve©b (C  C) eÜb kw³i DPz
gvb| Avevi (C  C) eÜb kw³ GZ †ewk nIqvi KviY n‡jv -
1. Kve©‡bi †gvUvgywU B‡jKUªb Avmw³|
2. Kve©‡bi Zwor FYvZ¥KZvi gvb 2.5 hv ch©v‡qi cÖ_g †gŠj Li I †kl †gŠj F Gi Zwor FYvZ¥KZvi Mo gv‡bi mgvb|
3. me‡P‡q Kvh©Kix kZ© n‡jv Kve©‡bi ÿz`ª cvigvYweK e¨vmva© Ges 2q kw³¯Í‡i †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb|

 ˆRe †hŠM I A‰Re †hŠ‡Mi cv_©K¨ :

ˆewkó¨ ˆRe †hŠM A‰Re †hŠM
Kve©b Ges nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Øviv MwVZ †hŠM Ges Zv‡`i †h‡Kv‡bv `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK cigvYy Øviv MwVZ †hŠM‡K
1. msÁv
RvZKmg~n‡K ˆRe †hŠM ejv nq A‰Re †hŠM e‡j
2. eÜb ‰Re †hŠM¸‡jv mg‡hvRx eÜb Øviv MwVZ mg‡hvRx, AvqwbK, mwbœ‡ek, avZe cÖf…wZ eÜb Øviv MwVZ
wb¤œ Mjbv¼ I wb¤œ ùzUbv¼ wewkó nq; mvaviYZ D”P Mjbv¼ I ùzUbv¼ wewkó nq; AvqwbK A‰Re
3. Mjbv¼ I
350C Gi wb‡P| †hgb, †ebRwqK Gwm‡Wi Mjbv¼ †hŠ‡Mi Mjbv¼ 700C Gi D‡aŸ©| †hgb, NaCl Gi
ùzUbv¼
121C; wg_vb‡ji ùzUbv¼ 65C Mjbv¼ 801C
cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq, wKš‘ ˆRe `ªveK †hgb, B_vi I ‡cvjvi `ªve‡K `ªexf‚Z nq wKš‘ A‡cvjvi `ªve‡K nq bv
4. `ªve¨Zv †ebwR‡b `ªeYxq| Z‡e nvBWªw·j g~jK hy³ †hŠM (wPwb,
A¨vj‡Kvnj) cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq
5. mgvYyZv mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i bv
6. wewµqv ‰Re wewµqvi †KŠkj RwUj I gš’i MwZi nq| A‰Re wewµqvi †KŠkj AvqwbK cÖK…wZi I `ªæZMwZm¤úbœ nq
7. msL¨v ‰Re †hŠ‡Mi msL¨v 80 j‡ÿi Dci A‰Re †hŠ‡Mi msL¨v cÖvq 1 jÿ
8. `nb `vn¨ c`v_©, mn‡R R¡‡j, †Kvb Ae‡kl _v‡K bv mvaviYZ A`vn¨| hw` R¡‡j, Z‡e Ae‡kl _v‡K
9. Zwor- Zwor-Acwievnx Zwor-cwievnx
cwievwnZv
 ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi †kÖYxwefvM :

ˆRe †hŠM

gy³ wkKj/A¨vwj‡dwUK e× wkKj/ejqvKvi

mij wkKj †hŠM kvLvwqZ wkKj †hŠM Kv‡e©vmvBwK¬K/‡nv‡gvmvBwK¬K ‡nUv‡ivmvBwK¬K

m¤ú„³ Am¤ú„³ A¨vwjmvBwK¬K A¨v‡iv‡gwUK

H3C-CH3 mvB‡K¬vweD‡Ub ‡ebwRb,
wØeÜbhy³ wÎeÜbhy³ mvB‡K¬v‡n‡·b b¨vd_vwjb,
H2C=CH2 H-CC-H mvB‡K¬v‡cÖv‡cb †dbj, UjyBb
Bw_b A¨vwmwUwjb mvB‡K¬v‡c‡›Ub †eb‡RvwqK GwmW

†nUv‡iv A¨vwjmvBwK¬K †nUv‡iv A¨v‡iv‡gwUK

Bw_wjb A·vBW wcwiwWb, wdDivb
_v‡qvwdb
cvB‡ivj

†ebwRb RvZ †ebwRb Pµwenxb

[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]

 wb‡Pi †KvbwU †nUv‡ivmvBwK¬K †hŠM? (†g.f.c. 07-08)

A. mvB‡K¬v‡cÖv‡cb B. UjyBb C. wcwiwWb D. †cÖv‡cb Ans : C
 wb‡Pi †KvbwU A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠM?
A. Bw_wjb A·vBW B. A¨vwbwjb C. UjyBb D. ‡dbj Ans : A

 NH 4 CNO   H 2 N  CO  NH 2 , G DÏxcK wewµqvwU †Kvb ai‡bi wewµqv?
A. ms‡hvRb B. mgvYyKiY C. AcmviY D. cÖwZ¯’vcb Ans : B
 K¨v‡U‡bkb ag© cÖ`k©b K‡i †Kvb †gŠjwU?
A. ‡K¬vwib B. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb C. Kve©b D. Aw·‡Rb Ans : C
 ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi eÜb cÖK…wZ I msKiY
 mg‡hvRx eÜb e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ 2wU ZË¡ :
1. mg‡hvRx e܇bi B‡jKUªbxq ZË¡ (weÁvbx jyBm)
2. AvaywbK AiweUvj AwaµgY ZË¡ (weÁvbx cwjs)

 AvYweK AiweUvj MV‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ© :

1. Dfq cigvYyi AiweUvj Aek¨B Aa©c~Y© n‡Z nq|
2. ms‡hvMKvix Dfq AiweUv‡ji kw³ Abyiyc n‡Z nq|
3. Dfq AiweUv‡ji Kvh©Ki Awaµg‡bi Rb¨ Dfq AiweUv‡ji Aÿ eivei Awaµgb NU‡Z n‡e|
4. eÜb AiweUv‡ji B‡j±ª‡bi NyY©b wecixZgyLx n‡Z n‡e|

 mg‡hvRx e܇bi cÖKvi‡f` :

 B‡jKUªb †kqv‡ii Dci wfwË K‡i : 3 cÖKvi - 1. GKK eÜb, 2. wØeÜb I 3. wÎeÜb
 B‡jKUªb Awaµg‡Yi Dci wfwË K‡i : 2 cÖKvi - 1. wmMgv () eÜb, 2. cvB () eÜb

 wmMgv eÜb I cvB e܇bi cv_©K¨ :

Av‡jvP¨ welq wmMgv eÜb cvB eÜb
mg‡hvRx eÜb m„wói mgq hLb `ywU cigvYyi `ywU cigvYyi g‡a¨ GKwU wmM&gv eÜb MV‡bi ci
†hvR¨Zv ¯Í‡ii `ywU AiweUv‡ji ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ Dfq cigvYyi cÖ‡Z¨KwU n‡Z GKwU K‡i `ywU
1. msÁv
mvgbvmvgwb AwaµgY N‡U, ZLb Drcbœ eÜb‡K mgvšÍivj p AiweUv‡ji cvk¦© Awaµg‡Yi d‡j m„ó
wmMgv () eÜb ejv nq| eÜb‡K cvB () eÜb ejv nq|
`ywU s  s, s  p I p  p AiweUv‡ji `yBwU AiweUv‡ji g‡a¨ cvkvcvwk AwaµgY N‡U|
2. AwaµgY
Awaµg‡Yi d‡j  -e܇bi m„wó nq| d‡j -eÜb  -e܇bi †P‡q `~ej© |
msKi A_ev weï× AiweUvj Dfq †ÿ‡Î  -eÜb s I msKi AiweUv‡j  -eÜb MwVZ nq bv|
3. eÜb MVb
MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i|
4. we¯Ívi Awaµg‡Yi we¯Ívi A‡cÿvK…Z †ewk Awaµg‡Yi we¯Ívi A‡cÿvK…Z Kg
5. N~Y©b  -e܇b AskMÖnYKvix cigvYy¸‡jvi gy³ N~Y©b m¤¢e|  -e܇b AskMÖnYKvix cigvYy¸‡jvi gy³ N~Y©b m¤¢e bq|
 -eÜb Ab¨ mg‡hvRx e܇bi Zzjbvq  -eÜb Ab¨ mg‡hvRx e܇bi Zzjbvq
6. mwµqZv
A‡cÿvK…Zfv‡e Kg mwµq nq| A‡cÿvK…Zfv‡e ‡ekx mwµq nq|
7. we¯Í…wZ ‡Kv‡bv we‡kl wbw`©ó A‡j wbw`©ó _v‡K  B‡jKUªb¸‡jv memgq MwZkxj nq|
8. R¨vwgwZK MVb -e܇bi msL¨v Øviv wbqwš¿Z  eÜb f‚wgKv iv‡L bv
9. Aw¯ÍZ¡ wbR¯^ Aw¯ÍZ¡ we`¨gvb Aw¯ÍZ¡ _v‡K bv

we.`ª. : wmMgv eÜb I cvB eÜb Df‡qB g~jZ mg‡hvRx eÜb|

 B‡_b, Bw_b I B_vBb AYy‡Z C Gi msKixKiY I wewfbœ ˆewkó¨ :

 C cigvYyi msKi AiweUv‡j
†hŠ‡Mi bvg eÜb †KvY eÜb `~iZ¡ (nm) R¨vwgwZK MVb
msKixKiY % s ˆewkó¨
sp3 : 4wU msKi C  C = 0.154 nm
B‡_b (H3C  CH3) 25% s-ˆewkó¨ 109.5 PZz¯ÍjKxq
AiweUvj C  H = 0.110 nm
sp2 : 3wU msKi C = C = 0.134 nm mgZjxq
Bw_b (H2C = CH2) 33.3% s-ˆewkó¨ 120
AiweUvj C  H = 0.109 nm UªvB‡Mvbvj

sp : 2wU msKi C  C = 0.120 nm

B_vBb (HC  CH) 50% s-ˆewkó¨ 180 mij‰iwLK
AiweUvj C  H = 0.106 nm

mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwY
 mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwYi ˆewkó¨ :
1. GKwU mvaviY ms‡KZ Øviv cÖKvk Kiv hvq|
2. GKwU wbw`©ó Kvh©Kix g~jK _v‡K|
3. cici `ywU †hŠ‡Mi AvbweK ms‡K‡Z ïay (– CH2 –) wgw_wjb g~j‡Ki cv_©K¨ _v‡K|
4. GKB ai‡bi ivmvqwbK ag© †`Lv hvq| AvbweK fi e„w×i mv‡_ G‡`i ivmvqwbK mwµqZv wKQzUv n«vm cvq|
5. AvbweK fi e„w×i mv‡_ †fŠZ ag© we‡kl K‡i ùzUbv¼, Mjbv¼ Ges NbZ¡ e„w× †c‡jI `ªve¨Zv n«vm cvq| †hgb-
wg_vb‡ji ùzUbv¼ 65C I B_vb‡ji 78.3C|
6. GKB mvaviY c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
7. MvVwbK ms‡KZ mv`„k¨c~Y©|
8. cÖ‡Z¨KwU m`m¨ Awfbœ †gŠj Øviv MwVZ| [nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]

 K‡qKwU mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwY I Zv‡`i ms‡KZ :

mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwY mvaviY ms‡KZ
A¨vj‡Kb CnH2n+2
A¨vjwKb CnH2n
A¨vjKvBb CnH2n-2
A¨vj‡Kvnj CnH2n+1OH
A¨vjwWnvBW CnH2n+1CHO
Kve©w·wjK GwmW CnH2n+1COOH
A¨vwgb CnH2n+1NH2
wK‡Uvb C=O

Kvh©Kix g~jK/wµqv`k©x g~jK/†kÖwY wb‡`©kK

  A¨vj‡Kb Qvov mKj †kÖYxi ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi GKwU Kvh©Kix g~jK _v‡K|
 GKK eÜbhy³ Kvh©Kix g~j‡K cÖwZ¯’vcb I AcmviY wewµqv N‡U| †hgb A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji  O  H g~j‡K|
 wØeÜb I wÎeÜbhy³ Kvh©Kix g~j‡K ms‡hvRb wewµqv N‡U| †hgb, C = C eÜb I C  C e܇b|
O
||
 GKK I wØeÜb DfqB Kvh©Kix g~j‡K _vK‡j G‡Z cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv N‡U| †hgb,  C  O  H g~j‡K|

 wewfbœ mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwYi Kvh©Kix g~jK :

Kvh©Kix g~j‡Ki
mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwY
bvg ms‡KZ
1. A¨vjwKb A¨vjwKb g~jK (wØeÜb) >C=C<
2. A¨vjKvBb A¨vjKvBb g~jK (wÎeÜb) –CC–
3. A¨vj‡Kvnj A¨vj‡Kvnjxq nvBWªw·j g~jK – OH
4. A¨vjwWnvBW A¨vjwWnvBW g~jK – CHO
5. wK‡Uvb wK‡Uvbxq g~jK – CO –
6. Kve©w·wjK GwmW Kve©w·j g~jK – COOH
| |
 C O  C
7. B_vi B_vi g~jK | |

8. A¨vwgb A¨vwg‡bv g~jK – NH2

9. mvqvbvBW/bvBUªvBj mvqv‡bv g~jK – CN
10. mvj‡dvwbK GwmW mvj‡dvwbK GwmW g~jK – SO3H
11. G÷vi G÷vi g~jK – COOR
12. GwmW A¨vgvBW A¨vwg‡Wv g~jK – CONH2
13. GwmW A¨vbnvBWªvBW A¨vbnvBWªvBW g~jK – CO – O – CO –
14. GwmW n¨vjvBW GwmW n¨vjvBW g~jK – COX
15. †dbj ‡dbjxq nvBWªw·j g~jK – OH
16. _v‡qv‡hŠM _vqj R – SH
17. A¨vjK·vBW –O–R
O
18. B‡cv·vBW –C – C–
19. GwmW †K¬vivBW ROCl
20. AvB‡mv mvqvbvBW –N=C
 21. AvB‡mv _v‡qvmvqv‡bU – NCS
22. A¨vjKvBj Avwgb R – NH2
23. cÖwZ¯’vwcZ A¨vgvBW CONHR
24. Kve©bvBj >C=O
25. n¨v‡jv‡Rb – CX
26. AvjKvBj n¨vjvBW RX
27. bvB‡Uªv †hŠM R – NO2
28. bvB‡Uªv‡mv †hŠM NO
29. †dbj AR – OH
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]

 Kvh©Kix g~jKmg~‡ni AMÖMY¨ µg :

AMÖMY¨ wb‡`©kK Zxi wPý mg‡hvÎxq †kÖwYi bvg Kvh©Kix g~jK Prefix, bv‡gi c~e© c` Suffix, bv‡gi ci c`
1. Kve©w·wjK GwmW  COOH Kve©w·  IwqK GwmW
2. mvj‡dvwbK GwmW  SO3H mvj‡dv  mvj‡dvwbK GwmW
3. G÷vi  COOR A¨vjKw· Kve©wbj  A‡qU
4. GwmW n¨vjvBW  COX n¨v‡jvdiwgj  Iwqj n¨vjvBW
5. GwmW A¨vgvBW  CONH2 A¨vwg‡Wv  A¨vgvBW
6. bvBUªvBj ev mvqvbvBW  CN mvqv‡bv  bvBUªvBj
7. A¨vjwWnvBW  CHO A¨vjKv‡bvwqj  A¨vj
8. wK‡Uvb  CO  A‡·v  Ib
9. A¨vj‡Kvnj  OH nvBWªw·  Aj
10. _v‡qvj  SH gviK¨vc‡Uv  _v‡qvj
11. A¨vwgb  NH2 A¨vwgb‡bv  A¨vwgb
12. A¨vjwKb C=C A¨vjwKb  Bb
| |
13. A¨vjKvBb  C  C A¨vjKvBb  AvBb
| |

| |
14. A¨vj‡Kb  C C  A¨vj‡Kb  Gb
| |

15. bvB‡Uªv g~jK  NO2 bvB‡Uªv

16. A¨vjKvBj g~jK R A¨vjKvBj
 ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi bvgKiY

 mvaviYZ ˆRe †hŠM‡K 3wU c×wZ‡Z bvgKiY Kiv hvq|

1. mvaviY ev cÖPwjZ (Trivial) c×wZ
2. D™¢‚Z ev RvZK (Derived) c×wZ
3. AvšÍRv© wZK ev †R‡bfv ev IUPAC (BDc¨vK) c×wZ

 bvgKi‡Yi wbqg :
1. cÖavb †PBb wbw`©ó Kiv|
2. cÖavb †PB‡bi GK cvk¦© †_‡K Kve©b cigvYymg~n‡K 1, 2, 3, 4 cÖfw… Z msL¨v Øviv Ggbfv‡e msL¨vwqZ Kiv nq hv‡Z Kvh©Kix
g~jKwU b~¨bZg msL¨v jvf K‡i|
3. Kve©b cigvYyi msL¨vbyhvqx cÖavb †PBbwUi bvg Kiv nq| cÖavb †PBbwUi bv‡gi 2wU Ask Av‡Q| Kve©b cigvYyi msL¨vbymv‡i
cÖ_g bv‡gi Ask Ges Kvh©Kix g~jK Abymv‡i wØZxq Ask-
i. nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi bvg = Kve©b msL¨vbymv‡i bv‡gi cÖ_g Ask + Gb (A¨vj‡Kb)
+ Bb (A¨vjwKb)
+ AvBb (A¨vjKvBb)
ii. nvB‡WªvKve©b RvZ‡Ki bvg = Kve©b msL¨vbymv‡i bv‡gi cÖ_g Ask + Aj (A¨vj‡Kvnj)
+ A¨vj (A¨vjwWnvBW)
+ Ib (wK‡Uvb)
+ AwqK GwmW (Kve©w·wjK GwmW)
4. Kve©b wkK‡j GKvwaK Kvh©Kix g~iK Dcw¯’Z _vK‡j AMÖvwaKvi ZvwjKvbymv‡i GKwU g~jK‡K cÖavb we‡ePbv K‡i Zvi Ae¯’ vb
wb¤œZg msL¨v Øviv cÖKvk Ki‡Z nq| Acig~jK ev g~jK¸‡jv‡K cÖwZ¯’ vcKiƒ‡c wjLv nq|

 KwZcq ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi bvg I MvVwbK ms‡KZ :

bvg MvVwbK ms‡KZ
H 3C  CH 2  C H  CH 2  CH 2  CH 3
1. 3-wg_vBj‡n‡·b |
C H3
H 3C  C H  C H  CH 2  CH 3
2. 3-B_vBj-2-wg_vBj‡c‡›Ub | |
C H3 C2 H5
3. 2-‡cbwUb ev †cbwUb-2 H3C  CH = CH2  CH3
H 3C  CH 2  CH 2  C  CH 2
|

4. 2-B_vBj-1-‡cbwUb C H2
|
CH3
5. 1-weDUvBb ev weDUvBb-1 HC  C  CH2  CH4
 C H3
|
6. 3-wg_vBj-2-weDUvbj H 3C  C H  C H  CH 3
|
OH
H 3C  C H  CHO
7. 2-wg_vBj cÖcvb¨vj |
C H3
O
||
8. 2-wg_vBj-‡c›Uv‡bvb-3 H 3C  C H  C  CH 2  CH 3
|
C H3
H 3C  C H  CH 2  COOH
9. 3-wg_vBjweDUvbwqK GwmW |
C H3
H 3C  C H  CH 3
10. 2-A¨vwg‡bvcÖ‡cb |
N H2
11. 2,2-WvB‡K¬v‡ivB_vbj-1 Cl2.CHCH2OH
H 3C  C H  CH 2  CH 2  COOH
12. 4-nvBWªw· †c›UvbwqK GwmW-1 |
OH

 Home practice
A. ‡hŠ‡Mi MvVwbK ms‡KZ †_‡K bvgKiY Ki
6. H3C  C H  COOH
1. CH3  CH2  C = CH2 |
C H3
CH3
| O
2. CH 3  C H  C  C  C CH 3 ||
| | 7. H 3C  C  Cl
CH3 CH3
CH3
|
3. CH 3  C OH 8. CH2 = CH  CHO
|

CH3
4. H3C  C H  CH 2  OH
|
9. CH2 = CH  COOH
C H3
5. H3C  C H  CH 2  CHO
|
10. HOOCCH2CH2CH2CH2COOH
C H3
B. MvVwbK ms‡KZ wbY©q Ki
1. 2,3-WvBwg_vBj-1-‡K¬v‡ivweDwUb-2 8. 2-bvB‡UªvweDUvWvBBb-1, 3
2. 5-Av‡qv‡Wv-3, 3-WvBwg_vBj †n·vbj-2 9. 2-wg_vBj-3-A¨vwg‡bv‡c›Uvbj-2
3. 3-B_vBj‡n·vBb-1 10. Uviwmqvwi weDUvBj AvB‡mvcÖcvBj B_vi
4. 3-wg_vBjweDUv‡bvb-2 11. 4-wg_vBj-3-mvqv‡bv‡c›Uvb¨vj
5. 2-‡eªv‡gv-2-wg_vBj weDUvbwqK GwmW 12. cÖ‡cb-1, 2, 3-UªvBAj
6. wbI †c‡›Ub 13. B_vBj wg_vBj Kvwe©bj
7. 2-‡K¬v‡iv-4-A¨vwg‡bv †cw›Ub-1 14. 3-nvBWªw·-2-wg_vBj cÖcvbwqK GwmW

 ‰Re Gwm‡Wi Drm:

GwmW AYyi ms‡KZ bvg Drm
H - COOH diwgK GwmW G GwmWwU wcucovq/wfgiæ‡j cvIqv hvq| wcucovi j¨vwUb bvg ÔdiwgKÕ|
CH3-COOH A¨vwmwUK GwmW G GwmWwU wf‡bMv‡ii GKwU Dcv`vb| wf‡bMvi Gi j¨vwUb bvg ÔGwmUvgÕ|
CH3-CH2-COOH †cÖvcv‡qvwbK GwmW cÖ_g Avwe®‹…Z GKwU Pwe©‡Z GUv cvIqv hvq| j¨vwUb fvlvq cÖ_g Pwe© gv‡b ÔcÖcv‡qvbvmÕ
CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH weDUvwiK GwmW gvL‡b G GwmW _v‡K| gvL‡bi j¨vwUb cÖwZkã ÔweDUvBivgÕ|

 wb‡Pi †KvbwUi Kvh©Kix g~jK mwVK? (†g.f.c. : 18-19)

A. wK‡Uvb  CO  B. G÷vi  COOH
C. ‰Re GwmW  COOR D. A¨vj‡Kb bvBUªvBj  CONH2 Ans : A
 A¨vgvB‡Wi Kvh©Kix g~jK †KvbwU? (†g.f.c. :09-10)
A.  CN B.  CONH2 C. ( CO2)O D.  CO  Ans : B
 Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi Kvh©Kix g~jK †KvbwU? (†g.f.c. :07-08)
A.  CN B.  CONH2 C.  COOH D.  CO  Ans : C
 ˆRe †hŠM ˆZix‡Z wb‡¤œi †Kvb †gŠwjK c`v_© jv‡M bv? (†g.f.c. : 05-06)
A. Kve©b B. mvjdvi C. dmdivm D. ‡K¬vwib Ans : D

 wb‡Pi †hŠM¸‡jv‡Z Kve©b-Kve©b eÜb ˆ`‡N©¨i e„w×i µg †KvbwU mwVK?

C2H4 (X), C2H2(Y), C2H6(Z)
A. X < Y < Z B. Y < Z < X C. X < Z < Y D. Y < X < Z Ans : D
 ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi AYymg~n †Kvb ai‡bi eÜb Øviv MwVZ?
A. AvqwbK eÜb B. mg‡hvRx eÜb C. avZe eÜb D. f¨vbWviIqvjm ej Ans : B
 CH3CH2CH(Cl)CHO †hŠMwUi IUPAC c×wZ‡Z bvg Kx?
A. 2-‡K¬v‡iv-weDUvb¨vj B. 3-‡K¬v‡iv-weDUvb¨vj C. 2-‡K¬v‡iv-weDUvb¨vj D. 3-‡K¬v‡iv-weDUvbj Ans : A
 H2C = C (CH3)CH2OH; †hŠMwUi IUPAC bvg Kx?
A. 2-wg_vBj-2-‡cÖvwcb-1-Aj B. A¨vjvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj
C. wg_vBj wfbvBj †cÖvcvbj D. 2-wg_vBj-1-‡cÖvwcb-3-Aj Ans : A
 wb‡Pi †KvbwU GKB mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwYi m`m¨?
A. B‡_b, wg‡_b, †cÖvwcb B. Bw_b, †cÖvwcb, weD‡Ub
C. B‡_b, †cÖvwcb, weD‡Ub D. 1-‡nw·b, 2-‡nw·b, 3-‡nw·b Ans : C
 A¨vjwK‡bi mvaviY ms‡KZ †KvbwU?
A. CnH2n+2 B. CnH2n+1 C. CnH2n D. CnH2n2 Ans : C
 wb‡Pi g~jKmg~‡ni g‡a¨ AMÖMY¨ g~jK †KvbwU?
A.  NH2 B.  CHO C.  COOH D.  CO  Ans : C

mgvYyZv

ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi mgvYyZv

MvVwbK/KvVv‡gvMZ mgvYyZv wÎgvwÎK/‡÷wiI mgvYyZv

R¨vwgwZK ev wm&m-UªvÝ Av‡jvK mwµq

wkKj/‡K›`ªxb/ Ae¯’vb Kvh©Kix g~jK ‡gUvgvwiRg U‡UvgvwiRg
mgvYyZv
‡PBb/k„•Lj

Cis Trans.

WvbveZ©x ev d mgvYy evgveZ©x ev l mgvYy

 U‡UvgvwiRg‡K MwZkxj Kvh©Kix gyjK mgvYy e‡j|

†PBb mgvYyZv = C
Ae¯’vb mgvYyZv = O
†gUvgvwiRg = M (wmwiqvjUv g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e)
U‡UvgvwiRg = T
Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvYyZv = C
1. wK‡Uvb  COMTC
2. A¨vwgb  COMC
3. A¨vj‡Kb
A¨vjKvBb  CO
A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW
4. B_vi  MC
5. A¨vj‡Kvnj  COC
 6. A¨vjwKb  O
7. A¨vjwWnvBW  CC
n ms‡KZ mgvYyi msL¨v
4 C4H10 2
A¨vj‡Kb (CnH2n+2) 5 C5H12 3
6 C6H14 5
7 C7H16 9
3 C3H6 2
A¨vjwKb (CnH2n) 4 C4H8 3
5 C5H10 6
4 C4H6 2
A¨vjKvBb (CnH2n-2)
5 C5H8 3
2 C2H6O 2
A¨vj‡Kvnj I B_vi
3 C3H8O 3
(CnH2n+2O)
4 C4H10O 7
2 C2H4O 2
3 C3H6O 4
A¨vjwWnvBW I wK‡Uvb
4 C4H8O 8
(CnH2nO)
5 C5H10O 11
6 C6H12O 12
ˆRe GwmW I G÷vi 3 C3H6O2 2
(CnH2nO2) 4 C4H8O2 4

R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv

 R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZvi kZ© :

1. mvaviYZ ab.C = C.ab ms‡KZhy³ cÖwZ¯’vwcZ A¨vjwKbmg~n|
2. PvwµK ˆRe †hŠMmg~n R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i|

 R¨vwgwZK mgvYy؇qi mvaviY ag© :

ˆewkó¨ wmm& mgvYy UªvÝ mgvYy
Mjbv¼ Kg †ewk
myw¯’wZ Kg †ewk
ùzUbv¼ I NbZ¡ †ewk Kg
Af¨šÍixY kw³ †ewk Kg
`nb Zvc †ewk Kg
`ªve¨Zv, cÖwZmiv¼ †ewk Kg
w؇cvj †gv‡g›U, AvqwbKiY aªæeK †ewk Kg
A¨vbnvBWªvBW MVb K‡i K‡i bv

[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]

  wmm&-UªvÝ mgvYyi D`vniY n‡jv g¨v‡jwqK GwmW (wmm&-weDwUb WvBIwqK GwmW) I wdDgvwiK GwmW (UªvÝ-weDwUb WvBIwqK
GwmW)|
 wmm& mgvYy A_©vr g¨v‡jwqK GwmW‡K DËß Ki‡j A¨vb&nvBWªvBW MVb K‡i; wKš‘ UªvÝ mgvYy A_©vr wdDgvwiK GwmW
A¨vb&nvBWªvBW MVb K‡i bv|
 wmbvwgK GwmW (C6H5CH=CHCOOH) Gi wmm& mgvYyi Mjbv¼ (m.p) n‡jv 68C Ges UªvÝ-mgvYyi Mjbv¼ n‡jv
133C|
 cis-weDU-2-Bb Gi ùzUbv¼ (b.p) nq 4C Ges NbZ¡ nq 0.621; Aciw`‡K trans-weDU-2-Bb Gi ùzUbv¼ (b.p) nq
1C Ges NbZ¡ nq 0.604|

 WvB-B‡jKwUªK aªæeK :
 †Kv‡bv Zij `ªveK Øviv †KjvmvKvi `ªe‡K `ªexf‚Z Kivi ÿgZv‡K `ªve‡Ki WvB-B‡jKwUªK aªæeK () e‡j|
 cvwbi WvB-B‡jKwUªK aªæeK () Gi gvb 80 nq|
 wg_vbj (CH3OH) Gi WvB-B‡jKwUªK aªæeK () n‡jv 30|
 cvwb mvwe©K `ªveKiƒ‡c cÖvq me AvqwbK †hŠM I mg‡hvRx †KjvmvKvi †hŠM‡K me‡P‡q †ewk `ªexf‚Z Ki‡Z cv‡i|

Av‡jvK mwµq mgvYyZv

 Av‡jvK mwµq mgvYyZvi kZ©/ˆewkó¨ :

1. AcÖwZmg Kve©b cigvYy ev KvBivj †K›`ª _v‡K|
2. Dfq cigvYyi KbwdMv‡ikb ci¯ú‡ii `c©Y cÖwZwe¤^ nq|
3. Dfq KbwdMv‡ikb ci¯ú‡ii AmgvcwZZ/ADcwi¯’vbxq n‡Z n‡e|
4. Av‡jvK mwµq †hŠM Zj mgvewZ©Z Av‡jvi Zj‡K wfbœ wfbœ w`‡K AveZ©b K‡i|
5. GKvwaK AcÖwZmg †K›`ªwewkó †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z Zjxq, †K›`ªxq ev cÖwZeZ©x Aÿ cÖwZmvg¨Zv Abycw¯’Z _vK‡Z n‡e|
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]
 AcÖwZmg Kve©b ev KvBivj Kve©b : †h Kve©‡bi PviwU nv‡Z PviwU wfbœ wfbœ g~jK ev cigvYy _v‡K Zv‡K KvBivj Kve©b e‡j|

 GbvbwmIgvi / GbvbwkIgd© / A¨vw›Ugvi / A¨vw›UcWt GKB †hŠ‡Mi Av‡jvK mwµq `yB mgvYy‡K ci¯ú‡ii GbvbwmIgvi /
GbvbwkIgd© / A¨vw›Ugvi / A¨vw›UcW e‡j|
 `ywU GbvbwmIgvi mgvYyi †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK ag© GKB _v‡K|
 d j¨vKwUK GwmW I l j¨vKwUK GwmW n‡jv ci¯ú‡ii `ywU GbvbwmIgvi|
 Wvqv‡÷wiIgvi :
 `ywU Am`„k AcÖwZmg (KvBivj) Kve©bhy³ `ywU Av‡jvK mwµq †hŠM hw` ci¯ú‡ii `c©b cÖwZwe‡¤^i gZ AvPiY bv K‡i
Z‡e Zv‡`i‡K ci¯ú‡ii Wvqv‡÷wiIgvi e‡j|
 †hgb 3-‡K¬v‡ivweDUvbj-2 AYy‡Z 2wU Am`„k KvBivj Kve©b _vKvq 4wU Av‡jvK mwµq mgvYy Av‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ `y‡Uv
mgvYy ci¯ú‡ii `c©Y cÖwZwe¤^ nq| ZvB Giv Wvqv‡÷wiIgvi|
 `ywU Wvqv‡÷wiIgvi Zj mgvewZ©Z Av‡jvi Zj‡K GKB w`‡K Z‡e wfbœ wfbœ gvÎvq AveZ©b K‡i|
 `ywU Wvqv‡÷wiIgvi Gi mg‡gvjvi wgkÖY †Kvb †iwmwgK wgkÖY ˆZwi K‡i bv|

 †iwmwgK wgkÖY :
  mg‡gvjvi cwigvY dextro Ges levo GbvbwmIgvi؇qi wgkÖY‡K †iwmwgK wgkÖY (racemic mixture) ev dl ev ()
wgkÖY e‡j| G cÖwµqv‡K †iwmwgKiY (racemization) e‡j|
 D`vniY¯^iƒc d-j¨vKwUK Gwm‡Wi AveZ©b †KvY + 2.24 Ges l-j¨vKwUK Gwm‡Wi AveZ©b †KvY – 2.24| myZivs G
`y‡Uv †hŠ‡Mi mg‡gvjvi wgkÖ‡Yi AveZ©b †KvY k~b¨| G wgkÖYwU GKwU †iwmwgK wgkÖY|

 j¨vKwUK GwmW CH 3  CH  OH   COOH  GKwU Av‡jvK mwµq †hŠM|

 cixÿvMv‡i dl j¨vKwUK GwmW ms‡kølY cÖwµqvq ˆZix Kiv hvq|
 Aciw`‡K d- j¨vKwUK GwmW UK `wa ‡_‡K c„_K Kiv nq|
 d - Møy‡KvR ˆRe wecvKxq wµqvq kw³ Drcbœ K‡i, wKš‘ l-Møy‡KvR cÖmveiƒ‡c gy³ nq|
 d j¨vKwUK GwmW I l j¨vKwUK GwmW DfqB Av‡jvK mwµq| wKš‘ dl j¨vKwUK GwmW Av‡jvK wbw®Œq nq|

†iwmwgK wgkÖY I †g‡mv †hŠ‡Mi cv_©K¨

welq †iwmwgK wgkÖY †g‡mv †hŠM
1. †Kvb †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z `ywU As‡k hw` GKB msL¨K m`„k
1. cwiPq 1. mg‡gvjvi cwigv‡Yi `y‡Uv GbvbwmIgv‡ii wgkÖY
KvBivj Kve©b _v‡K Z‡e †hŠMwU‡K †g‡mv †hŠM e‡j
2. D`vniY 2. d I l- j¨vKwUK Gwm‡Wi mg‡gvjvi wgkÖY 2. †g‡mv-UviUvwiK GwmW|
3. Av‡jvK ˆewkó¨ 3. Av‡jvK mwµq `ywU †hŠ‡Mi Av‡jvK wbw®Œq wgkÖY 3. KvBivj Kve©b _vKv m‡Ë¡I Av‡jvK wbw®Œq †hŠM|
4. c„_KxKiY 4. wgkÖ‡Yi Dcv`vbØq‡K ci¯úi †_‡K c„_K Kiv hvq 4. wgkÖ‡Yi Dcv`vbØq‡K ci¯úi †_‡K c„_K Kiv hvq bv
5. AYyi MVbMZ mv`„‡k¨i Kvi‡Y Av‡jvi Zj Gi
5. djvdj 5. Av‡jvi Zj Gi AveZ©b evwn¨Kfv‡e cÖkwgZ nq
AveZ©b Af¨šÍixYfv‡e cÖkwgZ nq|

 Av‡jvK mgvYyi msL¨v wbY©q :

(1) GKwU gvÎ KvBivj Kve©bhy³ †hŠ‡Mi †ÿ‡Î: Av‡jvK mgvYyi msL¨v = 2n (n = KvBivj Kve©b msL¨v)
‡hgb : weDUvbj-2; 2-‡K¬v‡iv †cÖvcv‡bvwqK GwmW; 2- A¨vwg‡bv †cÖvcv‡bvwqK GwmW; 2- nvBWªw· †cÖvcvb¨vj; 1,1-‡K¬v‡iv †eªv‡gv B‡_b|
(2) `ywU wfbœ Am„`k KvBivj Kve©bhy³ †hŠ‡Mi †ÿ‡Î: Av‡jvK mgvYyi msL¨v = 2n (n = KvBivj Kve©b msL¨v)
†hgb : 2- †eªv‡gv-3-‡K¬v‡iv weD‡Ub
(3) `yBwU m`„k KvBivj Kve©bhy³ †hŠ‡Mi †ÿ‡Î: Av‡jvK mgvYyi msL¨v = 2n1 (n = KvBivj Kve©b msL¨v)
‡hgb : 2, 3-WvB‡eªv‡gv weD‡Ub; UviUvwiK GwmW
(4) wZbwU Am`„k KvBivj Kve©bhy³ †hŠ‡Mi †ÿ‡Î: Av‡jvK mgvYyi msL¨v = 2n (n = 3) = 8
‡hgb : ivB‡evR
(5) PviwU Am`„k KvBivj Kve©bhy³ †hŠ‡Mi †ÿ‡Î: Av‡jvK mgvYyi msL¨v = 2n (n = 4) = 16
‡hgb : Møy‡KvR [Kwei m¨vi]
 †KvbwU KvVv‡gvMZ mgvYyZv bq? (†g.f.c. : 11-12)
A. ‡K›`ªxq mgvYyZv B. Ae¯’vb mgvYyZv
C. Kvh©Kixg~jK mgvYyZv D. Av‡jvK mgvYyZv Ans : D
 wb‡¤œi †KvbwU R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i? (†g.f.c. : 10-11)
A. CICH = CHCl B. CH3CH = CH2 C. CH2 = CH2 D. CH3CH3 Ans: A
 KvBivj †K›`ª wewkó A¨vj‡Kvnj nj -(†g.f.c. : 03-04)
A. 2-wg_vBj-2-weDUvbj B. weDUvbj-2 C. 2-wg_vBj-1-weDUvbj D. n-weDUvbj Ans : C

mg‡hvRx e܇bi fv½b

CH4 + Cl2  CH3Cl + HCl
mve‡÷ªU AvµgYKvix weKviK
 mg‡hvRx e܇bi wefvRb `ywU Dcv‡q n‡Z cv‡i-
1. mylg wefvRb (Homolytic fission) : wd«-‡iwW‡Kj Drcbœ nq
2. welg wefvRb (Hetrolytic fission) : Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb Ges FYvZ¥K Kve©vbvqb Drcbœ nq

 wd«-‡iwWK¨vj :
CH3 > CH2R > CHR2 > CR3
1. mwµqZv µg
0 1 2 3
CR3 > CHR2 > CH2R > CH3
2. ¯’vwqZ¡ µg
3 2 1 0
1. wd«-†iwW‡K‡j †Kvb Avavb ev PvR© _v‡K bv †Kbbv G‡`i B‡jKUªb I †cÖvU‡bi msL¨v mgvb|
2. ¯^í ¯’vqx
3. ‰ewkó¨
3. LyeB mwµq (highly reactive)
4. wewµqvq AšÍeZ©x cÖRvwZ wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|

 Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb ev Kv‡e©vwbqvg :
+CH3 > +C H2R > +C HR2 > +CR3
1. mwµqZv µg
1 2 3
+
CR3 > C HR2 > C H2R > +CH3
+ +
2. ¯’vwqZ¡ µg
3 2 1
1. AwaK mwµq
3. ‰ewkó¨ 2. ¯^ívqy (short lived) Ges
3. wewµqvq AšÍe©Zx cÖRvwZ (intermediate) wn‡m‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i|

 Kve©vbvqb :
CR3 > CHR2 > CH2R > CH3
1. mwµqZv µg
3 2 1

2. ¯’vwqZ¡ µg CH3 > CH2R > CHR2 > CR3
 1 2 3
3. ‰ewkó¨ Kv‡e©vwbqv‡gi Abyiƒc
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]
 AvµgYKvix weKviK : wZb cÖKvi|
1. B‡jKUªb AvKl©x weKviK ev B‡jK‡UªvdvBj
2. ‡K›`ªvKl©x weKviK ev wbDwK¬IdvBj
3. gy³g~jK ev wd«-†iwW‡Kj

abvZ¥K NH4+, H3O+, PH4+, CH3+ (Kv‡e©vwbqvg), SO3H+, X+, R3C+, RN+  N, NO2+, H+
B‡jK‡UªvdvBj cÖkg AlCl3, FeCl3, BF3, SO3
kw³kvjx RMgX, LiAlH4, NaBH4
FYvZ¥K X, OH, CH3 (Kve©vbvqb), R, COO, OR, CN, NO2, RMgX
wbDwK¬IdvBj cÖkg NH3, PH3 (dmwdb), NH2, H2O, R – NH2, R – OH
kw³kvjx R – OH, R – NO2

ˆRe wewµqvi †kÖwYweb¨vm

 ˆRe wewµqvi †kÖwYweb¨vm :
A¨vjwKb
B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK hyZ
A¨vjKvBb
ms‡hvRb ev hyZ wewµqv A¨vjwWnvBW
wbDwK¬IwdwjK hyZ
wK‡Uvb
A¨vj‡Kb
B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb
†ebwRb
cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv
SN1
wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb SN
SN2
3 RX
E1 AcmviY wewµqv
A¨vj‡Kvnj
AcmviY wewµqv
1 RX
E2 AcmviY wewµqv
A¨vj‡Kvnj
 mgvYyKiY wewµqv A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvqvbvBW †_‡K BDwiqv

†ebwR‡bi eûcÖwZ¯’vcb

A¨v‡iv‡gwUK ‡hŠM I A¨v‡iv‡gwUwmwU

 A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM : †ebwRb, †ebwRb RvZK I we‡kl ai‡bi Am¤ú„³Zv wewkó PµvKvi mgag©x ˆRe †hŠMmg~n‡K
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM ejv nq| D`vniY: †ebwRb, †ebwR‡bi RvZK, UjyBb, b¨vd_vwjb, A¨vb_ªvwmb|
 A¨vwib : A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b‡K A¨vwib e‡j| G‡`i MV‡b †ebwRb‡qW ejq _v‡K| weÁvbx jmwg_ cÖgvY K‡ib
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡M †ebwRb‡qW KvVv‡gv Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Z n‡e|
 A¨v‡iv‡gwUwmwU : A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi ˆewkó¨ mg~n‡K A¨v‡iv‡gwUwmwU e‡j| ˆewkó¨ mg~n n‡jv-
1. we‡kl ai‡bi Am¤ú„³Zv
2. cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv
3. †i‡Rvb¨vÝ ev AYyiYb
4. nv‡Kj ZË¡ AbymiY
 nv‡Kj bxwZ :
†h mKj †hŠM wb‡¤œi kZ©¸‡jv †g‡b P‡j ZvivB A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e| GB kZ©¸‡jv‡K nv‡Kj ZË¡ ejv nq|
1. †hŠMwU‡K mgZjxq (flat) I PµvKvi n‡Z n‡e|
2. AYyi mgZ‡ji Dc‡i I wb‡P Aek¨B mÂviYkxj (delocalized)  B‡jKUªb †gN _vK‡Z n‡e|
3. e„ËvKvi P‡µi cÖwZwU cigvYyi p AiweUvj ci¯úi mgvšÍivj fv‡e Ae¯’vb Ki‡e| hv‡Z P‡µi Pvicv‡k AbeiZ
AwaµgY m¤¢e nq|
mgvšÍivj p AiweUvj¸‡jvi Awaµg‡Y Aek¨B 4n+2 msL¨K  B‡jKUªb AskMÖnY Ki‡e| †hLv‡b n = 0, 1, 2, 3 BZ¨vw`
c~Y© msL¨v| A_©vr  B‡jKUªb †gN 2, 6, 10, 14 BZ¨vw` msL¨K B‡jKUªb _vK‡e| †h me PµvKvi †hŠ‡M (4n+2) msL¨K
 B‡jKUªb _vK‡e Zv‡`iB A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv hv‡e|

 ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi Dci nv‡Kj wbq‡gi cÖ‡qvM :

ˆRe AYy ev Avq‡bi MvVwbK ms‡KZ AYy‡Z  B‡jKUªb msL¨v ˆRe AYy ev Avq‡bi Dci gšÍe¨
nv‡Kj wbq‡gi cÖ‡qvM
†ebwRb 4n + 2 = 6
6  4n = 6  2 = 4 A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b
n=1
b¨vc_vwjb 4n + 2 = 10
10  4n = 10  2 = 8 A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b
n=2
mvB‡K¬vweDUvWvBb 4n + 2 = 4
 4n = 4  2 = 2
4 A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b bq
1
n=
2
 mvB‡K¬vAKUv‡UUªvBb 4n + 2 = 8
 4n = 8  2 = 6
8 A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b bq
1
n=1
2
mvB‡K¬v‡c›UvWBbvBj A¨vbvqb 4n + 2 = 6
6  4n = 6  2 A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b
n=1
mvB‡K¬v‡c›UvWvBbvBj K¨vUvqb 4n + 2 = 6
 4n = 4  2
4 A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b bq
1
n=
2

 A¨v‡iv‡gwUK (A¨vwib) †hŠ‡M mgvYyZv :

 ‡ebwRb P‡µ cÖwZ¯’vc‡bi gvÎv Abymv‡i A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM‡K cÖavbZ 3wU †kÖwY‡Z wef³ Kiv hvq :
1. †ebwR‡bi g‡bvRvZK
2. †ebwR‡bi WvBRvZK
3. †ebwR‡bi cwjRvZK
 †ebwR‡bi g‡bvRvZ‡Ki mgvYyZv : Gi †Kvb cÖKvi mgvYy †bB|
 †ebwR‡bi WvBRvZ‡Ki mgvYyZv : Gi wZbwU mgvYy cvIqv hvq|
1. A‡_©v (Ortho) mgvYy
2. †gUv (Meta) mgvYy
3. c¨viv (Para) mgvYy
 †ebwR‡bi cwjRvZ‡Ki mgvYyZv : Gi †ÿ‡Î wZb cÖKvi mgvYyZv N‡U|
1. wZbwU cÖwZ¯’vcK GKB cÖKvi n‡j wZbwU mgvYy cvIqv hvq|
2. cÖwZ¯’vcK wZbwUi g‡a¨ `ywU GK cÖKvi I AciwU wfbœ n‡j 6wU mgvYy cvIqv hvq|
3. wZbwU cÖwZ¯’vcKB ci¯úi wfbœ n‡j 10wU mgvYy cvIqv hvq|
[Kexi m¨vi]
 A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi Drm : ‡Kvj I †c‡Uªvwjqvg n‡jv A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi cÖavb Drm|
AvjKvZivi AvswkK cvZ‡b cÖvß wewfbœ cvwZZ Ask I Dcv`vb :
cvwZZ As‡ki bvg cvZb ZvcgvÎv kZKiv cwigvY cvwZZ Zi‡j cÖavb Dcv`vbmg~n
 wbi‡cÿ : †ebwRb, UjyBb, RvBwjb
jNy ˆZj ev jvBU A‡qj 170C ch©šÍ 5%  ÿvixq : A¨vwbwjb, wcwiwWb, _v‡qvwdb
 A¤øxq : †dbj
ga¨g ˆZj ev wgWj A‡qj (171230) C 7.5% †dbj, wµmj, b¨vd_¨vwjb BZ¨vw`
fvix ev ‡nfx A‡qj (231270) C 10% wµmj, b¨vd_¨vwjb, KzB‡bvwjb BZ¨vw`
meyR ˆZj (271400)C 20% A¨vb_ªvwmb, wdbvbw_ªb BZ¨vw`
wcP wiU‡U© Ae‡kl _v‡K 57.5% †KvK-Kve©b
  90% †ebR‡j cÖavbZ 84% ‡ebwRb, 13% UjyBb Ges 3% RvBwjb _v‡K|
 90% †ebRj‡K AvswkK cvZb K‡i (8082)C ZvcgvÎvq cvwZZ Zij c`v_©‡K msMÖn Ki‡j †gvUvgywU 99% weï×
†ebwRb cvIqv hvq|
 50% †ebR‡j †ebwRb (46%), UjyBb I mvgvb¨ RvBwjb _v‡K|
 90% †ebRj I 50% †ebRj‡K (108110)C ZvcgvÎvq AvswkK cvZb Ki‡j †gvUvgywU weï× UjyBb cvIqv hvq

†ebwRb

A‡_©v-c¨viv I †gUv wb‡`©kK g~jK

A‡_©v-c¨viv wb‡`©kK g~jK †gUv wb‡`©kK g~jK
(†h mKj g~j‡K ïaygvÎ GKK eÜb we`¨gvb) (†h mKj g~j‡K wØ-eÜb, wÎ-eÜb we`¨gvb)
ms‡KZ bvg ms‡KZ bvg
X (F, Cl,Br, I) n¨v‡jv‡Rb NO2 bvB‡Uªvg~jK
OH nvBWªw·j g~jK SO3H mvj‡dvwbK GwmW g~jK
OR,OCH3 A¨vjKw· g~jK CN mvqv‡bv g~jK
NH2 A¨vwg‡bv g~jK COOH Kve©w·wjK g~jK
NHR, NR2 A¨vjKvBj cÖwZ¯’vwcZ A¨vwg‡bvg~jK CHO A¨vjwWnvBW g~jK
R(‡hgb,CH3, C2H5) A¨vjKvBj g~jK CO wK‡Uv g~jK
+
NH3 A¨vwbwjwbqvg Avqb g~jK
CONH2 A¨vgvB‡Wv g~jK

 †ebwR‡bi mvaviY cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvjx

COONa cvZb
1. + NaOH(CaO) wWKve©w·‡jkb

OH
cvZb
2. + Zn
†dbj n‡Z weRviY
Fe
3. 3CH  CH
B_vB‡bi cwjgviKiY 400C/450C
†ebwRb
4. C6H5MgCl + H2O
 N2Cl
5. + H3PO2 + H2O
DU©R-wdwUM wewµqv
GQvovI, UjyBb †_‡K : C 6 H 5  CH 3  H 2 Pt.Al
 C 6 H 6  CH 4
2O 3
600C
RvBwjb †_‡K : C6 H 4 (CH 3 ) 2  H 2 Pt.Al C H  C 2 H 6
2O3
600C 6 6

 †ebwR‡b ms‡hvRb :
 nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ms‡hvRb : G wewµqvi gva¨‡g mvB‡K¬v‡n‡·b Drcbœ nq Ges G wewµqvq cÖfveKiƒ‡c Ni I 200C ZvcgvÎv
e¨eüZ nq|
 n¨v‡jv‡Rb ms‡hvRb : G wewµqvi gva¨‡g RxevbybvkK †ebwRb †n·v‡K¬vivBW ev M¨vgvw·b cvDWvi|
 I‡Rvb ms‡hvRb : G wewµqvi gva¨‡g MøvBA·vj Drcbœ nq|

B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK ev B‡jKUªb AvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv

 B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv : 4 cÖKvi|

1. n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb
2. bvB‡Uªkb
3. mvj‡dv‡bkb
4. wd«‡Wj µvdU wewµqv  A¨vjKvB‡jkb
 B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv¸‡jv 3 av‡c m¤úbœ nq| A¨vmvB‡jkb
1. B‡jKUªb AvKl©x weKviK MVb
2. Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb (mwµq ga¨K) MVb
3. †cÖvUb AcmviY
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]
 n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb t cÖfveKiƒ‡c n¨v‡jv‡Rb evnK [Abv`ª© AlCl3, FeCl3, FeBr3) e¨eüZ nq|
Cl
†ebwRb :
n¨v‡jv‡Rb evnK
+ Cl2  80C
+ HCl
‡ebwRb ‡K¬v‡iv †ebwRb
UjyBb :
CH3 CH3 CH3
n¨v‡jv‡Rb evnK Cl
2  2Cl2 20
C
 + + 2HCl
UjyBb A‡_©v‡K¬v‡iv UjyBb Cl
c¨viv‡K¬v‡iv UjyBb
 bvB‡Uªkb
NO2

†ebwRb :
Mvp H SO
+ HNO3 60
 2
C

4
+ H2O
‡ebwRb bvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb
UjyBb :
CH3 CH3 CH3
Mvp H2SO4 NO2

NO2
 2  2HNO3 30
C
,
 + + 2HCl
UjyBb A‡_©v bvB‡Uªv UjyBb
c¨viv bvB‡Uªv UjyBb
 mvj‡dv‡bkb
SO3H

†ebwRb :
SO3
+ H2SO4 100
 C
 + H2 O
†ebwRb ‡ebwRb mvj‡dvwbK GwmW
UjyBb : CH3 CH3
SO3H
2  2H 2SO 4 5C

 SO 3
+ H3C SO3H + 2H2O
UjyBb A‡_©v UjyBb mvj‡dvwbK GwmW c¨viv UjyBb mvj‡dvwbK GwmW
 wd«‡Wj µvdU A¨vjKvB‡jkb

†ebwRb : CH3
Abv`ª© AlCl3
+ CH3Cl  + HCl
†ebwRb wg_vBj †K¬vivBW UjyBb
UjyBb :
CH3 CH3
Abv`ª© AlCl3 CH3
2  2CH 3I 20
 
25 C
+ H3C CH3 + 2HI
UjyBb A‡_©vRvBwjb c¨viv RvBwjb
 wd«‡Wj µvdU A¨vmvB‡jkb

†ebwRb : COCH3
Abv`ª© AlCl3
+ CH3COCl  + HCl
‡ebwRb A¨vwmUvBj †K¬vivBW A¨vwm‡Uv‡dbb ev wg_vBj wdbvBj wK‡Uvb
UjyBb : CH3 CH3 CH3
Abv`ª© AlCl3 COCH3
+ CH3COCl 40

50 C
+ + HCl
COCH3
UjyBb A¨vwmUvBj †K¬vivBW 2-wg_vBj wdbvBj B_v‡bvb 4-wg_vBj wdbvBj B_v‡bvb

UjyBb
 UjyBb cÖ¯‘wZi mvaviY wewµqv :
X CH3
1. + 2Na + XCH3 ﮋ
B_vi
DU©R wdwUM
H CH3
Abv`ª© AlCl3
2. + Cl  CH3 
wd«‡Wj µvdU

 UjyB‡bi B‡jKUªbvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv :

 1. bvB‡Uªkb : cÖvq 30C ZvcgvÎvq Mvp HNO3 Ges H2SO4 Gi mv‡_ N‡U|
2. mvj‡dv‡bkb : (30 – 35)C ZvcgvÎvq a~gvqgvb H2SO4 (H2S2O7) ev Mvp H2SO4 Gi mv‡_ N‡U|
3. n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb : mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq m~‡h©i Av‡jvi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z FeCl3 ev AlCl3 cÖf…wZ n¨v‡jv‡Rb evn‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z N‡U
4. wd«‡Wj µvdU A¨vjKvB‡jkb ev A¨vmvB‡jkb : Abv`ª© AlCl3 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z N‡U|

 †ebwRb I UjyB‡bi cvi¯úwiK iƒcvšÍi :

 †ebwRb †_‡K UjyBb : (wd«‡Wj µvdU& wewµqv)

CH3
Abv`©ª AlCl3
+ CH3Cl + HCl

 UjyBb †_‡K †ebwRb :

CH3 COOH COONa
KMnO4 NaOH NaOH
CaO + Na2CO3
H2SO4

A¨vwj‡dwUK I A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi cv_©K¨

ˆewkó¨ A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨v‡iv‡gwUK
cÖavbZ mij I kvLvhy³ gy³ wkKj †hŠM| Z‡e PvwµK, Am¤ú„³, GKvšÍwiZ wØeÜbhy³ mgZjxq ˆRe †hŠM
MVb wKQz wKQz PvwµK †hŠM (†hgb- mvB‡K¬v‡cÖv‡cb) hv‡`i AYy‡Z mÂviYkxj (4n + 2) msL¨K -B‡jKUªb
G †kÖYxi AšÍf~©³| _v‡K|
m¤ú„³Zv m¤ú„³ ev Am¤ú„³ †h †Kvb cÖKvi n‡Z cv‡i| mKj A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM Am¤ú„ ³|
A¨vwjd¨vwUK †hŠ‡M Kve©‡bi AvbycvwZK cwigvY A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡M Kve©‡bi AvbycvwZK cwigvY AwaK|
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg| †hgb, Bw_wjb (C2H4)- †hgb, (C6H6)- G C : H = 6 : 6 ev ‡ebwRb (C6H6)
mshyw³
G C : H = 2 : 4, CH4 ‡hŠ‡M C = 75%, ‡hŠ‡M C = 92.3%, H = 7.7%, b¨vc_vwjb (C10H8)
H = 25% ‡hŠ‡M C = 93.75%, H = 6.25%|
m¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©‡b cÖwZ¯’vcb (wbDwK¬IwdwjK) B‡jKUªbvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb †hgb- bvB‡Uªkb, mvj‡dv‡bkb
wewµqv
Ges Am¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©‡b ms‡hvRb wewµqv N‡U| cÖfw„ Z cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv N‡U|
A¨vwjd¨vwUK †hŠMmg~‡ni gvZ… †hŠM (m¤ú„³ A¨v‡iv‡gwUK n¨vjvBW mn‡R Av`ª©-we‡køwlZ nq bv| Z‡e
nvB‡WªvKve©b) †Zgb mwµq bv n‡jI G‡`i Zxeª kZ© Av‡ivc Ki‡j N‡U|
mwµqZv RvZKmg~n †ek mwµq| †hgb- 300 0 C
C6 H5Cl  NaOH(aq) 200  atm
 C6 H5OH  NaCl
C2H5Cl + NaOH (Rjxq)  C2H5OH
A¨vwjd¨vwUK nvBWªw· †hŠM Z_v A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvBWªw· †hŠM A_©vr †dbj A¤øxq| ÿv‡ii mv‡_
nvBWªw· †hŠ‡Mi A¨vj‡Kvnjmg~n cÖkg| ÿv‡ii mv‡_ Giv †Kvb wewµqv K‡i jeY Drcbœ K‡i|
cÖKw… Z wewµqv K‡i bv| C6H5OH + NaOH  ONa + H2O.
†hŠ‡M Kve©‡bi GK ev GKvwaK †h †Kvb msL¨v n‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ 6 (Qq) Kve©b wewkó nq| Z‡e wKQz wKQz
 msL¨v A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡M Kve©‡bi msL¨v 3, 5, 10 I †`Lv hvq
A¨vwj‡dwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b‡K mn‡R bvB‡Uªkb I A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b‡K mn‡R bvB‡Uªkb, mvj‡dv‡bkb
n¨v‡jv‡Rb evnK mvj‡dv‡bkb Kiv hvq bv Ges n¨v‡jv‡R‡bk‡bi Kiv hvq Ges n¨v‡jv‡R‡bk‡bi Rb¨ n¨v‡jv‡Rb evn‡Ki
Rb¨ n¨v‡jv‡Rb evn‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv| cÖ‡qvRb nq| †hgb, Abv`ª© AlCl3, FeCl3 BZ¨vw`|
A¨vwj‡dwUK Am¤ú„³ †hŠ‡Mi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi Am¤ú„³Zv we‡kl ai‡bi nIqvq Giv
†eqvi cixÿv ÿvixq KMnO4 Gi jvj‡P †e¸wb eY© `ªæZ KMnO4 Øviv RvwiZ nq bv|
eY©nxb n‡q hvq|
A¨vwj‡dwUK Am¤ú„³ †hŠ‡Mi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Giv CCl4 G †eªvwg‡bi jvj `ªeY‡K weeY© K‡i bv|
†eªvwgb `ªeY
CCl4 hy³ Br2 `ªe‡Yi jvj‡P ev`vwg eY©
cixÿv
eY©nxb n‡q hvq|
A¨vwj‡dwUK cÖvBgvwi A¨vwgb †hgb, CH3 – wKQz A¨v‡iv‡gwUK cÖvBgvwi A¨vwgb †hgb, C6H5NH2 wb¤œ
Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg NH2 wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq NaNO2 I Mvp HCl ZvcgvÎvq NaNO2 I HCl Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i
jeY MVb Gi mv‡_ wewµqvq Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY Drcbœ Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY MVb K‡i|
K‡i bv, A¨vj‡Kvnj I N2 Drcbœ K‡i|
n¨v‡Kj wbqg A¨vwjd¨vwUK †hŠM n¨v‡Kj wbqg AbymiY K‡i bv| A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM n¨v‡Kj wbqg AbymiY K‡i|

 UjyB‡bi †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU cÖ‡hvR¨? (†g.f.c. 03-04)

A. Bnv MÜhy³ Zij c`v_© B. bvB‡Uªkb wewµqvq UjyBb †ebwRb A‡cÿv 25 ¸Y AwaK mwµq
C. ‡ebRvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj ms‡køl‡Y UjyBb e¨eüZ nq D. meKwU Ans : A
 jNy ˆZ‡ji Dcv`vb bq †KvbwU? (†g.f.c. 02-03)
A. ‡ebwRb B. UjyBb C. RvBwjb D. KzB‡bvwjb Ans : D
 †KvbwU ˆRe wewµqvi †kÖYx wefvM bq? (†g.f.c. : 02-03)
A. ms‡hvRb B. cÖwZ¯’vcb C. cybwe©b¨vm D. mne¯’vb Ans : D
 wb‡¤œi †Kvb Dw³wU †ebwR‡bi (C6H6) Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ bq? (†g.f.c.01-02)
A. Bnv GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b B. Bnv `ywU mgvYyiƒ‡c we`¨gvb
C. Bnv cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvq AskMÖnY K‡i D. Bnv wewµqv K‡i C6H4Ol2 ms‡K‡Zi wZbwU wfbœ †hŠM MVb K‡i Ans : B

 wb‡Pi †KvbwU B‡jK‡UªvdvBj?

A. AlCl3 B. NH3 C. ROH D. H2O Ans : A
 Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqbmg~‡ni ¯’vwq‡Z¡i µg †KvbwU?
       
A. C H 2 R  C HR 2  C R 3  C H 3 B. C H 3  C HR 2  C H 2 R  C R 3
       
C. C H 3  C H 2 R  C HR 2  C R 3 D. C H 3  C HR  C HR 2  C H 2 R Ans : C
 nv‡Kj bxwZ Abymv‡i A¨vb_ªvwm‡b mÂiYkxj cvB () B‡jKUªb msL¨v KZ?
A. 6 B. 8 C. 10 D. 14 Ans : D
 wb‡Pi †Kvb g~jKwU †ebwRb ej‡q †gUv wb‡`©kK?
A.  NHCH3 B.  SO3H C.  O  CH3 D.  CH3 Ans : B
 wb‡Pi †KvbwU †ebwRb ej‡q A‡_©v-c¨viv wb‡`©kK g~jK?
A.  COOH B.  CHO C.  NO2 D.  NHCOCH3 Ans : D

A¨vj‡Kb/c¨vivwdb
 GK bR‡i A¨vj‡Kb cÖ¯‘wZi mvaviY wewµqvmg~n :

1. CH3 - CH2 - COONa + NaOH (CaO) 
wWKve©w·‡jkb wewµqv †mvWvjvBg
Zwor we‡kølY
2. CH - COONa + H O 
3 2
†Kve ms‡kølY
ﮋ B_vi
3. 2CH3 - I + 2Na 
DU©R wewµqv
CH3-CH3
4. CH3- CH2 - MgI + H2O  B‡_b
wMÖMbvW© weKviK
Ni
5. CH2 = CH2 + H2 
180C
A¨vjwKb
6. CH  CH + 2H2 Ni

150C
A¨vjKvBb
Zn.Hg + HCl (Mvp)
7. CH3 - CHO + 4 [H] 
wK¬‡gbmb weRviY
C
GQvovI, Kqjv †_‡K : [CO(g )  H 2 (g )]  2H 2 (g ) 1300
 
Ni
 CH 4 (g )  H 2O(g )
200 C , Co
†c‡Uªvj ms‡kølY : nCO  (2n  1)H 2 5-10
  C n H 2 n  2  nH 2O
atm

 DU©R wewµqvi ˆewkó¨ :

1. Kve©b msL¨v e„w× : G wewµqvq wb¤œZi A¨vj‡Kb †_‡K D”PZi A¨vj‡Kb cvIqv hvq|
2. G c×wZ‡Z cÖviw¤¢K n¨vjvB‡Wi Kve©b msL¨vi wظY Kve©bwewkó Drcv` cvIqv hvq|
3. G c×wZ‡Z we‡Rvo Kve©bwewkó A¨vj‡Kb cvIqv hvq bv|

 A¨vj‡Kb ivmvqwbKfv‡e Kg mwµq ZvB G‡`i‡K c¨vivwdb e‡j|

 A¨vj‡Kb g~jZ R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq|
 ‡Kvb R¡vjvwbi gvb wba©viY Kiv nq AK‡Ub bv¤^vi Øviv|
 †evZj M¨v‡m †cÖv‡cb e¨eüZ nq|
 †gvUi R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c †c‡Uªvj ev M¨v‡mvwjb (C5C11 A¨vj‡Kb) e¨eüZ nq|
 G‡iv‡cø‡bi R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c †K‡ivwmb (C11C14 A¨vj‡Kb) e¨eüZ nq|
 CH4 †K gvk© M¨vm e‡j|
A¨vj‡K‡bi Am¤ú~Y© `n‡b welv³ CO Drcbœ nq| GQvovI CO2, cvwbev®ú I Kve©b ¸uov we`¨gvb _v‡K|
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]
 A¨v‡ivg¨vwUKiY ev widiwgs wewµqv :
 wewµqvwU 3 av‡c N‡U| h_v : Zvc we‡qvRb, PvwµKiY I H2 wePz¨wZ
 ZvcgvÎv : 500C
 Pvc : 40 atm (Al2O3, Cr2O3 cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z); 10 atm (Pt cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z)
 wewµqK : A¨vj‡Kb
 Drcv` : †ebwRb ev †ebwRb RvZK
 A¨v‡ivg¨vwUKiY wewµqvq Pt cÖfveK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡j Zv‡K cøvUdiwgs wewµqv e‡j
 eZ©gv‡b 90% evwYwR¨K †ebwRb †c‡Uªvwjqvg †_‡K Drcv`b Kiv nq
[Kexi m¨vi]
 Nice To Know :
 bwKs (Knocking) : R¡vjvwb †_‡K m‡e©v”P kw³ †c‡Z †c‡Uªvj ev®ú I evqyi wgkÖY‡K Pvc w`‡q msKzwPZ Kivi mgq
wmwjÛv‡ii wc÷b I Pv‡ci `iæb †h LU LU avZe kã ˆZwi nq Zv‡K bwKs e‡j|
 AK‡Ub bv¤^vi : †Kvb GKwU R¡vjvwbi AvB‡mv-AK‡Ub I n-‡nc‡U‡bi †Kv‡bv wgkÖ‡Y AvB‡mv-AK‡U‡bi kZKiv
cwigvY‡K AK‡Ub bv¤^vi e‡j|
 bwKs n«vm I AK‡Ub msL¨v e„w×i Dcvq :
i. R¡vjvwb‡Z †UUªvB_vBj †jW [Pb(C2H5)4 ev TEL] e¨envi K‡i
ii. Zvcxq fv½b ev Zvcxq we‡hvRb ev µvwKs ev cvB‡ivjvBwmm
iii. A¨vjKvB‡jkb

A¨vjwKb/A‡jwdbm&

 A¨vjwK‡bi cÖ¯‘wZ :
160-170C
1. CH3  CH2  OH + H2SO4
A¨vj‡Kvnj (cixÿvMvi)
Al2O3
2. CH3  CH2  OH (vap)
A¨vj‡Kvnj 350C
CH3 - OH
3. CH2  CH2  Zn CH2 = CH2
| |  Bw_b
Br Br
Pd, BaSO4
4. CH  CH + H2
25C
A¨vjKvBb
600C
5. CH3  CH3

 A¨vj‡Kb
KOH
6. CH3  CH2  X alc.
A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW

 cixÿvMvi c×wZ‡Z -
i. Mvp H2SO4 Gi cwie‡Z© Mvp H3PO4 e¨envi Kiv n‡j AwaKZi weï× Bw_b cvIqv hvq|
ii. H2SO4 Gi †P‡q Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk B_vbj e¨envi Kiv n‡j Bw_‡bi cwie‡Z© WvB-B_vBj B_vi Drcbœ nq|

 gvK©wbKf bxwZ t AcÖwZmg A¨vjwK‡bi mv‡_ AcÖwZmg weKvi‡Ki wewµqvq weKvi‡Ki H ev abvZ¥K cÖvšÍwU A¨vjwK‡bi wØeÜb
hy³ †h Kve©‡b †ewk H cigvYy _v‡K cÖavbZ †m Kve©b cigvYy‡Z hy³ nq|
D`vniY, AcÖwZmg †cÖvwcb Gi m‡½ HBr ms‡hvR‡bi mgq 90% 2-‡eªv‡gv‡cÖv‡cb I 10% 1-‡eªv‡gv †cÖv‡cb Drcbœ nq |
 CH 3  CHBr  CH 3 , 2  ‡eªv‡gv †cÖv‡cb (90%)
3 2 1
2 C H 3  C H  C H 2  2HBr 
†cÖvwcb  CH 3  CH 2  CH 2 Br, 1  ‡eªv‡gv †cÖv‡cb (10%) 

 wecixZ gvK©wbKf bxwZ t Aí cwigvY ˆRe cvi A·vBW †hgb A¨vjKvBj cvi A·vBW (R-O-O-R)/H2O2 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z
AcÖwZmg A¨vjwK‡b wØeÜbhy³ †h Kve©‡b †ewk H cigvYy _v‡K, †mwU‡Z weKvi‡Ki FYvZ¥K Ask hy³ nq| G‡K Lviv‡mi cvi
A·vBW djvdj ev wecixZ gviKwbK‡fi wbqg e‡j|
†hgb, H2O2 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z ‡cÖvwc‡bi m‡½ HBr hy³ n‡q 99% 1-‡eªv‡gv‡cÖv‡cb I 1% 2-‡eªv‡gv‡cÖv‡cb MVb K‡i|

RO  CH 3CH 2 CH 2 Br (99%)
OR

3 2 1
2 C H 3 C H  C H 2  2HBr 
†cÖvwcb 
RO 
OR
 CH 3 CHBrCH 3 (1%) 

 RviY wewµqv t wbi‡cÿ ev ÿvixq KMnO4 jNy `ªeY (1%) GKwU RviK| GwU A¨vjwKb‡K RvwiZ K‡i MøvBKj Drcbœ K‡i|
R  HC  CH  R  H 2O  [O] (†Mvjvcx
 eY©  
KMnO 4 , KOH
)
R  H  C  H  C  R
| |
OH OH
MøvBKj ev WvBAj (eY©nxb)
 I‡RvbxKiY :
 A¨vjwK‡bi Kve©b wkK‡j wØe܇bi Ae¯’vb wbY©‡q I‡Rvb ms‡hvR‡bi ¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q|
 A¨vjwKb‡K wbw®Œq CCl4 `ªve‡K `ªexf‚Z K‡i I‡Rvb Pvjbv Ki‡j A¨vjwKb I‡RvbvBW Drcbœ nq|
 I‡RvbvB‡Wi Av`ª© we‡køl‡Y wØe܇bi Ae¯’vb Abyhvqx A¨vjwWnvBW ev wK‡Uvb Drcbœ nq| †hgb -
H O
|
O3
CH 3  CH 2  CH  CH 2  CH 3  CH 2  C C H 2 H
2O
 CH 3  CH 2  CHO  H  CHO  ZnO
CCl4 | | Zn, 
weDwUb-1 O O †cÖvcvb¨vj wg_vb¨vj
 H O CH3
| |
O3
CH 3  C  C  CH 3  CH 3  C C  CH 3 H
 2O
 CH 3  CHO  CH 3  CO  CH 3  ZnO
| | CCl4 | | Zn, 
B_vb¨vj †cÖvcv‡bvb
H CH 3 O O
2-wg_vBj weDwUb-2

 cwjgviKiY t Bw_‡bi cwjgviKiY wewµqvq cwjw_b ˆZwi nq| †hgb :

O , 1000 – 1200 atm
nCH2 = CH2 
2
[ H2C  CH2 ]n ; n = 600 – 1000
100 – 200C
Bw_b (g‡bvgvi) cwjw_b (cwjgvi)

 A¨vjwK‡bi kbv³Kvix wewµqv :

i. †eqvi cixÿv (wbi‡cÿ ev ÿvixq KMnO4 Gi 1% `ªeY‡K †eqvi weKviK e‡j|)
ii. ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi Am¤ú„³Zv cixÿv t †eªvwgb `ªeY cixÿv

A¨vjKvBb/A¨vwmwUwjbm&

 A¨vjKvB‡bi cÖ¯‘wZ : A¨vjKvBb cÖ¯‘wZi `ywU c×wZ i‡q‡Q-

1. cixÿvMvi c×wZ
2. wk‡ívrcv`b c×wZ  i. wfwmbvj ii. †Rwgbvj

 A¨vwmwUwjb/B_vBb cÖ¯w‘ Z :
 K¨vjwmqvg Kve©vBW †_‡K
CaC2 + 2H2O  CH  CH (B_vBb) + Ca(OH2) [2000-3000C ZvcgvÎv e¨eüZ nq]
 cÖvK…wZK M¨vm †_‡K
0
6CH 4 (g)  O 2 1500
 C
 2H  C  C  H  2CO  10H 2
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]
[wjbWvi cÖfveK  (Pd - CaCO3 + KzB‡bvwjb)]

 A¨vj‡Kb, A¨vjwKb I A¨vjKvB‡bi †fŠZ ag©/cv_©K¨ :

ˆewkó¨ A¨vj‡Kb A¨vjwKb A¨vjKvBb
1. M¨vm C1-C4 C2-C4 C2-C4
2. Zij C5-C17 C5-C15/C18 C5-C11/C12
 C18 (eY©nxb,  C16 ev  C18  C12
3. KwVb
MÜnxb †gvgm`„k)
4. Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ Kg Kg A¨vj‡Kb , A¨vjwKb n‡Z GKUz †ekx
cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq, ˆRe cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq ev mvgvb¨ cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq, ˆRe †hŠ‡M `ªeYxq
5. `ªveZv
†hŠ‡M `ªeYxq `ªeYxq, ˆRe †hŠ‡M `ªeYxq
6. AvYweK fi e„w×i mv‡_ e„w× cvq e„w× cvq e„w× cvq (mgvb Kve©bwewkó A¨vj‡Kb,
 Mjbv¼, ùzUbv¼, NbZ¡, A¨vjwKb n‡Z †ekx nq)
Avt ¸iæ‡Z¡i m¤úK©
cvwb n‡Z nvjKv cvwb n‡Z nvjKv cvwb n‡Z nvjKv Z‡e A¨vj‡Kb,
7. cvwbi mv‡_ m¤úK©
A¨vjwKb n‡Z GKUz †ewk nq
8. Kve©b-Kve©b eÜb GKK wØ wÎ
9. eÜb ˆ`N©¨ (nm) 0.154 0.134 0.120
10. Kve©‡bi msKib sp3 sp2 sp
11. mwµqZv ‡ek Kg mwµq Kg mwµq
12. wewµqv cÖwZ¯’vcb ms‡hvRb ms‡hvRb
13. mgvYyZv ‡PBb I Av‡jvK Ae¯’vb I R¨vwgwZK ‡PBb I Ae¯’vb
[Kexi m¨vi]
 A¨vj‡Kb, A¨vjwKb I A¨vjKvB‡bi ivmvqwbK ag© :
A¨vj‡Kb A¨vjwKb A¨vjKvBb
cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv ms‡hvRb/hyZ wewµqv ms‡hvRb/hyZ wewµqv
Zvcxq we‡qvRb wewµqv I‡hvbxKiY I‡hvbxKiY
mgvYyKiY/cybwe©b¨vm RviY wewµqv RviY wewµqv
A¨v‡iv‡gwUKiY cwjgviKiY wewµqv cwjgviKiY wewµqv
A¤øawg©Zv/cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv (A¨vjKvB‡bi
ˆewkó¨g~jK wewµqv)
[Kexi m¨vi]
 A¨vj‡Kb, A¨vjwKb I A¨vjKvB‡bi cv_©K¨Kvix/kbv³Kvix cixÿv :
cv_©K¨m~PK cixÿv A¨vj‡Kb A¨vjwKb A¨vjKvBb

1. Br2 `ªeYmn cixÿv : (Am¤ú„³Zvi cixÿv) :

†eªvwg‡bi jvj eY© †eªvwg‡bi jvj eY© `~ixf‚Z
bgybv ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi mv‡_ CCl4 G `ªexf‚Z jvj e‡Y©i †Kvb wewµqv nq bv
`~ixf‚Z nq nq
†eªvwgb `ªeY †hvM K‡i SuvKv‡bv nq

2. †eqvi cixÿv : bgybv ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi mv‡_ KMnO4 †Mvjvcx e‡Y©i †Kvb †Mvjvcx eY© `~ixf‚Z
†Mvjvcx eY© `~ixf‚Z nq
Gi †Mvjvcx e‡Y©i `ªeY †hvM Kiv nq cwieZ©b nq bv nq

wmjfvi A¨vjKvBbvB‡Wi mv`v

3. A¨v‡gvwbqv-hy³ AgNO3 `ªeY †Kvb wewµqv N‡U bv †Kvb wewµqv N‡U bv
e‡Y©i Aat‡ÿc c‡o
Kcvi A¨vjKvBbvB‡Wi jvj
4. A¨v‡gvwbqv-hy³ Cu2Cl2 `ªeY †Kvb wewµqv N‡U bv †Kvb wewµqv N‡U bv
e‡Y©i Aat‡ÿc Drcbœ nq
5. A¤øag© cixÿv †bB †bB A¤øag©x
  wb‡¤œi †Kvb wbiæ`K Gi cÖfv‡e 160C ZvcgvÎvq B_vbj †_‡K Am¤ú„³ †hŠM Bw_wjb Drcbœ nq? (†g.f.c. 11-12)
A. H3PO4 B. H2SO4 C. HCl D. HNO3 Ans : B
 DU©R wewµqvi gva¨‡g †Kvb ai‡bi A¨vj‡Kb Drcbœ nq? (†g.f.c. 09-10)
A. wb¤œZi B. D”PZi C. mggv‡bi D. †KvbwUB bq Ans : B
 Bw_wj‡bi e¨envi wb‡¤œi †KvbwU? (†g.f.c. 09-10)
A. AvB‡mv‡cÖvcvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj ˆZwi‡Z B. †PZbv bvkK iƒ‡c
C. cøvw÷K wk‡í D. A¨vwm‡Uvb ˆZwi‡Z Ans : B I C
 Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi mv‡_ K¨vjwmqvg Kve©vB‡Wi wewµqvi d‡j wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠMwU Drcbœ nq? (†g.f.c. 05-06)
A. Bw_wjb B. wg‡_b C. A¨vwmwUwjb D. B‡_b Ans : C
 †Kvb †hŠMwU cUvwkqvg cvig¨v½v‡b‡Ui m‡½ wewµqv K‡i bv? (†g.f.c. 02-03)
A. C2H6 B. C2H2 C. C2H4 D. C3H6 Ans : A

 CH3CH2CH2Br + Na  ﮋ B_vi

M; G‡ÿ‡Î ‘M’ †hŠMwUi bvg Kx?
A. ‡nw·b B. ‡cÖv‡cb C. ‡cÖvwcb D. ‡n‡·b Ans : D
 ‰Re Gwm‡Wi wWKve©w·‡jkb wewµqvq cÖavb Drcv` †KvbwU?
A. A¨vjwKb B. A¨vjKvBb C. A¨vj‡Kb D. A¨vj‡Kvnj Ans : C

 CH3H2COONa + NaOH   Drcv` G wewµqvq Drcv` †KvbwU?
A. B‡_b B. ‡cÖv‡cb C. weD‡Ub D. ‡c‡›Ub Ans : A

 R  COONa  NaOH (CaO)   ' A '  Na 2 CO 3 G‡ÿ‡Î A †hŠMwU Kx?
A. A¨vjwKb B. Kv‡e©vw·wjK GwmW C. A¨vj‡Kb D. A¨vjwWnvBW Ans : C
 B_vBb + H2  Pd
BaSO4
X; G‡ÿ‡Î ‘X’ †hŠMwU Kx?
A. CH3CH2SO2H B. CH2 = CH2 C. CH3  CH3 D. C6H6 Ans : B
 ivbœvi Rb¨ wmwjÛv‡i †Kvb M¨vm fwZ© Kiv nq?
A. ‡c‡Uªvj B. ‡K‡ivwmb C. wg‡_b I †cÖv‡cb D. weD‡Ub I †cÖv‡cb Ans : D

A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW

 GK bR‡i A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW cÖ¯‘wZi mvaviY wewµqvmg~n :

, ZnCl2
1. ROH (l) + HX(g) 
A¨vj‡Kvnj
Abv`ª© ZnCl2
2. ROH(l) + HCl(g) 
A¨vj‡Kvnj ‡MÖvfm c×wZ

3. 2CH3CH2Cl (l) + Hg2F2(s) 

A¨vjKvBj †K¬vivBW ‡mvqvU©m wewµqv
 4. ROH (l) + PCl5(s) 
A¨vj‡Kvnj RX
A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW
5. ROH (l) + SOCl2 
A¨vj‡Kvnj

6. RCH=CH2 + HX 
gvK©wbKf bxwZ
A¨vjwKb

7. RCH=CH2 + HX (HBr) H2O


A¨vjwKb wecixZ gvK©wbKf bxwZ

8. RH + X2 
A¨vj‡Kb Zvc, 400C, UV
Av‡jv
 A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi wewµqv : 4 ai‡bi wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i -
i. GK AvYweK †K›`ªvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv (SN1)
1. †K›`ªvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb (SN) wewµqv
ii. wØ AvYweK †K›`ªvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv (SN2)
i. GK AvYweK AcmviY wewµqv (E1)
2. AcmviY wewµqv
ii. wØ AvYweK AcmviY wewµqv (E2)
i. †mvwWqvg avZzi mv‡_ DU©R wewµqv : D”PZi A¨vj‡Kb Drcbœ nq
3. avZzi m‡½ wewµqv
ii. g¨vM‡bwmqvg avZzi m‡½ wMÖbvW© wewµqv : wMÖMbvW© weKviK (RMgX) Drcbœ nq
4. weRviY wewµqv i. weRviY wewµqvq A¨vj‡Kb Drcbœ nq

SN1 I SN2 Gi cv_©K¨

ˆewkó¨ SN1 wewµqv SN2 wewµqv
`yB av‡c m¤úbœ nq| 1g avcwU gš’i hv GKav‡c m¤úbœ nq|
wewµqv avc
wewµqvi nvi‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i|
AvYweKZv GK AvYweK wewµqv| `yB AvYweK wewµqv|
wewµqvi µg cÖ_g µg wewµqv| wØZxq µg wewµqv|
wbDwK¬IdvB‡ji NbgvÎv NbgvÎv Kg n‡j SN1 wewµqv N‡U NbgvÎv †ewk n‡j SN2 wewµqv N‡U
ga¨eZ©x Drcv` Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb| †Kvb ga¨eZ©x Drcv` m„wó nq bv
nq bv| nq| wewµqvq †iwmwgK wgkÖY cvIqvi m¤¢vebv
Ae¯’všÍi RwUj Ae¯’vi m„wó
_v‡K bv|
 AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| m¤ú~Y© wecixZ n‡q hvq| S‡o Dëv‡bv QvZvi gZ
R¨vwgwZK MVb
wecixZ MV‡bi Drcv` m„wó nq|
A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi NbgvÎvi Ici wbf©i wbDwK¬IdvBj I A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi NbgvÎvi
wbf©ikxjZv
K‡i Ici wbf©i K‡i
RX-Gi mwµqZvi µg 3 > 2 > 1 > CH3X CH3X > 1 > 2 > 3
`ye©j wbDwK¬IdvBj †hgb : cvwb, A¨vj‡Kvnj Zxeª ev kw³kvjx wbDwK¬IdvBj †hgb A¨vjK·vBW
wbDwK¬IdvB‡ji cÖK…wZ
SN1 w`‡q _v‡K| Avqb Ges nvB‡Wªv·vBW Avqb SN2 w`‡q _v‡K|
`ªve‡Ki cÖKw… Z †cvjvi `ªve‡K N‡U Kg †cvjvi ev bb&‡cvjvi `ªve‡K N‡U
cÖwZ‡hvMx wewµqv AcmviY I c~Ywe©b¨vm| AcmviY wewµqv|
AbyNUK Ag+, AlCl3, ZnCl2 BZ¨vw`| AbyNU‡Ki f‚wgKv †bB|
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]
KOH(aq)
 ROH (A¨vj‡Kvnj) + KX

2Na+XR

ﮋ B_vi RR+2NaX (DU©R wewµqv)

RX 
A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW Mg
 CH3MgX (wMÖMbvW© weKviK)
ﮋ B_vi

NaOR
 ROR+NaCl (B_vi/DBwjqvgmb ms‡kølY)
ﮋ B_vi

 mvq‡Rd bxwZ (Saytzeff’s rule) t ‡m‡KÛvwi A¨vj‡Kvnj I †m‡KÛvwi A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW †_‡K h_vµ‡g cvwb (H2O) I
HX AcmviY wewµqvq GKvwaK A¨vjwKb Drcbœ nIqvi †ÿ‡Î AwaK kvLvhy ³ A¨vjwKbwUB cÖavb Drcv` n‡e| G wbqgwU‡K -
Acmvi‡Yi mvB‡Rd wbqg e‡j|
 CH3CH = CHCH3 (80%, cÖavb Drcv`)
    weDwUb-2
Mvp H2SO4
2 C H 3  C H  C H  C H 3  
, H2O
| |
H OH  CH3CH2CH = CH2 (20%)
weDwUb-1
 CH3CH = CHCH3 (80%, cÖavb Drcv`)
   
KOH(alc) weDwUb-2
2 C H 3  C H  C H  C H 3  
, H2O
| |
H Cl  CH3CH2CH = CH2 (20%)
weDwUb-1
 n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡K‡bi e¨envi :
1. `ªveKiƒ‡c : Kve©b †UUªv‡K¬vivBW (CCl4), WvB‡K¬v‡ivwg‡_b (CH2Cl2), ‡K¬v‡ivdig (CHCl3), UªvB‡K¬v‡ivBw_b
(CCl2=CHCl), †UUªv‡K¬v‡ivBw_b (CCl2=CCl2)
2. ivevi, fvwb©m, †cB›U, †Zj I Pwe©i `ªveKiƒ‡c : I‡q÷ªb (CHCl2CHCl2)
3. WªvB Iqvwks Zijiƒ‡c : Kve©b †UUªv‡K¬vivBW (CCl4), I‡q‡÷ªvmj (CHCl=CCl2)
4. ¯’vwbK †PZbvbvkKiƒ‡c (Local anaesthetic) : †K¬v‡iv wg‡_b (CH3Cl), †K¬v‡iv B‡_b (C2H5Cl), †d¬v‡_b
5. AwMœ wbe©vcKiƒ‡c : CCl4, CBr2CIF ev BCF (DËg AwMœwbe©vcK)
6. wngvqKiƒ‡c : wd«qb-11 (CFCl3), wd«qb-12 (CF2Cl2), wd«qb-114 (CF2ClCF2Cl)
7. KxUbvkK wn‡m‡e : wWwWwU, G¨vjwWªb, †K¬vi‡Wb, wWjwWªb I wjb‡Wb
8. wMÖMbvW© weKviK cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z

A¨vivBj n¨vjvBW

 A¨vivBj n¨vjvBW cÖ¯w‘ Zi mvaviY wewµqvmg~n :

1. n¨v‡jvwR‡bkb wewµqv Øviv:
Cl
ﮋ FeCl3
+ Cl2 80C + HCl
†K¬v‡iv †ebwRb

2. m¨vÛ‡gqvi wewµqv Øviv : Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY‡K 100C ZvcgvÎvq nvB‡Wªv‡Rb n¨vjvBW (HCl, HBr) Ges Abyiƒc
wKDcÖvm n¨vjvB‡Wi mv‡_ DËß K‡i A¨vivBj n¨vjvBW cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|
Cu2X2
N2Cl + HX 100C
X + N2

3. M¨vUvig¨vb wewµqv Øviv : m¨vÛ‡gqvi wewµqvq e¨eüZ wKDcÖvm †K¬vivB‡Wi cwie‡Z© Kcvi P‚ Y© e¨envi K‡i A¨vivBj
n¨vjvBW Drcbœ Kivi cÖwµqv‡K M¨vUvig¨vb wewµqv e‡j|
Cu
N2Cl + HX 100C X + N2

 DU©R-wdwUM wewµqv : ﮋ B_vixq `ªe‡Y avZe †mvwWqvgmn A¨vivBj n¨vjvBW I A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi wgkÖY‡K wid¬v· Ki‡j
A¨vjKvBj †ebwRb Drcbœ nq|

Br CH3
ﮋ B_vi
+ 2Na + Br – CH3  + 2NaBr [DU©R wewµqvq A¨vj‡Kb Drcbœ nq]
UjyBb

wMÖMbvW© weKviK
 wMÖMbvW© weKviK: wMÖMbvW© weKviK n‡jv A¨vjKvBj g¨vM‡bwmqvg n¨vjvBW (RMgX) A_ev A¨vivBj g¨vM‡bwmqvg n¨vjvBW (ArMgX)|
 wMÖMbvW© weKvi‡Ki wewµqv : H2O
CH4 (nvB‡WªvKve©b)

CH3OH
CH3  CH3 (nvB‡WªvKve©b)
H-CHO
CH3  CH2  OH (1 A¨vj‡Kvnj)

CH3MgX OH
CH3-CHO |
CH 3  C H  CH 3 (2 A¨vj‡Kvnj)

OH
CH3-COCH3 |
CH 3  C  CH 3 (3 A¨vj‡Kvnj)
|
CH 3
CO2
CH3  COOH (Kve©w·wjK GwmW)

 †R‡b ivL
 HCHO ev‡` Ab¨vb¨ A¨vjwWnvBW 2 A¨vj‡Kvnj ˆZix K‡i
 M¨v‡mvwj‡bi d¬¨vk c‡q›U 45C Ges jyweª‡KwUs †Z‡ji d¬¨vk c‡q›U 232C

†K¬v‡ivdig

 †K¬v‡ivdi‡gi ag© :
 (CHCl3) †K¬v‡ivdig eY©nxb Zij c`v_©, wgwóMÜhy³ Ges DØvqx
 Mjbv¼ 60C
 cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq Ges AwaKvsk ˆRe `ªve‡K `ªeYxq (we‡kl K‡i B_vi I A¨vj‡Kvn‡j `ªeYxq)
 †K¬v‡ivdig R¡jbkxj bq wKš‘ Gi ev®ú evqy‡Z meyR wkLvmn R¡‡j D‡V Ges welv³ COCl2 (dmwRb M¨vm) ˆZix K‡i
 ‡K¬v‡ivdig‡K A¯^”Q ev`vgx e‡Y©i iwOb †evZ‡j msiÿY Kiv nq|
 †K¬v‡ivdig‡K m¤ú~Y© wec`gy³ Kivi Rb¨ 1% B_vbj †hvM Kiv nq|

 †K¬v‡ivdi‡gi wewµqv : 7 cÖKvi wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i

i. cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv
 Cl3C  NO2 (†K¬v‡ivwcwµb/Kuv`y‡b M¨vm)
HNO3

ii. weRviY wewµqv

 CH4 + 3HCl
6[H]

iii. RviY wewµqv

 COCl2 (dmwRb M¨vm)
O2
N=C
 iv. Kvwe©j A¨vwgb wewµqv
CHCl3   (wdbvBj A¨vB‡mvmvqvb vBW)
†Kv‡ivdig C6H5NH2 + KOH; 60C

OH
v. ivBgvi UvBg¨vb wewµqv CHO (m¨vwjmvBj A¨vjwWnvBW)

C6H5NH2 + KOH; 60-70C

vi. wmjfv‡ii mv‡_ wewµqv

 C2H2 + AgCl
Ag; 600C
CH 3
|
vii. Kb‡Wb‡mmb wewµqv
 CH 3  C|  OH
CH3COCH3 (‡K¬vwi‡Uvb)
CCl 3
 †K¬v‡ivdi‡gi cÖ‡qvM :
1. †PZbvbvkK wn‡m‡e
2. Pwe©, †Zj, †gvg, ivevi cÖf…wZi wb®‹vk‡b ‰Re `ªveK wn‡m‡e
3. cixÿvMv‡i weKviK wn‡m‡e (we‡kl K‡i Aw·‡Rb kbv³Ki‡Y);
4. dvsMv‡mi eske„w× †iva, ˆRe †hŠM ms‡kølY Ges Jla wn‡m‡e|

 wMÖMbvW© weKviK n‡jv-(†g.f.c. 08-09)

A. CH3ONa B. RBaCl C. RMgX D. RCaX Ans : C
 (CH3)3 CBr I Rjxq NaOH Gi wewµqv †Kvb †kÖYxi? (†g.f.c. 07-08)
A. SN1 B. SN2 C. E2 D. †KvbwUB bq Ans : A
 †K¬v‡ivdig Db¥y³ ivL‡j †Kvb M¨vm Drcbœ nq? (†g.f.c. 01-02)
A. CCl4 B. COCl2 C. Cl3-NO2 D. COCl2(HNO3) Ans : B
 UªvB‡K¬v‡iv wg‡_b wb‡¤œi †Kvb Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq? (†g.f.c. 00-01)
A. wngKviK B. KxUbvkK C. cPb wbeviK D. AwMœwbe©vcK Ans : C

 SN1 weµq Kq av‡c m¤úbœ nq?

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 Ans : B
 DU©R wdwUM wewµqvq †KvbwU Drcbœ nq?
A. D”PZi A¨vj‡Kb B. A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW C. A¨vjKvBj †ebwRb D. wdbvBj n¨vjvBW Ans : C

A¨vj‡Kvnj

A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji †kÖYxwefvM
 MVb Abymv‡i eÜb cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i OH g~j‡Ki msL¨v Abymv‡i

A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨v‡iv‡gwUK m¤ú„³ Am¤ú„³ g‡bvnvBwWªK WvBnvBwWªK UªvBnvBwWªK cwjnvBwWªK

GKK eÜb wØ ev wÎ-eÜb Bw_wjb MøvBKj wMømvwib miweUj

OH g~j‡Ki Ae¯’vb Abymv‡i

1 2 3

 cwj nvBwWªK A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji e¨envi:

 Moisturing agent iƒ‡c †Pv‡Li Wªc (†Pv‡Li dryness Gi Rb¨) wn‡m‡e
 w¯‹‡bi wewfbœ wµg ˆZwi‡Z

 GK bR‡i A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖ¯‘wZi mvaviY wewµqvmg~n :


 A¨vjKvBj ev A¨vivBj n¨vjvBW n‡Z: R  X  NaOH(Rjxq) 
 R  OH  NaX

 A¨vjwKb †_‡K t H 2C  CH 2  H 2O H  CH 3  CH 2OH

2 SO 4

 wMÖMbvW© weKviK Øviv :

H-CHO
R  CH2  OH (1 A¨vj‡Kvnj)

OH
CH3-CHO |
RMgX R  C H  CH 3 (2 A¨vj‡Kvnj)

OH
CH3-COCH3 |
R  C  CH 3 (3 A¨vj‡Kvnj)
|
CH 3

 A¨vjwWnvBW, wK‡Uvb Ges Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi weRviY †_‡K :

i. CH 3  CHO  2[H ] H  CH 3  CH 2 OH
2 / Pt

B_vb¨vj B_vbj
ii. CH 3  CO  CH 3  2[H ] LiAlH
4  CH 3  CH (OH)  CH 3
‡cÖvcv‡bvb ‡cÖvcvbj-2
 iii. R – COOH + 4[H]   R – CH2 – OH + H2O
LiAlH 4
B‡_vw· B‡_b
Kve©w·wjK GwmW 1 A¨vj‡Kvnj

 Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi RvZK †_‡K :

i. G÷vi †_‡K: R  COOR + 4[H] LiAlH
 4 
ﮋ B_vi
RCH2OH + ROH
ii. GwmW †K¬vivBW †_‡K: R  COCl + 4[H] ﮋ
B_vi
LiAlH 4
RCH2OH + HCl
iii. GwmW A¨vbnvBWªvBW †_‡K: (R  CO)2O + 8[H] ﮋ
B_vi
 LiAlH 4
2RCH2OH + H2O

A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wk‡ívrcv`b
 wg_vbj cÖ¯w‘ Z t
 IqvUvi M¨vm (CO+H2) †_‡K CH3OH ms‡kølY Kiv nq -
0
C(s) + H2O(g) 1300
 C
 [CO(g) + H2(g)]
[CO (g) + H2(g)] + H2(g) CuO
    CH3OH(l)
, ZnO ,Al2O3 / Cr2O3
300C, 200 atm
IqvUvi M¨vm wg_vbj
 c„w_ex‡Z Drcvw`Z wg_vb‡ji cÖvq 90% IqvUvi M¨vm (CO + H2) ‡_‡K ms‡kølY Kiv nq|
 G c×wZ‡Z Drcvw`Z wg_vb‡ji weï×Zv cÖvq 99% nq|

 B_vbj cÖ¯‘wZ (dv‡g©‡›Ukb/MuvRb/‡PvjvBKiY)

dvi‡g‡›Ukb c×wZ‡Z B_vbj Drcv`‡b Møy‡Kv‡Ri Drmiƒ‡c 2 †kÖwYi Kve©nvB‡WªU e¨eüZ nq| h_v :
i. ‡k¦Zmvi ev ÷vP© [(C6H10O5)n] RvZxq c`v_©
ii. WvBm¨vKvivBW (C12H22O11) RvZxq c`v_©

 ‡k¦Zmvi ev ÷vP© [(C6H10O5)n] RvZxq c`v_© †_‡K B_vbj Drcv`b :

Wvqv‡÷m
 2(C6H10O5) + nH2O  nC12H22O11
÷vP© g‡ëvR
 C12 H 22 O11  H 2 O g¨vj‡
  Um
 2C 6 H12O 6
g‡ëvR Mø‡y KvR
 C 6 H12 O 6 RvB‡
 gm
 2CH 3CH 2OH  2CO 2
Mø‡y KvR B_vbj
 WvBm¨vKvivBW (C12H22O11) RvZxq c`v_© †_‡K B_vbj Drcv`b :

wPUv¸o ev †gvjv‡mm G 30% my‡µvR Ges 35% Mø‡y KvR I d«z‡±v‡Ri wgkÖY _v‡K|
Bbfvi‡Um
C12H22O11 + H2O  C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
c‡i RvB‡gm Møy‡KvR I d«z‡±vR‡K dvi‡g‡›Ukb K‡i B_vb‡j cwiYZ K‡i| †hgb :
 C 6 H12 O 6 RvB‡
 gm
 2CH 3CH 2OH  2CO 2

 Gfv‡e cÖvß B_vbj‡K evi evi AvswkK cvZb Ki‡j cÖvq 95.6% A¨vj‡Kvnj cvIqv hvq| G‡K †iw±dvBW w¯úwiU e‡j|
 †iKwUdvBW w¯úwiU‡K cv_y‡i Pzb (CaO) mn‡hv‡M cvZb (78.3C) Ki‡j weï× B_vbj 99.5% cvIqv hvq
 †ebwRbmn mgùzUb cvZb Øviv weï× B_vbj cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq

 KwZcq evwYwR¨K A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mshyw³ I e¨envi :

evwYwR¨K A¨vj‡Kvnj mshyw³
1. †iKwUdvBW w¯úwiU 95.6% B_vbj + 4.4% cvwb [Gi ùzUbv¼ n‡jv 78.1C]
2. wgw_‡j‡UW w¯úwiU 95.6% B_vbj + welv³ 5-10% wg_vbj + 3% †ebwRb Ges b¨vc_v I `yM©Ühy³ wcwiwWb
3. evwYwR¨K wgw_‡j‡UW w¯úwiU 95% †iKwUdvBW w¯úwiU + 5% wg_vbj
4. wgbvivj b¨vc_v w¯úwiU 90% †iKwUdvBW w¯úwiU + 9% wg_vbj + 1% †c‡Uªvj
5. cvIqvi A¨vj‡Kvnj weï× B_vbj + †ebwRb + †c‡Uªvj
6. cÖæd w¯úwiU 57.1% weï× B_vbj + 42.9% cvwb
7. DW-w¯úwiU 98% wg_vbj + 1-2% A¨vwm‡Uvb
8. cig A¨vj‡Kvnj 99.5% B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj [Kexi m¨vi]
9. i¨vwes A¨vj‡Kvnj 70% B_vbj + 30% cvwb

 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji †fŠZ ag©

 cvwb‡Z A¨vj‡Kvnjmg~‡ni `ªeYxqZvi µg wb¤œiƒc : 3 > 2 > 1
 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji cÖwZ¯’vc‡bi wewµqvi µg : 3 > 2 > 1
 A¨vj‡Kvnjmg~‡ni ùzUbv¼ I NbZ¡ e„w×i µg : 1 > 2 > 3
 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji A¤øxq a‡g©i µg : 1 > 2 > 3
 A¨vj‡Kvnj GwmW Ges ÿviK Dfq cÖKvi (A¤øxq I ÿvixq) ag© cÖ`k©b K‡i

A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wewµqv
 A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖavbZ 5 cÖKvi wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i| h_v :
1. H cÖwZ¯’vwcZ wewµqv
2.  OH g~jK cÖwZ¯’vcb
3. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb wePz¨wZ
4. RviY wewµqv
5. wbiæ`b wewµqv
 GK bR‡i A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wewµqvmg~n
PCl3
CH3CH2Cl + H3PO3
 A¨vjKvBj †K¬vivBW

PCl5
CH3CH2Cl + POCl3 + HCl
A¨vjKvBj †K¬vivBW
ZnCl2 + HCl
CH3CH2Cl
A¨vjKvBj †K¬vivBW
CH3COOH
CH3CH2OOCCH3 + H2O [G÷vwiwd‡Kkb]
G÷vi
H2SO4 (Conc)
CH2 = CH2
170C A¨vjwKb

H2SO4 (Conc)
(C2H5)2O
140C WvB B_vBj B_vi

Cu, 300 C
CH3CHO [wWnB‡WªvwR‡bkb]
A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW
[O], K2Cr2O7
CH3 CHO [   CH3 COOH
O ], K 2Cr2 O 7

A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW ˆRe GwmW

CH3MgX
CH3CH2CH3
(A¨vj‡Kb)
 cÖvBgvwi, †m‡KÛvwi I Uviwmqvwi A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ :
1 A¨vj‡Kvnj KÿZvcgvÎvq †Kvb Aat‡ÿc †`q bv
1. jyKvm weKviK
2 A¨vj‡Kvnj Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í wewµqv K‡i 5-10 wgwbU ci Aa‡ÿc c‡o
(Mvp HCl+ Abv`ª© ZnCl2)
3 A¨vj‡Kvnj mv‡_ mv‡_B A¨vjKvBj †K¬vivB‡Wi mv`v Aa‡ÿc c‡o

1 A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖ_‡g A¨vjwWnvBW c‡i GwmW Drcbœ nq|

2 A¨vj‡Kvnj GKB C wewkó wK‡Uvb Drcbœ nq, c‡i Kg C wewkó GwmW Drcbœ nq
2. RviY wewµqv
3 A¨vj‡Kvnj GwmW `ªe‡Y cÖ_‡g Kg C wewkó wK‡Uvb I c‡i wK‡Uvb †_‡K Kg C
wewkó GwmW Drcbœ nq
1 A¨vj‡Kvnj A¨vjwWnvBW Drcbœ nq
3. wWnvB‡WªvwR‡bkb
2 A¨vj‡Kvnj wK‡Uvb Drcbœ nq
 3 A¨vj‡Kvnj A¨vjwKb I cvwb Drcbœ nq
[Kexi m¨vi]
 kbv³KiY :
 Na avZzmn : H2 M¨vm Drcbœ nq
1. A¨vj‡Kvnj
 PCl5 mn : HCl M¨vm wbM©Z nq hv NH3 wm³ KvP `‡Ði ms¯ú‡k© mv`v Nb †avqv m„wó K‡i
2. wg_vbj  ga¨g Mvp H2SO4 ‡hvM K‡i DËß Ki‡j wg_vBj m¨vwjmvB‡jU Drcbœ nq hv DB›Uvi MÖxb †Z‡ji M‡Üi b¨vq
 Av‡qv‡Wvdig cixÿv : Kw÷K †mvWv Ges Av‡qvwW‡bi wgkÖY‡K B_vb‡ji mv‡_ DËß Ki‡j njy` e‡Y©i
Av‡qv‡Wvdg© MwVZ nq| wKš‘ wg_vbj GB cixÿv †`q bv|
3. B_vbj
 wg_vBj Kve©wbj g~jK (CH3CO) hy³ †h †Kv‡bv ‰Re †hŠM †hgb CH3CHO, B_vbj, †cÖvcvbj-2
BZ¨vw` Av‡qv‡Wvdig wewµqv †`q|

B_vi

 B_v‡ii ˆewkó¨ :
 IUPAC c×wZ‡Z B_vi‡K A¨vj‡Kvw· A¨vj‡Kbiƒ‡c MY¨ Kiv nq|
 B_v‡ii Kvh©Kix g~jK n‡jv ( C  O  C )
 B_v‡ii Aw·‡Rb cigvYywU sp3 msKwiZ
 B_vi g~j‡K C  O  C eÜb †KvY cÖvq 110 nq
 cvwb A‡cÿv nvjKv
 ivmvqwbKfv‡e wbw®Œq
 B_vixq eÜb my`„p nq
 cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv †`q
 B_vi‡K miæ gyLwewkó ev`vwg ev Kv‡jv e‡Y©i †evZ‡j msiÿY Kiv nq|

 B_v‡ii mvaviY cÖ¯‘wZ :

1. DBwjqvgmb wewµqvi gva¨‡g B_vi ms‡kølY : †mvwWqvg A¨vjK·vBW‡K A¨vj‡Kvnjxq `ªe‡Y A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBWmn
DËß Ki‡j A¨vjKw· A¨vj‡Kb ev B_vi cvIqv hvq| B_vi ˆZwii G wewµqv‡K DBwjqvgmb B_vi ms‡kølY e‡j|
R  ONa  X  R A¨vj‡  R  O  R  NaX
Kvnj

0
2. A¨vj‡Kvnj †_‡K : CH 3  CH 2  OH  H 2SO 4 (Mvp) 140
 C
 CH 3  CH 2  O  CH 2  CH 3  H 2O
(Aek¨ 1 Ges 2 A¨vj‡Kvnj †_‡KB B_vi ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e| 3 A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖavbZ A¨vjwKb ˆZwi K‡i|)

 B_v‡ii kbv³Kvix cixÿv :

i. Na avZzmn cixÿv : †Kvb wewµqv K‡i bv
ii. PCl5 mn cixÿv : POCl3 MwVZ nq wKš‘ HCl wbM©Z nq bv
 iii. Mvp H2SO4 mn cixÿv : A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcbœ nq hv PCl5 Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i HCl ˆZwi K‡i

 A¨vj‡Kvnj I B_v‡ii cv_©K¨

welq A¨vj‡Kvnj B_vi
1. mvaviY ms‡KZ CnH2n+1OH CnH2n+2O ev R  O  R ev R  O  R
2. Kvh©Kix g~jK  OH COC
3. mwµqZv mwµq †hŠM AZ¨šÍ wb¤œ mwµqZv
4. MÜ wgwó MÜhy³ B_vixq MÜ
5. ag© Dfag©x c`v_© jyBm ÿviK
6. ùzUbv¼ ‡ewk Kg
7. H2-eÜb MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i Ki‡Z cv‡i bv

8. eÜb cÖK…wZ AvswkK †cvjvi A‡cvjvi

9. avZe Na H2 M¨vm Drcbœ nq K‡i bv

HCl M¨vm wbM©Z nq hv NH3 wm³ KvP `‡Ði ms¯ú‡k© mv`v

10. PCl5 POCl3 MwVZ nq wKš‘ HCl wbM©Z nq bv
Nb †avqv m„wó K‡i
11. RviY RvwiZ n‡q cÖ_‡g A¨vjwWnvBW Ges c‡i GwmW Drcbœ K‡i| mn‡R RvwiZ nq bv
RCH2OH + Mvp HCl ZnCl
2  RCH2Cl + H2O
12. jyKvm weKviK K‡i bv
A¨vj‡Kvnj A¨vjKvBj †K¬vivBW
R – CH2 – OH + (Mvp) H2SO4  R – CH2SO4H + H2O R – O – R + H2SO4 (Conc)  R –
13. Mvp H2SO4 SO4H + R – OH
A¨vj‡Kvnj A¨vjKvBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvj‡dU

 †KvbwU B_vb‡ji †fŠZ ag© bq? (†g.f.c. 13-14)

A. wgwó A¨vj‡Kvnjxq MÜhy³ B. DØvqx Zij
C. cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq D. cvwb‡Z m¤ú~Y© `ªeYxq Ans : C
 B_v‡ii Rb¨ wb‡¤œi †KvbwU mwVK bq? (†g.f.c. 09-10)
A. ‡PZbvbvk K‡i B. cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq C. ùzUbvsK - 240C D. cvwb A‡cÿv nvjKv Ans : C
 wPUv¸o w`‡q B_vbj Drcv`b wewµqv t (†g.f.c. 07-08)
A. Av`ª©-we‡kølY B. RviY C. weRviY D. MuvRb Ans : D
 wmdm& ÿviK Drcbœ nq †Kvb wewµqv †_‡K? (†g.f.c. 06-07)
A. CH3CHO + NH2OH B. C6H5CHO + CH3NH2
 C. CH3COCH3 + NH3 D. HCHO + NH2OH Ans : B
 CH3Cl †K CH3OH G cwiYZ Ki‡Z e¨eüZ weKviK n‡jv t (†g.f.c. 05-06)
A. AlCl3/H2O B. ZnCl2/H2O C. Rjxq KOH D. NaNH2 Ans : C
 1, 2, 3 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji cv_©K¨Ki‡Y e¨eüZ weKviK n‡jv - (†g.f.c. 03-04)
A. U‡jb weKviK B. wkd& weKviK C. jyKvm weKviK D. †WUj Ans : C
 CH3OH Gi wk‡ívrcv`‡b †Kvb cÖfveK e¨eüZ nq? (†gwW : 02-03)
A. Pt B. V2O5 C. ZnO + Cr2O3 D. ZnCl2 + CaO Ans : C
 wMÖMbvW© wewµqv w`‡q GKwU cÖvBgvix A¨vj‡Kvnj ˆZixi Rb¨ †h e¯‘wU e¨envi Kiv nq Zv nj? (†g.f.c.01-02)
A. CH3MgBr B. HCHO C. RCHO D. R OH Ans : B
 C2H5OH Gi mv‡_ 140C ZvcgvÎvq H2SO4 Gi wewµqvq †KvbwU Drcbœ nq? (†g.f.c. 01-02)
A. C2H5-O-C2H5 B. C2H5-O-CH3 C. CH3-O-CH3 D. me¸‡jv Ans : A
 wgw_‡j‡UW w¯úwi‡Ui e¨envi ‡KvbwU? (†g.f.c. 01-02)
A. Zvckw³ B. evwb©k wkí C. kw³gvÎv wbY©q D. †KvbwUB bq Ans : B
 C6H12O6   2C2H5OH + 2CO2 †h GbRvBg Øviv MuvRb Ki‡j GB ivmvqwbK wewµqvwU m¤úbœ n‡e †mwU n‡jv -
?

(†g.f.c. 00-01)
A. RvB‡gR B. Wvqv‡÷R C. Bbfvi‡UR D. g¨vj‡UR Ans : A
 †iw±dvBW w¯úwi‡Ui ùzUbv¼ (C) n‡jv -(†g.f.c. 00-01)
A. 78.15 B. 103.3 C. 99 D. 80.1 Ans : A
 PCl5 Ges B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wewµqvq †KvbwU Drcbœ nq? (†g.f.c. 00-01)
A. Acetyle chloride B. Ethyle chloride C. Ethane D. Diethyl ether Ans : B

A¨vjwWnvBW I wK‡Uvb

 A¨vjwWnvBW-Gi †kÖYxwefvM
1. Drm Abymv‡i : `yB cÖKvi| †hgb :
i. A¨vwjd¨vwUK : digvjwWnvBW ev wg_vb¨vj : HCHO ev CH2O
ii. A¨v‡iv‡gwUK : †ebRvjwWnvBW (C6H5 – CHO)|
2. MVb Abymv‡i : `yB cÖKvi| †hgb:
i. m¤ú„³ : A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW ev B_vb¨vj : CH3 – CHO
ii. Am¤ú„³ : A¨v‡µvwjb : CH2 = CHCHO

 A¨vjwWnvB‡Wi mvaviY cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvjx

1. A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji RviY
 cÖvBgvwi A¨vj‡Kvnj ev 1 A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K Mvp H2SO4 wgwkÖZ K2Cr2O7 A_ev Na2Cr2O7 Øviv DËß K‡i
A¨vjwWnvBW cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q _v‡K| RCH2OH + [O]  RCHO+H2O
 cÖvBgvix A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji RviY wewµqvq A¨vjwWnvBW Drcbœ nq|
 †m‡KÛvix A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji RviY wewµqvq wK‡Uvb Drcbœ nq|
  Uviwkqvix A¨vj‡Kvnj G wewµqvq AskMÖnY K‡i bv|

2. GwmW †K¬vivB‡Wi weRviY Øviv (†iv‡RbgyÛ weRviY)

COCl Pb /[H]
 CHO  HCl (BaSO4 FYvZ¥K cÖfveK ev cÖfveK wel wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i)
BaSO 4

3. BUvW© wewµqv Øviv

CH3 CHO
g„`y RviK MnO2 ev †µvwgj †K¬vivBW (CrO2Cl2)
+ 2[O] + H2O [BUvW© wewµqv]

4. A¨vjKvB‡bi nvB‡Wªkb Øviv

2 0
H  C  C  H  H 2O 2   H 2C  CH  OH cy
% Hg , 75 C
20% H SO
 CH 3CHO
btweb¨vm
2 4

 †iv‡RbgyÛ weRviY (Rosenmund Reduction) c×wZ‡Z dig¨vjwWnvBW I wK‡Uvb cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq bv|
 A¨vwm‡Uvb nj me‡P‡q ‡ewk e¨eüZ ˆRe `ªveK|
 Ny‡gi Jla wn‡m‡e c¨vivjwWnvBW e¨eüZ nq|

 A¨vjwWnvBW I wK‡Uv‡bi wewµqv

1. †K›`ªvKl©x hyZ wewµqv
2. Nbxfeb wewµqv i. wewfbœ A¨v‡gvwbqv RvZ‡Ki m‡½
ii. A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji m‡½
3. RviY wewµqv i. Zxeª Rvi‡Ki m‡½
ii. g„`y Rvi‡Ki m‡½
4. weRviY wewµqv i. g„`y weRvi‡Ki m‡½
ii. Zxeª weRvi‡Ki m‡½
5. ÿv‡ii m‡½ wewµqv i. K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv (-nvB‡Wªv‡Rb wenxb Kve©wbj †hŠ‡M)
ii. A¨vjWj Nbxfeb wewµqv (-nvB‡Wªv‡Rbhy³ Kve©wbj †hŠ‡M)
6. n¨v‡jvdig wewµqv
7. cwjgviKiY wewµqv
8. cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv i. Kve©wbj g~j‡K
(†K¬vwi‡bkb) ii. A¨vjKvBj g~j‡K

 GKbR‡i wewµqvmg~n
H
|
H - CN
CH3  C  OH (B_vb¨vj mvqv‡bvnvBwWªb)
|
CN
H
|
CH3  C = N  G (wmd ÿviK)
 H2 N  G

[O]
CH3  COOH
K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4

Cu(OH)2 + NaOH
CH3COONa + Cu2O [jvj‡P Aat‡ÿc]

Ag(NH3)2 OH
CH3COONH4 + Ag [wmjfvi `c©Y]

LiAH4
A¨vjwWnvBW CH3  CH2  OH [weRviY]

Na.Hg + H2O
CH3  CH3 [wK¬‡gbmb weRviY wewµqv]

X2 + NaOH
CHX3 + HCOONa [n¨v‡jvdig wewµqv]

CH3  CHO

jNy NaOH, 20-30C

Mvp NaOH
no reaction [K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv]
20-30C

 †n·vwgb digvwjb (dig¨vjwWnvB‡Wi 40% Rjxq `ªeY) I Mvp NH3 `ªeY‡K DËß K‡i ˆZwi Kiv nq
 GwU GKwU Nbxfeb wewµqv
 PvwµK †hŠM
 Aci bvg : †n·vwgw_wjb †UUªvA¨vwgb ev BD‡ivUªwcb
 6 AYy HCHO Ges 4 AYy NH3 wewµqv K‡i
 wiD‡gwUK wdfvi ev evZR¡i I cÖmv‡ei _wji cÖ`v‡n Jla wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq

 K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv I A¨vjWj Nbxfeb wewµqv:

1. wewµqv: HCHO + NaOH 50
%   HCOONa
NaOH
1. wewµqv: 2CH3CHO CH3-CH(OH)-CH2-CHO
20C30C
+ CH 3OH
2. D`vniY : dig¨vjwWnvBW (HCHO), †ebR¨vjwWnvBW 2. D`vniY : A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW (CH3CHO), ‡cÖvcvb¨vj,
 (C6H5CHO) I UªvBwg_vBj A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW A¨vwm‡Uvb (CH3COCH3)
[(CH3)3CCHO] K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv †`q
3. -H wenxb A¨vjwWnvB‡W N‡U 3. -H hy³ A¨vjwWnvBW I wK‡Uv‡b N‡U
4. Mvp ÿvi `ªeY NaOH (aq) Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z N‡U 4. jNy ÿvi `ªeY NaOH (aq) Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z N‡U
5. AvšÍtAvYweK RviY-weRviY mnKv‡i AmvgÄm¨ wewµqv N‡U 5. G‡ÿ‡Î wbDwK¬IwdwjK ms‡hvRb wewµqv N‡U

 n¨v‡jvdig wewµqv : †hme A¨vjwWnvBW I wK‡Uv‡b (CH3CO –) MÖæc we`¨gvb _v‡K, †mme A¨vjwWnvBW I wK‡Uvb G
wewµqvq AskMÖnY K‡i|
CH3COCH2CH2CH3 + I2 + KOH  CHI3 + CH3CH2CH2COOK + KI + H2O

A¨vjwWnvBW I wK‡Uv‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

cixÿv A¨vjwWnvBW wK‡Uvb
U‡jb weKviK wmjfvi `c©b MVb K‡i wewµqv K‡i bv
†dnwjs `ªeY jvj Aat‡ÿc Drcbœ K‡i wewµqv K‡i bv
wmd&& weKviK †Mvjvcx eY© wdwi‡q Av‡b wewµqv K‡i bv
DËß NaOH `ªeY †iwRb MVb K‡i †iwRb MVb K‡i bv
cwjgvi MVb mn‡RB cwjgvi MVb K‡i cwjgvi MVb K‡i bv
A¨v‡gvwbqvi m‡½ mvaviY hyZ †hŠM Drcbœ K‡i RwUj †hŠM Drcbœ K‡i
weRviY cÖvBgvix A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcbœ K‡i †m‡KÛvix A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcbœ K‡i

 Kve©wbj (> C = O) g~jK kbv³KiY cixÿv

cixÿv A¨vjwWnvBW wK‡Uvb
1. 2, 4 DNP cixÿv njy`-jvj/Kgjv/njy`/Kgjv-jvj Aat‡ÿc njy`-jvj/Kgjv/njy`/Kgjv-jvj
2. U‡jb weKviK (eY©nxb) cixÿv b‡ji Mv‡q wmjfvi `c©Y (mv`v) m„ wó nq wewµqv K‡i bv
3. †dnwjs `ªeY (eY© Mvp bxj) †U÷ wUD‡ei wb‡P jvj Aat‡ÿc (Cu2O) c‡o wewµqv K‡i bv
4. wmd weKviK - ‡Mvjvwc eY© `„k¨gvb nq
5. †mvwWqvg bvB‡UªvcÖæmvBW cixÿv - jvj e‡Y©i `ªeY Drcbœ nq

 wb‡¤œi †Kvb cixÿvi mgq ‡U÷ wUD‡ei Zjvq Cu2O Gi jvj njy` Aat‡ÿc c‡o? (†g.f.c. 03-04)
A. wjUgvm cixÿv B. †dnwjs `ªeY cixÿv C. FeCl3 `ªeY cixÿv D. NaHCO3 `ªeY cixÿv Ans : B
 ‡Kvb †hŠM A¨vjWj Nbxfeb wewµqv †`q?
 A. Cl3CCHO B. HCHO C. CH3CH2CHO D. C6H5CHO Ans : C
 wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠMwU K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv †`q bv?
A. CH3CHO B. C6H5CHO C. CH3CCl2CHO D. (CH3)3CHO Ans : A
 wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠMwU U‡jb weKvi‡Ki mv‡_ wmjfvi `c©Y †`q?
A. ‡cÖvcv‡bvb B. ‡cÖvcvb¨vj C. ‡cÖvcvbj D. ‡cÖvcvBb Ans : B
 CH3CHO Ges CH3COCH3 Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨m~PK cixÿvq e¨eüZ nq †KvbwU?
A. K2Cr2O7, H+ B. 2 : 4-DNP C. [Ag(NH3)2]+ D. PCl3 Ans : C

Kve©w·wjK GwmW

A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji †kÖYxwefvM

MVb Abymv‡i -COOH g~j‡Ki msL¨v Abymv‡i

A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨v‡iv‡gwUK g‡bvKve©w·wjK/d¨vwU GwmW WvBKve©w·wjK GwmW cwjKve©w·wjK GwmW

m¤ú„³ Am¤ú„³  A·vwjK GwmW  mvBwUªK GwmW

 g¨v‡jvwbK GwmW  †g‡jwUK GwmW
 †cÖvcv‡bvwqK GwmW CH3CH2COOH  A¨vµvwjK GwmW CH2 = CHCOOH  mvw·wbK GwmW
 w÷qvwiK GwmW C17H35COOH  AwjwqK GwmW C17H33COOH  UviUvwiK GwmW
 cvwgwUK GwmW C15H31COOH  wj‡bvwjK GwmW C17H31COOH
 _¨vwjK GwmW

 KwZcq ‰Re GwmW I Zv‡`i Drm:

GwmW Drm
1. A¨vwmwUK GwmW 1. wf‡bMvi
2. weDUv‡bvwqK GwmW 2. gvLb ev evUvi
3. diwgK GwmW 3. wcucov I wfgiæ‡ji MøvÛ
4. w÷qvwiK GwmW 4. cÖvwYR Pwe© I Dw™¢‡`i ˆZj
5. cvwgwUK GwmW 5. cvg A‡qj

‰Re Gwm‡Wi cÖ¯‘wZ

 diwgK GwmW ev wg_v‡bvwqK GwmW cÖ¯‘wZ: cÖvq 200C I 8 atm Pv‡c CO I NaOH wewµqv K‡i †mvwWqvg di‡gU Drcbœ
K‡i| GwU‡K jNy H2SO4 mn Av`ª© we‡køl‡Yi ci Drcbœ diwgK GwmW‡K 101C-G cvwZZ Zijiƒ‡c msMÖn Kiv nq|
0
CO(g)  NaOH(aq) 8200
 
atm
C
 HCOONa (aq) H  HCOOH
2SO 4
 A¨vwmwUK GwmW ev B_v‡bvwqK GwmW cÖ¯‘wZ
2 0 0
HC  CH  H 2 O 2   CH 3CHO 
% Hg , 60 C
2+
 CH 3COOH
O 2 60 C
20% H2SO4 Mn

 ‰Re Gwm‡Wi wewµqv : 5 ai‡bi wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i:

1. Kve©w·j g~j‡Ki nvB‡Wªv‡Rb (H) cigvYyi cÖwZ¯’vcb
2. Kve©w·j g~j‡Ki nvBWªw·j (-OH) ‡Mvôxi cÖwZ¯’vcb
3. Kve©w·j g~j‡Ki Kve©wbj (> C = O) As‡ki wewµqv
4. Kve©w·j (-COOH) g~j‡Ki wewµqv
5. A¨vjKvBj/A¨vivBj (R -) g~j‡K cÖwZ¯’vc

 GK bR‡i Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi wewµqvmg~n:

Na2CO3 CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O  diwgK GwmW ev wg_v‡bvwqK GwmW
†mvwWqvg A¨vwm‡UU
H  COOH  A¨vjwWnvBW
NaOH
CH3COONa + H2O (weRviK) I GwmW Dfqiæ‡c wµqv
K‡i|
Zn (CH3COO)2Zn + H2
wRsK A¨vwm‡UU  A¨vwmwUK GwmW B_v‡bvwqK GwmW
PCl3 diwgK GwmW A‡cÿv `k¸b `ye©j
CH3COCl + H3PO3 GwmW nq|
Mvp H2SO4 CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
C2H5OH B_vBj A¨vwm‡UU
CH3COOH P2O5
(CH3CO)2O + H2O
 GwmwUK GbnvBWªvBW
Kve©w·wjK GwmW
Cl2 CCl3COOH + 3HCl
UªvB‡K¬v‡iv A¨vwmwUK A¨vwmW
†mvWvjvBg
CH4

LiAlH4 CH3CH2OH + H2O
[H]
Ni/H2
CH3  CH2OH
D”PPvc + 
Ca(OH) CH3COCH
A¨vwm‡Uvb

 Kve©w·j ( COOH) g~j‡Ki kbv³KiY cixÿv

cixÿv ch©‡eÿY wm×všÍ
wjUgvm cixÿv bxj wjUgvm KvM‡Ri eY© jvj nq Kve©w·j  COOH g~jK Dcw¯’Z
5% NaHCO3 cixÿv ey` ey` mn CO2 M¨vm wbM©Z nq| GB M¨vm Pz‡bi Kve©w·j  COOH g~jK Dcw¯’Z
 cvwb‡K †Nvjv K‡i
PCl5 cixÿv mv`v †avqv m„wó nq Kve©w·j  COOH g~jK Dcw¯’Z
5% NaOH `ªeY mn cixÿv ‡hŠMwU `ªe‡Y `ªexf‚Z nq Kve©w·j  COOH g~jK Dcw¯’Z
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]

‰Re Gwm‡Wi RvKZmg~n

 Kve©w·j Gwm‡Wi 4wU RvZK
1. G÷vi (RCO.OR)
2. GwmW n¨vjvBW (RCO.X)
3. GwmW A¨vbnvBWªvBW [R(CO)2.OR]
4. GwmW A¨vgvBW (RCO.NH2)

 G÷vi
 wb‡P K‡qKwU d‡j we`¨gvb G÷v‡ii bvg I MvVwbK ms‡KZ †`Iqv n‡jv -
i. cvKv Kjvq - A¨vgvBj/‡c›UvBj A¨vwm‡UU (CH3COOC5H11)
ii. Kgjvq - A±vBj B_vb‡qU (CH3COOC8H17)
iii. cvKv Avbvi‡m - n weDUvBj weDUv‡iU (C3H7COOC4H9)
iv. †Rmwgb dz‡j - †ebRvBj A¨vwm‡UU (CH3COOCH2C6H5)
v. bvkcvwZ‡Z - AvB‡mv‡c›UvBj B_v‡bv‡qU ev 3-wg_vBj weDUvBj B_vb‡qU [CH3COOCH2CH2CH(CH3)2]
vi. cvKv Rv‡g - B_vBj weDUvb‡qU (C3H7COOC2H5)
vii. cvKv Av‡c‡j - wg_vBj weDUvb‡qU ev AvB‡mv A¨vgvBj AvB‡mv f¨vjv‡iU (CH3CH2CH2COOCH3)
viii. KvuVv‡j - B_vBj AvB‡mvf¨vwjwi‡qU

 A¨vgvBW
 A¨vgvB‡Wi ¸iæZ¡ :
i. †cÖvwUb ms‡køl‡Y
ii. mvs‡køwlK cwjgvi †hgb bvBjb ˆZwi‡Z
iii. †e`bvbvkK Ilya A¨vmwcwi‡bi weKí c¨vivwmUvgj ev A¨vwmU¨vwg‡bv‡db n‡jv A¨vgvBW †hvM|

 RvZKmg~‡ni kYv³Kvix wewµqv

†dwiK nvBWªvwgW cixÿv:
nvBWªw·j A¨vwgb mn cixÿv : G÷v‡ii mv‡_ nvB‡Wªvw·j A¨vwg‡bi wewµqvq cÖ_‡g
1. G÷vi nvB‡WªvA·vwgK GwmW, cieZ©x‡Z Zv †dwiK †K¬vivB‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i jvj‡P ev`vgx e‡Y©i
Aat‡ÿc ˆZwi K‡i|
RCOOR + H2N – OH  RCO – HN – OH  jvj‡P ev`vgx
i. NH3 M¨v‡mi cixÿv: cPv gv‡Qi MÜhy³ A¨vwgb A_ev SuvSv‡jv NH3 Drcbœ K‡i hv HCl
2. A¨vgvBW GwmW wm³ KvP `‡Ði ms¯ú‡k© mv`v †auvqv m„wó K‡i|
ii. HgO cixÿv: eY©nxb `ªeY Drcbœ nq|

A¨vwgb
 A¨vwg‡bi †fŠZ ag©
 A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨vwgbmg~n A¨v‡gvwbqvi †P‡q †ewk ÿviag©x nq|
 A¨vwgbmg~‡ni ÿvi awg©Zvi µg n‡jv: R 2 NH  RNH 2  R 3 N  NH 3 > ArNH2
 A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨vwgbmg~n gv‡Qi b¨vq Avuk‡U MÜhy³|
 `ªve¨Zv : A¨vwgbmg~n cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq| Aek¨, AvYweK fi evovi mv‡_ `ªve¨Zv K‡g hvq| D”P AvYweK fi wewkó A¨vwgb¸‡jv
ˆRe `ªveK †hgb: †ebwRb, B_vi, A¨vj‡Kvnj I †K¬v‡ivdi‡g `ªeYxq|
 A¨vwg‡bi †kÖYxwefvM t
1. A¨vwjd¨vwUK ev A¨vjKvBj: CH3NH2, (CH3)2NH
MVb Abymv‡i
2. A¨v‡iv‡gwUK ev A¨vivBj
(3 cÖKvi )
3. mvBwK¬K ev welg PvwµK : cvB‡ivj I wcwiwWb
1. cÖvBgvix (1)
A¨v‡gvwbqvq cÖwZ¯’vc‡Ki msL¨v Abymv‡i 2. †m‡KÛvix (2)
(3 cÖKvi ) 3. Uviwmqvix (3)
4. †KvqviUvibvix jeY [Kwei m¨vi]
 A¨vwg‡bi cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvjx
ndg¨vb ÿz`ªvskKiY wewµqv : GwmW A¨vgvBW‡K Br2 I Mvp NaOH/KOH `ªeY Øviv DËß Ki‡j cÖvBgvwi A¨vwgb Drcbœ
nq| G c×wZ‡Z Drcbœ cÖvBgvix A¨vwg‡b g~j gvZ…‡hŠM A¨vgvBW A‡cÿv GKwU Kve©b Kg _v‡K| ZvB G c×wZ‡K Avwe®‹vi‡Ki
bvgvbymv‡i Òndg¨vb ÿz`ªvskKiY wewµqvÓ ejv nq|

R  CONH 2  Br2  4 NaOH 
 R  NH 2  2 NaBr  Na 2CO 3  2H 2O

 A¨vwg‡bi ivmvqwbK wewµqv t 6 cÖKvi wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i|

1. ÿvi ag© m¤úwK©Z wewµqv
2. A¨vwg‡bvg~j‡Ki mwµq H cigvYyi cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv
3. bvBUªvm Gwm‡Wi m‡½ wewµqv
4. Kvwe©j A¨vwgb wewµqv
5. A¨vwg‡bv MÖæ‡ci RviY (A¨v‡ivg¨vwUK A¨vwg‡bi Rb¨) wewµqv Ges
6. A¨vivBj A¨vwg‡bi †ebwRb P‡µ cÖwZ¯’vcb (ïay A¨v‡ivg¨vwUK A¨vwg‡bi Rb¨) wewµqv|

 A¨vwg‡bi kYv³Kvix wewµqv t Kvwe©j A¨vwgb cixÿv

wewµqv :

CH 3  NH 2  CHCl3  3KOH (alc)   CH 3  N  C  3KCl  H 2O


C6 H 5  NH 2  CHCl3  3KOH(alc) 
 C 6 H 5  N  C  3KCl  H 2O
 D‡Ïk¨: cÖvBgvwi (A¨vwj‡dwUK I A¨v‡iv‡gwUK) A¨vwgb I †K¬v‡ivdig kbv³KiY
 ZvcgvÎv: 60-70C
  MÜ: DMÖ ev DrKU MÜhy³

 1, 2, 3 A¨vwg‡bi cv_©K¨:

1 A¨vwgb A¨vwjd¨vwUK A¨vwgb A¨vj‡Kvnj I N2 M¨vm Drcbœ K‡i|
bvBUªvm GwmW A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vwgb †dbj I N2 M¨vm Drcbœ K‡i|
Gi mv‡_ wewµqv 2 A¨vwgb A¨vwjd¨vwUK I A¨v‡iv‡gwUK Dfq iwOb (njy`) †Zj RvZxq bvB‡Uªv‡mv A¨vwgb ˆZix K‡i
3 A¨vwgb A¨vwjd¨vwUK I A¨v‡iv‡gwUK Dfq UªvB A¨vjKvBj ev A¨vjKvBj wdbvBj A¨v‡gvwbqvg bvBUªvBU MVb K‡i

 A¨vwg‡bi ¸iæZ¡
1. g„`yÿviK, wbDwK¬IdvBj wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
2. A¨v‡Rv iÄK cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z e¨eüZ nq |
3. DNA I RNA Gi wbDwK¬IUvB‡W welg PvwµK ÿviK wn‡m‡e Dcw¯’Z _v‡K|
4. K…wÎg Zš‘ †hgb, bvBjb ˆZwi‡Z †n·vwgw_wjb WvBA¨vwgb e¨envi Kiv nq|
5. wg_vBj A¨vwgb cuPv gv‡Qi `yM©Ü m„wó K‡i|
6. wg_vBj A¨vwgb, WvBg_vBj A¨vwgb Pvgov wk‡í ‡jvgbvkKiƒ‡c e¨enZ nq|
7. B_vBj A¨vwgb gwiPv‡ivax ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
8. wdbvBj A¨vwgb bvbvwea iÄK I mvjdv WªvM ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|

Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY

 Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY
cÖvBgvix A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vwgb‡K 0 – 5C wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW ev mvjwdDwiK Gwm‡W `ªexf‚Z K‡i, D³ `ªe‡Y
†mvwWqvg bvBUªvBU (NaNO2) `ªeY †hvM Ki‡j Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY Drcbœ nq| Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY cÖ¯‘wZi G cÖwµqv‡K
Wvqv‡RvUvB‡Rkb ev Wvqv‡Rv wewµqv e‡j|
NaNO2 + HCl  NaCl + HNO2

NH2 N2Cl
  5 C
+ HNO2 + HCl 0 
+ 2H2O
A¨vwbwjb †ebwRb Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg †K¬vivBW

 †fŠZ ag©
1. †ebwRb Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg †K¬vivBW eY©nxb `vbv`vi KwVb c`v_©|
2. GwU cvwb‡Z AwZgvÎvq `ªeYxq Ges `ªe‡Y AvqwbZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
3. GwU B_vi I A¨vj‡Kvnj G cÖvq A`ªeYxq|
4. ﮋ Ae¯’vq GwU we‡ùvwiZ nq| †mRb¨ G je‡Yi Rjxq `ªeY e¨envi Kiv nq|

 ivmvqwbK ag© : Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY¸‡jv AZ¨šÍ mwµq| G‡`i wewµqv‡K mvaviYZ 3 fv‡M fvM Kiv nq|
1. Wvqv‡Rv g~j‡Ki cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv
2. Wvqv‡Rv g~j‡Ki weRviY cÖwµqv
3. hyMj wewµqv
 †ebwRb Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg je‡Yi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQz wewµqv:
1. m¨vÛ‡gqvi wewµqv: Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY‡K 100C ZvcgvÎvq nvB‡Wªv‡Rb n¨vjvBW (HCl, HBr) Ges Abyiƒc wKDcÖvm
n¨vjvB‡Wi mv‡_ DËß K‡i A¨vivBj n¨vjvBW cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|
Cu2X2
N2Cl + HX 100C
X + N2

2. M¨vUvig¨vb wewµqv: m¨vÛ‡gqvi wewµqvq e¨eüZ wKDcÖvm †K¬vivB‡Wi cwie‡Z© Kcvi P‚Y© e¨envi K‡i A¨vivBj n¨vjvBW
Drcbœ Kivi cÖwµqv‡K M¨vUvig¨vb wewµqv e‡j|
Cu
N2Cl + HX 100C X + N2

3. hyMjvqb wewµqv (Coupling Reaction): Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg Avqb †h cÖwµqvq A¨v‡Rv-‡hŠM ˆZwi K‡i Zv‡K A¨v‡Rv
hyMjvqb ev A¨v‡Rv Kvcwjs e‡j| Drcbœ †hŠ‡M N = N Dcw¯’Z _vKvi Kvi‡Y Av‡jvK †kvwlZ nq| d‡j †hŠMwU D¾¡j
iwOb e‡Y©i nq| c¨viv Ae¯’vb duvKv bv _vK‡j A¨v‡Rv-hyMjvqb A‡_©v Ae¯’v‡b N‡U|

N2Cl
+ OH N= N OH + HCl

 A¨v‡RviÄK (Azo dyes) ‰Re †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z () eÜbhy³ we‡kl wKQz g~jK †hgb bvB‡Uªv‡mv (NO) g~jK, bvB‡Uªv

(NO2) g~jK, Wvqv‡Rv ( N  N) g~jK BZ¨vw` _vK‡j H †hŠM iwOb nq| is m„wóKvix g~jKmg~n‡K †µv‡gv‡dvi e‡j
Ges H g~jKavix ˆRe AYy‡K †µv‡gv‡Rb e‡j|
 Avevi wKQz wKQz g~jK †µv‡gv‡dv‡ii mv‡_ GK‡Î ˆRe AYy‡Z Dcw¯’Z †_‡K Mvp is m„wó‡Z mnvqZv K‡i, G g~jKmg~n‡K
A‡·v‡µvg e‡j| †hgb, OH, NH2, NHR Ges NR2 BZ¨vw` n‡jv A‡·v‡µvg e‡j|

 cvKv Kjvq wb‡Pi †KvbwU _v‡K? (†g.f.c. 18-19)

A. †c›UvBj Gwm‡UU Góvi B. A·vBj Gwm‡UU Góvi
C. weDUvBj weDUv‡iU Góvi D. ‡ebRvBj Gwm‡UU Góvi Ans : A
 UªvBKve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi GKwU D`vniY n‡jv - (†g.f.c. 09-10)
A. m¨vwjmvBwjK GwmW B. mvBwUªK GwmW C. cÖvcvbwqK GwmW D. wmbvwgK GwmW Ans : B
 †KvbwU g‡bvKv‡e©vw·wjK GwmW bq? (†g.f.c. 03-04)
A. CH3(CH2)3COOH B. CH3(CH2)2COOH
C. CH3COOH D. HOOCCOOH Ans : D
 C6H5CONH2 Øviv Avgiv eywS? (†g.f.c. 03-04)
A. A¨vgvBW B. A¨vwbwjb C. ‡ebRvgvBW D. B_vb¨vgvBW Ans : C
 CO2 Gi mv‡_ wb‡¤œi †Kvb weKvi‡Ki wewµqvq ˆRe GwmW ˆZix K‡i? (†g.f.c. 01-02)
A. RX B. RCN C. RCOX D. RMgX Ans : D
 A¨vwbwjb n‡Z Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY ˆZwi‡Z †Kvb weKviK e¨eüZ nq? (†g.f.c. 01-02)
A. KNO3 B. NaNO2 C. NaNO2 + HCl D. NaCl + H2SO4 Ans : C
 cvKv d‡ji myM‡Üi KviY - (†g.f.c. 00-01)
A. cwj G¨v‡iv‡gwUK Góvi B. A¨vwjd¨vwUK Góvi C. wfUvwgb D. Gj‡Kvnj Ans : B

 G÷v‡ii A¤øxq Av`ª© we‡køl‡Y Kx Drcbœ nq?

A. ‰Re GwmW B. A¨vjwWnvBW C. A¨vbnvBWªvBW D. A¨vgvBW Ans : A
 wb‡Pi †Kvb µgwU ÿviawg©Zvi Rb¨ mwVK?
A. R3N > R2NH > RNH2 > NH3 B. R2NH > R3N > RNH2 > NH3
C. R2NH > RNH2 > R3N > NH3 D. R2NH > RNH2 > R3N > NH3 Ans : C
 ‡Kvb †hŠMwU Kvwe©j A¨vwgb wewµqv †`q?
A. R2NH B. R3N C. RNH2 D. C6H5NHR Ans : C
 1, 2, 3-A¨vwg‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©‡q e¨eüZ nq †KvbwU?
A. HNO3 B. Zn, HCl C. HNO2 D. CHCl3 Ans : C
 Kvwe©j A¨vwgb cixÿv Øviv wb‡Pi †KvbwU kbv³ Kiv hvq?
A. wMømvwib B. ‡m‡KÛvwi A¨vwgb C. Uviwmqvwi A¨vwgb D. ‡K¬v‡ivdig Ans : D
 ‡Kvb †hŠMwU ndg¨vb ÿz`ªvskKiY (wW‡MÖ‡Wkb) wewµqvq cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq?
A. ROH B. RNH2 C. RCN D. RNO2 Ans : B

Kvh©Kix g~jK kbv³KiY t IR eY©vjxwgwZK e¨vÛ

wewfbœ Kvh©Kixg~j‡Ki A¨veR‡e©Ý
eÜb Kvh©Kix g~jK A¨veR‡e©Ý (cm-1)
O–H A¨vj‡Kvnj 3200 – 3600 / Zx² Ges cÖk¯’
O–H Kv‡e©vw·wjK GwmW 2500 – 3200 / gvSvgvwS Zx² Ges Lye cÖk¯’
C=O A¨vjwWnvBW / wK‡Uvb / Kv‡e©vw·wjK GwmW/ A¨vgvBW 1680 – 1750 / kw³kvjx Ges Zx²
C–O A¨vj‡Kvnj / G÷vi / B_vi 1050 – 1300 / gvSvgvwS Zx²
C–H A¨vj‡Kb / A¨vjwKb BZ¨vw` 2850 – 3100 / gvSvgvwS Zx²

 †R‡b ivL
 evqygÛ‡j cÖvß mvaviY M¨vm¸‡jv †hgb- N2, H2, O2 BZ¨vw` Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥ †kvlY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv
 Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥i Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ (106103) m
 ‰Re †hŠ‡Mi Kvh©Kix g~jK kbv³Ki‡Y Middle-IR iwk¥ e¨eüZ nq
 ‰Re †hŠ‡Mi Kvh©Kix g~jKmg~‡ni IR eY©vjx‡Z †kvlY Zi½-msL¨v n‡jv (10004000) cm1

wMømvwib/wMømvij/†cÖv‡cb 1, 2, 3 UªvBAj
 wk‡ívrcv`b c×wZ
1. ˆZj I Pwe© n‡Z - Av`ª© we‡kølY cÖwµqvi mvnv‡h¨ `yB fv‡e Kiv hvq
i. ÿvixq Av`ª© we‡kølY
ii. A¤øxq Av`ª© we‡kølY
2. wPwb n‡Z dvi‡g‡›Ukb cÖwµqvi mvnv‡h¨
 3. †cÖvwcb ev cÖwcwjb n‡Z ms‡kølY c×wZ‡Z (AvaywbK c×wZ) [nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]

 †fŠZ ag©
 eY©nxb, MÜnxb I wgwó ¯^v`hy³ wmiv‡ci b¨vq Zij c`v_©|
 cvwb I A¨vj‡Kvn‡j `ªeYxq, wKš‘ B_vi ev †K¬v‡ivdi‡g A`ªeYxq|
 2900 †mw›U‡MÖW ZvcgvÎvq wKQzUv we‡qvRb mnKv‡i dz‡U|
 Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ 1.26

 wMømvwib cÖavbZ Pvi cÖKvi wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i

1. H cÖwZ¯’vcb 2. OH cÖwZ¯’vcb
3. RviY 4. wbiæ`b|

1. A¨v‡µvwjb cixÿv : wMømvwib‡K wbiæ`K KHSO4 ev P2O5 mn‡hv‡M DËß Ki‡j cÖwZ AYy wMømvwib
n‡Z `yB AYy cvwb AcmvwiZ n‡q wekÖx MÜhy³ A¨v‡µvwjb Drcbœ nq|
wMømvwib KHSO
 4  CH2 = CH – CHO (Av‡µvwjb) + cvwb
ev, P2O5, Zvc

wMømvwib kbv³KiY 2. KMnO4 `ªeY cixÿvt jNy H2SO4 wgwkÖZ KMnO4 `ªe‡Y wMømvwib †hvM Ki‡j KMnO4 Gi
jvj‡P †e¸wb eY© A`„k¨ n‡q hvq
3. †eviv· †dbd&_¨vwjb cixÿvt †eviv· (Na2B4O7.7H2O) Gi Rjxq `ªe‡Y 2-3 †duvUv †dbd&_¨vwjb
†hvM Ki‡j `ªeY †Mvjvwc eY© aviY K‡i| G `ªe‡Y wMømvwib †hvM Kiv gvÎ †Mvjvwc eY© A`„k¨ n‡q
hvq| wKš‘ gRvi welq n‡jv G `ªeY‡K DËß Ki‡j cybivq †Mvjvwc eY© wd‡i Av‡m Ges VvÛv Ki‡j
Avevi eY© A`„k¨ n‡q hvq|
1. Jla wk‡í, †jvkb I wMømvwib evwZ ˆZwi‡Z
wMømvwi‡bi e¨envi 2. bvB‡UªvwMømvwib (hv wWbvgvBU ˆZwii cÖavb DcKiY) cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z
3. †gvUi Mvwoi wng‡ivaK, Qvcvi Kvwj, †kwfs †jvkb I cøvw÷K cÖ¯‘ wZ‡Z
[mwÄZ m¨vi]

 Ô†¯ú›U jvBÕ-Gi g‡a¨ (3-5)% wMømvwib _v‡K|

 A¨vjvg ev wdUwKwi [K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O] †hvM K‡i 40% wMømvwib cvIqv hvq |
 †gvgevwZi Mjb‡iv‡ai Rb¨ †÷qvwiK GwmW †gv‡gi mv‡_ wgkv‡bv nq|
 wMømvwib AYyi wZbwU nvBWªw·j g~j‡Ki g‡a¨ cÖv‡šÍi 2wU cÖvBgvix (10) A¨vj‡Kvnj g~jK ( CH2OH) Ges ga¨eZ©xwU
†m‡KÛvix (20) A¨vj‡Kvnj g~jK ( > CH – OH)|
 G‡`i g‡a¨ cÖvBgvix A¨vj‡Kvnjxq g~jK؇qi mwµqZv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e AwaK| [nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]

†dbj/Kve©wjK GwmW
 †dbj (Phenol): †ebwRb P‡µi Kve©‡bi mv‡_ nvBWªw·j g~jK mivmwi hy³ n‡q †h †hŠM MwVZ nq Zv‡K †dbj e‡j|

 wWm&Bb‡dK&U¨v›U I A¨vw›U‡mcwUK Gi cv_©K¨:

wWm&Bb‡dK&U¨v›U A¨vw›U‡mcwUK
1. ‡h me ivmvqwbK c`v_© cÖvwY‡`‡ni ÿZ¯’v‡b RxevYy Avµg‡Y
1. ‡h me ivmvqwbK c`v_© RxevYy‡K †g‡i †d‡j msµgY †iva
†`n‡Kv‡li cPb †iva K‡i I RxevYy‡K †g‡i †d‡j Zv‡`i
K‡i Zv‡`i‡K disinfectant e‡j|
†K antiseptic c`v_© e‡j|
2. †db‡ji 1% Rjxq `ªeY wWm&Bb‡dK&U¨v›U wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| 2. †db‡ji 0.2% Rjxq `ªeY A¨vw›U‡mcwUK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
3. cwi‡e‡k †`Iqv nq| 3. ‡`‡ni ÿZ ¯’v‡b RxešÍ †Kv‡li Dci †`Iqv nq|

 †dbj cÖ¯‘wZ
Co jNy H2SO4
wKDwgb †dbj c×wZ H
†ebwRb + †cÖvwcb 250 3PO
4
 wKDwgb + O2
C , 30 atm
130C
‡dbj
Cl ONa OH
300C-400C
WvD c×wZ + 2NaOH 

HCl
+ NaCl
150-200 evqyPvc
†K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb ‡mvwWqvg †d‡bU †dbj
AvjKvZivi ga¨g ˆZj 171  230 C
AvjKvZiv AvswkK
  ga¨g ˆZj + NaOH Na- wd‡bU
jNy H2SO4
‡dbj
cvZb AvswkK cvZb
†_‡K
N2Cl OH
H

2O
 + HCl + N2
cixÿvMv‡i †dbj cÖ¯‘wZ 
†ebwRb Wvqv‡Rwbqvg †dbj
†K¬vivBW

 †db‡ji ivmvqwbK wewµqv : g~jZ 7 cÖKvi|

1.  OH g~j‡Ki ivmvqwbK wewµqv- 5. hyMjvqb ev Kvcwjs wewµqv
2. weRviY wewµqv 6. we‡kl wewµqv
3. †ebwRb P‡µ cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv 7. RwUj jeY MVb
4. cwjgviKiY wewµqv
[Kexi m¨vi]

 GK bR‡i †db‡ji ivmvqwbK wewµqvmg~n

Zn
A

Cl
PCl3
CS2  CrO2Cl2

NH2
NH3

ONa OH OH
NaOH CO2 COONa H 2O COOH
†dbj

(wcKwiK GwmW)

 we‡kl wewµqv
wewµqvi bvg wewµqK Drcv` ZvcgvÎv I Pvc
†Kve wewµqv †mvwWqvg wd‡bU, CO2, HCl m¨vwjmvBwjK GwmW ev 120/1250C, 4 – 7 atm
A‡_ª©vnvBWªw·‡ebRwqK GwmW
ivBgvi-UvBg¨vb wewµqv †dbj, †K¬v‡ivdig, Rjxq m¨vwjmvBj A¨vjwWnvBW ev 60 – 700C
NaOH (Kw÷K ÿvi) 2-nvBWªw·‡ebRvjwWnvBW
Kexi m¨vi]
 m¨vwjmvBwjK GwmW n‡Z A¨vmwcwib cÖ¯‘wZ t m¨vwjmvBwjK Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ A¨vwmwUK GbnvBWªvB‡Wi Nbxfeb wewµqvq A¨vmwcwib
ev 2-A¨vwm‡UvAw· †eb‡RvwqK GwmW cvIqv hvq|

OH OCOCH3
COOH
+ CH3COOCOCH3  COOH + CH3COOH
m¨vwjmvBwjK GwmW A¨vmwcwib ev 2 A¨vwm‡UvAw·
†eb‡RvwqK GwmW
 †db‡ji e¨envi
1. evmv evwo‡Z mvc Zvov‡Z e¨eüZ nq| [mwÄZ m¨vi]
2. RxevYybvkK †jvk‡b, Kve©wjK mvev‡b I cPb wbeviK wn‡m‡e
3. e¨v‡KjvBU cøvw÷K Drcv`‡b
4. m¨vwjmvBwjK GwmW I A¨vmwcwib cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z
5. wcKwiK GwmW cÖ¯‘wZ, evY©j gjg ˆZix‡Z
6. A¨vw›U‡mwÞK †WUj, A¨vw›U‡mwÞK µxg cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z
7. bvBj‡bi KuvPvgvj mvB‡K¬v‡n·vbj cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z

 †db‡ji kbv³KiY cixÿv

cixÿv ch©‡eÿY wm×všÍ
1. A¤øag© cixÿv bxj wjUgvm‡K jvj K‡i †dbwjK nvBWªw·j g~jK ( OH) Dcw¯’Z
2. FeCl3 cixÿv †e¸wb e‡Y©i `ªeY Drcbœ nq †dbwjK nvBWªw·j g~jK ( OH) Dcw¯’Z
2, 4, 6 UªvB‡eªv‡gv‡db‡ji mv`v ev njy` ev nj‡` mv`v ev †dbwjK nvBWªw·j g~jK ( OH) Dcw¯’Z
3. †eªvwgb cvwb cixÿv
nvjKv njy` Aat‡ÿc c‡o
cÖ_g bxj e‡Y©i `ªeY Drcbœ nq| cvwb‡Z jvj e‡Y©i `ªeY †dbwjK nvBWªw·j g~jK ( OH) Dcw¯’Z
4. wjevig¨vb cixÿv ˆZwi K‡i Ges ÿvixq gva¨‡g cybivq bxj (ev meyR) e‡Y©i
DrcwË nq

 A¨vj‡Kvnjxq- OH g~jK kbv³KiY cixÿv

cixÿv ch©‡eÿY wm×všÍ
wewµqvq nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm wbM©Z nq A¨vj‡Kvnjxq ( OH) g~jK Dcw¯’Z
1. avZe †mvwWqvg cixÿv
hv KvwVi ms¯ú‡k© R¡‡j I‡V
2. PCl5 mn cixÿv/A¨vwmUvBj †K¬vivBW mn cixÿv mv`v †auvqv Drcbœ nq A¨vj‡Kvnjxq ( OH) g~jK Dcw¯’Z
3. G÷vi cixÿv d‡ji NªvY cvIqv hvq A¨vj‡Kvnjxq ( OH) g~jK Dcw¯’Z
4. †mwiK A¨v‡gvwbqvg bvB‡UªU cixÿv ‡Mvjvcx ev jvj eY© m„wó nq A¨vj‡Kvnjxq ( OH) g~jK Dcw¯’Z

A¨vj‡Kvnj I †db‡ji cv_©K¨

welq A¨vj‡Kvnj ‡dbj
MÜ Kg AvYweK fiwewkó- wgwó MÜhy³ †dbwjK MÜ i‡q‡Q
†ewk AvYweK fiwewkó- cÖvq MÜnxb
Z¡‡Ki ÿwZ K‡i bv K‡i
c`v‡_©i ag© Dfag©x g„`y GwmW
cvwb‡Z `ªeYxqZv Kg AvYweK fiwewkó- AZ¨šÍ `ªeYxq ¯^ígvÎvq `ªeYxq
 wbi‡cÿZv wbi‡cÿ, wjUgv‡mi eY© cwieZ©b K‡i bv Ges g„`y GwmW nIqvq ÿv‡ii mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i
ÿv‡ii mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i bv wd‡bU jeY MVb K‡i
Rjxq `ªe‡Y AvqwbZ nIqv nq bv nq

 A¨v‡µvwjb cixÿv Øviv †KvbwU kbv³ Kiv hvq? (†g.f.c. 17-18)

A. B_vbj B. B_vbwqK GwmW C. wMømvwib D. Mø‡y KvR Ans : C
 wcKwiK GwmW nj -(†g.f.c. 03-04)
A. 2, 4, 6 – UªvBbvB‡Uªv UjyBb B. 2, 4, 6 – UªvBbvB‡Uªv †dbj
C. 2, 4, 6 – UªvBbvB‡Uªv ‡ebwRb D. 2, 4, 6 – UªvB‡eªv‡gv †ebwRb Ans : B
 wb‡¤œi †Kvb cixÿvi mgq Mvp jvj ev Kgjv jvj e‡Y©i iÄb c`v_© Drcbœ nq? (†g.f.c. 03-04)
A. NaHCO3 `ªeY cixÿv B. Mvp HCl I Sn Øviv weRviY
C. wjevig¨vb bvB‡Uªv‡mv cixÿv D. Kvwe©j A¨vwgb cixÿv Ans : C
 e¨v‡KjvBU ˆZwi‡Z wK e¨eüZ nq? (†g.f.c. 01-02)
A. †dbj B. †ebwRb C. B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj D. †cÖvwcb Ans : A
 †db‡ji g‡a¨ CHCl3 I NaOH Gi Rjxq `ªeY wgwkÖZ K‡i 60C G DËß Ki‡j wK Drcbœ nq? (†g.f.c. 00-01)
A. A‡_©vnvBWªw· †ebR¨vjwWnvBW B. n-bvB‡Uªv‡mv †dbj
C. m¨vwjmvBwjK GwmW D. †mvwWqvg Ans : A
 mvevbvqb wewµqv n‡jv Ñ (†g.f.c. 00-01)
A. wMømvivB‡Wi GKwU A¤øxq nvB‡WªvjvBwmm wewµqv B. GKwU cÖkgb wewµqv
C. wMømvivB‡Wi GKwU ÿvixq nvB‡WªvjvBwmm wewµqv D. Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq Ans : C

 m¨vwjmvBwjK GwmW [C6H4(OH)COOH] †dbj †_‡K cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq †Kvb c×wZ‡Z?

A. ivBgvi UvBg¨vb c×wZ B. wd«‡Wj µvdU wewµqv C. DBwjqvgmb wewµqv D. ‡Kve w¯§U wewµqv Ans : C
 ‰Re †hŠ‡M OH g~jK kbv³Ki‡Y wb‡Pi †Kvb weKviK e¨eüZ nq?
A. NaOH B. Na avZz C. Na2CO3 `ªeY D. HCl Ans : B
 wekÖx MÜhy³ A¨v‡µvwjb Drcbœ nq †KvbwU‡Z?
A. wMømvwib + KHSO4 †K DËßKi‡Y B. B_vb¨vj + Cu(OH)2 †K DËßKi‡Y
C. A¨vjvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj + Cl2 †K DËßKi‡Y D. ‡Zj-Pwe©i Av`ª© we‡køl‡Y Ans : A
 Kve©wjK Gwm‡Wi Aci bvg Kx?
A. ‡dbj B. ‡ebRvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj C. wdbvBj A¨vwm‡UU D. A¨vwbwjb Ans : A

bvB‡UªvwMømvwib ev wMømvivBj UªvBbvB‡UªU

 bvB‡UªvwMømvwi‡bi ag©
 eY©nxb ˆZj RvZxq Zij|
 wgwó I SuvSv‡jv ¯^v` wewkó eY©nxb ˆZjv³ Zij|
 Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ 1.6 Ges Mjbv¼ 13.20C|
  cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq Ges A¨vj‡Kvnj I B_v‡i `ªeYxq|
 GwU (50–60)0C G we‡qvwRZ n‡Z _v‡K Ges 2180C G we‡ùvwiZ nq|

 cÖ¯w‘ Z : cÖ_‡g weï× eY©nxb Mvp bvBwUªK GwmW I a~gvwqZ mvjwdDwiK GwmW ev Iwjqvg 1 : 1 Abycv‡Zi wgkÖY ˆZwi Kiv nq|

 e¨envi:
1. we‡ùviK cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z :
 bvB‡UªvwMømvwib‡K Kv‡Vi ¸uovi Dci Awa‡kvwlZ K‡i KwVb NH4NO2 ‡hvM K‡i †c÷iƒ‡c wWbvgvBU cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|
 weÁvbx †bv‡ej 1875 mv‡j me©cÖ_g wWbvgvBU ˆZwi K‡ib|
 bvB‡Uªv†mjy‡jv‡Ri m‡½ wgwk‡q ivB‡dj, wc¯Íj I kUMv‡bi ¸wj ˆZwi Kiv nq|
2. wPwKrmv weÁv‡b :
 Angina pectoris I Ischemic heart disease (IHD) wPwKrmvq bvB‡UªvwMømvwib U¨ve‡jU, I‡q›U‡g›U, mjykvb ev
†¯úª wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq
 ü`‡ivM ‡hgb Chronic heart failure I Prostate cancer wbivg‡q adjunct therapy Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq|
 nuvcvwb ev Asthma ‡iv‡M Ilyaiƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq|
 i³bvjxi cÖmviY ev Vasodilator wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
 i³bvjxi eøK Acmvi‡Y e¨eüZ nq|
3. mÜvbx Kv‡R: †Z‡ji Lwb mÜvb Kv‡R e¨eüZ AvaywbK Blasting gelatin Ges Cordite ‰Zwi‡Z Mvb KUb (†mjy‡jvR
bvB‡UªU) Gi mv‡_ wgkv‡bv nq|
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]

wUGbwU ev 2, 4, 6 – UªvB bvB‡UªvUjyBb

 Rvg©vb weÁvbx Rywjqvm DBjeªvÛ (Julius Wilbrand) me©cÖ_g wU.Gb.wU ˆZwi K‡ib|
 UªvB-bvB‡Uªv-wMømvwi‡bi gZ GZUv Zxeª we‡õviK bq weavq G‡K wbivc‡` e¨envi Kiv hvq|
 TNT Gi AvYweK ms‡KZ C6H2(NO2)3–CH3|
 njy` ev Clr njy` e‡Y©i KwVb TNT ‰Re ivmvqwbK ms‡køl‡Y weKviKiƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq|
 KwVb wUGbwU Gi Mjbv¼ n‡jv 800C|
 AvNvZ ev K¤úb Øviv mn‡R we‡ùvwiZ nq bv|
 Detonator mn‡hv‡M ùzwj½ NUv‡j TNT we‡ùvwiZ nq| Z‡e bvB‡UªvwMømvwi‡bi †P‡q Kg Pvc I Kg Zvc m„wó nq
 TNT Drcv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î ZvcgvÎv †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB 60C Gi Dc‡i †bqv hv‡e bv|
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]
 cÖ¯w‘ Z t UjyB‡bi mivmwi bvB‡Uªkb Øviv TNT Drcv`b Kiv nq|

 e¨envi
 TNT Gi we‡ùviY kw³ n‡jv 2.8 MJ/kg|
 TNT ‡evgv, nvZ †MÖ‡bW Ges †mbvevwnbxi e¨eüZ bomb shell I RvnvR aŸsmKviK torpedo BZ¨vw` cÖ¯Z
‘ Ki‡Z
 evwYwR¨K we‡ùviK `ª‡e¨ TNT Gi m‡½ A¨v‡gvwbqvg bvB‡UªU (Amatex), Al-cvDWvi (Ammonal), Ba(NO3)2
(Baratol) c¨vivwdb Iqv· cÖfw… Z e¨envi Kiv nq|
 NH4NO3 I TNT wgkÖ‡Y ˆZwi Kiv nq ‘Amatol’ bvgK we‡ùviK, hv Øviv cyivZb wewìs I cvnvo mgZj Kiv nq
  wWbvgvBU cÖ¯‘wZi KuvPvgvj wnmv‡e G‡K e¨envi Kiv nq Ges GwU wbivc` we‡õviK|
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]
†WUj

 †WUj n‡jv †db‡ji RvZ|

 †WUj n‡jv RxevYybvkK I cPb‡ivaK (disinfectant and antiseptic)|
 †WU‡ji ivmvqwbK mwµq Dcv`vbwU n‡jv 4-‡K¬v‡iv-3, 5-WvBwg_vBj †dbj|
 Gi Aci bvg †K¬v‡ivw·j Bbj ev †K¬v‡ivRvBwjbj (C8H9ClO)|
OH OH
+ Cl2 FeCl3
+ HCl
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
RvBwjbj Cl
†WUj
(1) ‡K¬v‡ivRvBwjbj ev 4-‡K¬v‡iv-3,5-WvBwg_vBj †dbj-4.8% ev 4.38% (w/w)
(2) AvB‡mv‡cÖvcvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj - 13.1% (v/v)
†WUj-wgkÖ‡Yi
(3) cvBb †Zj - 9.9% (v/v)
mshyw³
(4) Aewkó mvevb cvwb I myMÜ wg‡j 72.2% (v/v)
(5) Kv÷i-A‡qj †mvc
†ebwRb Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg †K¬vivBW‡K wd«‡Wj µvdU& wewµqvq wg_vB‡jkb K‡i wewfbœ av‡ci gva¨‡g †K¬v‡ivRvBwjbj
cÖ¯w‘ Z
cvIqv hvq| evwYwR¨Kfv‡e 3,5-WvBwg_vBj mvB‡K¬v‡nw·‡bvb n‡ZI †K¬v‡ivRvBwjbj ˆZwi Kiv hvq
A¨vw›U‡mcwUK wn‡m‡e KvUv, ÿZ BZ¨vw`‡K RxevYy msµgY †_‡K i³ K‡i
e¨envi
kix‡ii ÿZ¯’vb †Wªwms Ki‡Z †WUj e¨eüZ nq
m¨vfjb n‡jv †K¬vi‡nw·wWb Møy‡Kv‡bU 0.3% (w/v) I †mwUªgvBW 3% (w/v) Gi wgkÖ `ªeY| kj¨ wPwKrmvq,
m¨vfjb
KvUv I ÿZ¯’vb Ges gyL †avqvi Rb¨ m¨vfjb e¨eüZ nq
m¨vjj GwUi ivmvqwbK bvg wdbvBj m¨vwjmvB‡jU| GwU Af¨šÍixY A¨vw›U‡mcwUK wn‡m‡e Mjvi Amy‡L e¨eüZ nq

c¨vivwmUvgj
 c¨vivwmUvgj nj B_v‡bvwqK A¨vbnvBWªvB‡Wi †dbwjK G÷vi
 4-WvBWªw· A¨vwmU¨vwbjvBW ev N-(4-nvBWªw·wdbvBj) B_vb¨vgvBW‡K c¨vivwmUvgj e‡j
 GwU A¨vwmU¨vwg‡bv‡db ev N-A¨vwmUvBj-p-A¨vwg‡bv‡dbj ev 4-A¨vwmUvgvBW †dbj bv‡gI cwiwPZ
 weï× c¨vivwmUvgj mv`v e‡Y©i `vbv`vi KwVb c`v_©
 Gi Mjbv¼ 1690C
 c¨vivwmUvgj kxZj cvwb‡Z ¯^ígvÎvq `ªexf‚Z nq
 Mig cvwb‡Z Gi `ªve¨Zv 5.9g/100 mL
 B_vb‡j c¨vivwmUvgj mn‡R `ªeYxq [nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]

 e¨env‡ii †ÿÎ
 gv_ve¨_v, gvsm‡ckx‡Z e¨_v, Aw¯’mw܇Z e¨_v, wc‡Vi e¨_v, `uv‡Zi e¨_v I VvÛv jvMvRwbZ R¡‡i c¨vivwmUvgj wbw`©ó
gvÎvq eo‡`i Rb¨ U¨ve‡jU I wkï‡`i Rb¨ wmivciƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq|
  c¨vivnvB‡Wªvw· †ebRvgvB‡Wi mv‡_ A¨vwmwUK GbnvBWªvB‡Wi wewµqvq c¨vivwmUvgj cvIqv hvq|
c¨vivwmUvgj
GQvov 4-A¨vwg‡bv-‡dbj‡K KÿZvcgvÎvq B_v‡bvwqK A¨vbnvBWªvBWmn A¨vwmUvB‡jkb K‡i c¨vivwmUvgj
cÖ¯w‘ Z
cÖ¯Z‘ Kiv hvq| G c×wZ‡Z ZvwË¡K cwigv‡Yi 45% Drcv`b gvÎv nq|
 c~Y©eq¯‹ †jv‡Ki †ÿ‡Î me©vwaK cÖwZevi ev cÖwZ †Wv‡R 1g ev 1000 mg A_©vr 500 mg U¨ve‡jU 2wU Ges
w`‡b 4g ev 4000 mg ch©š|Í
 w`‡b 4g cwigv‡Yi AwaK c¨vivwmUvgj †me‡b wKWwb bó n‡Z cv‡i|
c¨vivwmUvgj  A¨vj‡Kvnj †me‡b Af¨¯Í e¨w³‡`i Rb¨ c¨vivwmUvg‡ji Aby‡gvw`Z gvÎv n‡jv w`‡b 2g ev 2000 mg
†meb gvÎv  GK m‡½ 15g (30wU) U¨ve‡jU †meb Ki‡j wKWwbi ÿwZ nq|
 wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’v (WHO) wkï‡`i †ÿ‡Î R¡‡i †`‡ni ZvcgvÎv 101.30F (38.50C) Gi †ewk n‡j
c¨vivwmUvgj e¨env‡ii Aby‡gv`b w`‡q‡Q|
 Aw¯’-mwÜi e¨_v †e`bv c¨vivwmUvgj Kgv‡Z cv‡i; wKš‘ Aw¯’-mwÜi †dvjv ev cÖ`vn Kgv‡Z cv‡i bv
 GwU GKwU †cÖmwµckb Qvov weµq‡hvM¨ Jla|
 GwU e¨_v wbeviK (Analgesic), R¡i DckgKvix (Antipyretic) gv_v e¨_v, mw`© d¬z Dck‡g e¨eüZ nq|
e¨envi
 c¨vivwmUvgj Av‡gwiKvi hy³iv‡óª Tylenol, fvi‡Z Crocin, weª‡U‡b I A‡÷ªwjqvq Panadol Ges d«v‡Ý
Doliprane bv‡g evRviRvZ Kiv nq|
[nvRvix, Kexi m¨vi]

 wb‡Pi †KvbwU †WU‡ji Dcv`vb bq? (†g.f.c. 18-19)

A. AvB‡mv‡cÖvcvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj B. K¨v÷i A‡qj
C. wcKwiK GwmW D. mvevb Ans : C
 wWbvgvBU ˆZwii †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi †Kvb ivmvqwbK e¯‘wU e¨eüZ nq? (†g.f.c. 17-18)
A. C3H5N3O9 B. C7H7NO2 C. C6H5NO2 D. C6H5NO3 Ans : A
 wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠMwU †WUj wb‡`©k K‡i? (†g.f.c. 12-13)
A. 4-bvB‡UªvwdbvBj A¨vwgb B. AvB‡mv‡cÖvcvBj †ebwRb
C. wdbvBj B_vb¨gvBW D. 4-‡K¬v‡iv-3, 5 WvB wg_vBj †dbj Ans : D

 RvnvR aŸsmKvix U‡c©‡Wv (torpedo) ˆZwi‡Z †KvbwU e¨eüZ nq?

A. bvB‡UªvwMømvwib B. UªvBbvB‡Uªv UjyBb C. bvB‡UªvwMømvwib D. bvB‡Uªv‡dbj Ans : B
 ü`‡ivM angina pectoris wbevi‡Y †KvbwU Ilyaiƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq?
A. bvB‡Uªv †ebwRb B. bvB‡Uªv UjyBb C. bvB‡Uªv wMømvwib D. wcKwiK GwmW Ans : C
 nvZ‡evgv ev n¨vÛ †MÖ‡bW ˆZwi‡Z †KvbwU e¨eüZ nq?
A. UªvBbvB‡Uªv †dbj B. bvB‡Uªv wMømvwib C. bvB‡Uªv †ebwRb D. wUGbwU Ans : D
 ‡WU‡ji g~j Dcv`vb †KvbwU?
A. ‡K¬v‡iv RvBwjbj B. ‡K¬v‡iv †ebwRb C. ‡K¬vivj D. C6H6Cl6 Ans : A

ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi weï×Zvi gvb`Û

  KwVb †hŠ‡Mi weï×Zvi gvb`Ût  Zij †hŠ‡Mi weï×Zvi gvb`Ût
1. w¯’i Mjbv¼ 1. w¯’i ùzUbv¼
2. w¯’i cÖwZmiv¼ 2. Nb‡Z¡i wbw`©ó gvb
3. ùwU‡Ki wbw`©ó MVb ev ùwUKvK…wZ 3. w¯’i cÖwZmiv¼
4. Av‡cwÿK ¸iæ‡Z¡i wbw`©ó gvb
[Kexi m¨vi]

 KLbI KLbI GKwU wbw`©ó mshyw³i `ywU KwVb ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi wgkÖYI w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq weMwjZ nq| G ai‡bi wgkÖY‡K mgMjb
wgkÖY ev BD‡UKwUK wgkÖY e‡j|
 KLbI KLbI GKvwaK Zi‡ji wbw`©ó mshyw³i †Kvb wgkÖYI w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq dz‡U| G ai‡bi wgkÖY‡K mgùzUb wgkÖY ev
A¨vwRIUªwcK wgkÖY e‡j|

 KwVb ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi Mjbv¼ wbY©q

 †h mKj KwVb ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi Mjbv¼ (25-60)0C Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K Zv‡`i Mjbv¼ cvwb ev‡_ Ges
 †hme KwV‡bi Mjbv¼ (60–200)0C Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K Zv‡`i Mjbv¼ Mvp mvjwdDwiK GwmW/wMømvwib c~Y© d¬v‡¯‹ mvaviYfv‡e
wbY©q Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| [Kexi m¨vi]

 K‡qKwU KwVb ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi Mjbv¼

†hŠM Mjbv¼ (C)
A·vwjK GwmW 101
†ebRwqK GwmW 121
†eb‡Rv‡d‡bvb 48
†dbj 43
[Kexi m¨vi]
 Zij ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi ùzUbv¼ wbY©q t ùzUbv¼ wbY©‡qi `ywU cÖPwjZ c×wZ Av‡Q|
i. mvaviY cvZb c×wZ (Zi‡ji cwigvY †ekx n‡j)
ii. ˆKwkK bj c×wZ (Zi‡ji cwigvY Kg n‡j)

 †hme ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi ùzUbv¼ 1000C Gi wb‡P, †mme Zi‡ji ùzUbv¼ c¨vivwdbb ev‡_i cwie‡Z© cvwb Mv‡n (water bath)
wbY©q Kiv hvq
 Zij ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi ùzUbv¼ wbY©‡qi DËg c×wZ n‡”Q cvZb cÖYvwj
 mvaviYZ †eªv‡gv B‡_b (B_vBj †eªvgvBW) †cÖvcv‡bvb (A¨vwm‡Uvb), †K¬v‡ivwg‡_b (wg_vBj †K¬vivBW), wg_vbj, B_vbj I
UªvB‡K¬v‡ivwg‡_b (†K¬v‡ivdig) cÖf…wZ †hŠM¸‡jvi ùzUbv¼ wbY©q ˆKwkK bj c×wZ‡Z Kiv nq

 K‡qKwU Zij ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi ùzUbv¼

†hŠM ùzUbv¼ (C)
B_vbj 78.3
WvBB_vBj B_vi 35
†K¬v‡ivdig 61
 wg_vbj 65
‡cÖvcv‡bvb 56
‡ebwRb 80
UjyBb 110
b¨vd_vwjb 120 – 180
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]
cwjgvi I cøvw÷wmwU

 cwjgv‡ii ˆewkó¨
 g‡bvgvi AYy A‡cÿv cwjgvi AYyi fi AwZ D”P
 cwjgvi AYyi MjbvsK I ùzUbvsK †ewk NvZmn
 cwjgvi AYy `„p we`y¨r I Zvc Acwievnx Ges h‡_ó †gvwìs ¸Yv¸Y wewkó|

 cwjgv‡ii †kÖYxwefvM
†kÖwYKi‡Yi wfwË cÖKvi‡f` D`vniY
i. cÖvK…wZK †mjy‡jvR, ÷vP©, MøvB‡Kv‡Rb, wbDwK¬K GwmW (DNA, RNA), cÖwUb, cÖvK…wZK ivevi
Drm Abymv‡i ii. K…wÎg cwjw_b, wcwfwm, (cwjwfbvBj †K¬vivBW), cwj‡cÖvwcb, cwj÷¨vwib (cwjwdbvBj
(3 cÖKvi) Bw_b), †Udjb, †ebwRb cÖf…wZ|
iii. Aa©K…wÎg n¨v‡jv‡R‡b‡UW cÖvK…wZK ivevi, †mjy‡jvR A¨vwm‡UU, †mjy‡jvR bvB‡UªU BZ¨vw`|
i. ms‡hvRb ev hyZ cwjw_b, wcwfwm, (cwjwfbvBj †K¬vivBW), cwj‡cÖvwcb, cwj÷¨vwib (cwjwdbvBj
Kvh©Kix g~j‡Ki Bw_b), †Udjb, †ebwRb cÖf…wZ|
wfwˇZ (2 cÖKvi) ii. Nbxfeb ev
cwjA¨vgvBW, bvBjb, cwj÷vi, ‡Wµb, cwjD‡i‡_b, cwjwm‡jv‡·b cÖf…wZ|
Kb‡Wb‡kmb

cøvw÷wmwU a‡g©i i. _v‡g©vcøvw÷K cwjw_b, cwj÷vBwib, cwjBw_wjb, †Uwi_¨v‡jU (PET) cÖf…wZ|

wfwˇZ (2 cÖKvi) ii. _v‡g©v‡mU cøvw÷K e¨v‡KjvBU, †gjvgvBb cÖf…wZ|

cøvw÷wmwU
 cøvw÷wmwU : †hme cwjgvi‡K Zvc w`‡j Zv bgbxq nq Ges Pvc w`‡q wewfbœ AvK…wZ †`qv hvq ZviB bvg cøvw÷K| Avi cøvw÷K
`ª‡e¨i ˆewkó¨‡KB ejv nq cøvw÷wmwU|
 †h cwjgv‡ii Tg Gi gvb hZ Kg Zvi Plasticity ZZ †ewk|
 k³ Ges f½yi Ae¯’v‡K Møvwm Ae¯’v Ges big I bgbxq Ae¯’v‡K ivevi m`„k¨ Ae¯’v e‡j| [Kexi m¨vi]

K‡qKwU Bjv‡÷vgvi, G‡`i Tg I e¨envi

bvg Tg (C) e¨envi
cwjweDUvWvB-Bb – 106 ivevi e¨vÛm
cwj AvB‡mvwcÖb – 65 mvwR©K¨vj Møvfm
 cwj †K¬v‡ivwcÖb (wbIwcÖb) – 43 RyZv, †gwW‡Kj wUDwes

 wKQz msL¨K ms‡hvRb cwjgvi I G‡`i e¨envi

g‡bvgvi cwjgvi ZvcgvÎv, Pvc, cÖfveK e¨envi
Bw_b (7100 ev cwjw_b AwaK Pvc c×wZ‡Z  1000-1200 atm, Ilya cÎvw`i c¨v‡KU, gM, evjwZ, †Uwej K¬_,
600–1000 AYy) 200C, cÖfveKiƒ‡c ‰Re cviA·vBW Wv÷web, cvwbi U¨vsK, †evZj ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ
†hgb- †ebRvBj cviA·vBW nq|
¯^í Pvc c×wZ‡Z  70C, 5–10 atm,
cÖfveKiƒ‡c Cr2O3
†cÖvwcb cwj‡cÖvwcwjb 120C, 140/150 atm, TiCl3, †n‡Þb †gvUv i¾y ev †ivc, Kv‡c©U cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ K…wÎg
(me‡P‡q nvjKv) `ªveK myZv ˆZwi|
÷¨vwib cwj÷¨vwib 650C, 1000 atm, †dwiK A·vBW, jyBm Lvevi cvÎ, Km‡gwU‡Ki †evZj, †Uwjwfkb
GwmW, Cr2O3, MgO K¨vwe‡bU, cøvw÷K Kvc, wkï‡`i †Ljbvi wRwbm,
dvwb©Pvi I c¨v‡KwRs Gi wRwbm ˆZwi Kiv nq|
2-wg_vBj cvi‡¯ú· wewfbœ e¯‘ h_v M„‡ni e¨v_Uve, Kuv‡Pi cwie‡Z©
†cÖvwcb‡qU e¨eüZ nq|
†UUªv‡d¬v‡ivBw_b PTFE ev 900C, ‡dbUb weKviK (FeSO4 I k³ cøvw÷K, Zvc I we`y¨r Acwievnx, bbw÷K
‡Udjb H2O2) Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z ivbœvi c¨vb, ˆe`y¨wZK Bbmy‡jUi| ivbœvi d«vB
c¨v‡b †KvwUs wn‡m‡e|
wfbvBj ‡K¬vivBW PVC ev 150/160 – 250C, HgCl2 K…wÎg Pvgov, N‡ii †g‡Si Kv‡c©wUs, N‡ii Qv`
cwjwfbvBj ˆZwii wRwbmcÎ, cøvw÷K wmwiÄ, †iBb‡KvU©,
‡K¬vivBW MÖv‡gv‡dvb †iKW© ˆZwi Kiv nq|
A¨vµvB‡jv cwj A¨vµvB‡jv i¾y, †dweªKm, K…wÎg Pzj ev Aijb ˆZwi Kiv
bvBUªvBj ev bvBUªvBj ev nq|
wfbvBj mvqvbvBW Aijb
wfbvBj A¨vwm‡UU cwjwfbvBj Cl2 cÖfveK AvVv ev Møy, †cB›Um, †KvU ˆZwii Kvco,
A¨vwm‡UU Kw¤úDUvi wW¯‹ ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]
_v‡g©vcøvw÷K I _v‡g©v‡mU cøvw÷‡Ki g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
_v‡g©vcøvw÷K _v‡g©v‡mU cøvw÷K
G‡`i‡K cybtcybt e¨envi Kiv hvq| G‡`i‡K cybtcybt e¨envi Kiv hvq bv|
†fŠZ cwieZ©b N‡U ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b N‡U|
Giv MV‡bi mij wkKj cwjgvi| Giv MV‡bi µmwjsK RwUj cwjgvi|
µmwjsK Kg _v‡K| µmwjsK †ekx N‡U|
G Ae¯’vq D”P ZvcgvÎvq Zi‡ji cÖevn ag© _v‡K| G Ae¯’vq D”P ZvcgvÎvq Zi‡ji cÖevn ag© _v‡K bv|
D`vniY : cwjw_b, cwj÷¨vwib, bvBjb, †dbwjK, †iwRb, cwjBDwi‡_b D`vniY : e¨v‡KjvBU, †gjvgvBb, A¨vjKvBj †iwRb, B‡cvw·‡iwRb
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]

 1963 wLª÷v‡ã †bv‡ej weRqx K.Ziegler I G. Natta ˆRe-Al-‡hŠM †hgb Al(C2H5)3 I UvB‡Uwbqvg A_ev
f¨vbvwWqvg †UUªv‡K¬vivBW e¨envi K‡i mnR c×wZ‡Z (5 – 10 atm I 700C) cwjw_b Drcv`b K‡ib|
 cwjw_‡bi Mjb ZvcgvÎv 110 – 120C hv mvaviYZ Kzwc ev †gvgevwZi wkLvq cvIqv hvq|
 cwj‡cÖvwcb n‡jv me‡P‡q nvjKv cwjgvi cøvw÷K|
  cwjw_b n‡jv DËg Zwor AšÍiK|

g‡bvgvi cwjgvi e¨envi

ˆe`y¨wZK mvgMÖx, Møvm, myBP, AvVv, gv÷vW© M¨vm| evwYwR¨Kfv‡e
BDwiqv (Kve©vBW) + digvjwWnvBW BDwiqv digvjwWnvBW
diwgKv bv‡g GwU Avmevec‡Îi AveiY wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
(wg_vbj) †iwRb (diwgKv)
ˆe`y¨wZK myBP, cøvM, m‡KU, †gvevB‡ji †Kwms, Mv‡bi †iKW©,
†dbj + digvjwWnvBW (1 t 2) e¨v‡KjvBU †Uwj‡dvb †mU, wPiæbx, Kj‡gi ewW| Giv wb¤œ cwjgvi weavq
evwb©‡ki Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq|
†gjvgvBb + digvjwWnvBW ‡gjvWzi mm& c¨v‡bi nvZj, we`y¨r I Zvcnvix e¯‘i DcKiY cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z|

 KwZcq cwjgvi

 GwU cwj A¨vgvBW _v‡gv©‡mwUs cwjgvi|

 BDwiqv‡K TiO2 cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z DËß Ki‡j †gjvgvBb ˆZwi nq|
 †cøU, gM, evwU Ges Bbmy¨‡jUi ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
†gjvgvBb
 †ewe wg‡éi mv‡_ †fRvj wn‡m‡e wgwkÖZ K‡i _v‡K G‡K|
 GwU kix‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i wKWwb‡Z cv_i m„wó K‡i| GwU †_‡K Drcbœ mvqv‡bv BDwiK GwmW wKWwb‡K bó
K‡i †`q|
 †Wµb (hy³iv‡óª) ev †Uwiwjb (cwjBw_wjb †Uwi _¨v‡jU) WvBKve©w·wjK †Uwi_¨vwjK GwmW I Bw_wbj
MøvBKj GwmW cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z cÖ¯Z ‘ Kiv nq|
‡Wµb
 ‡Uwiwjb ‡_‡K ‡mv‡qUvi, †gvRv, mvwUs Kvco, kvwo BZ¨vw` wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii Kvco cÖ¯‘ Z Kiv nq|
 G cwjG÷vi †_‡K gvBjvi bv‡g cøvw÷K wdj¥ I †iKwW©s †Uc, †Kvgj cvbxq, Zij RvZxq cY¨, †U·UvBj
myZv ‰Zwi Kiv nq|
 bvBj‡bi wkK‡j mg‡hvRx eÜb bvBjb‡K gReyZ iv‡L|
 bvBj‡b we`¨gvb H-eÜb bvBjb‡K †d¬w·ej ev bgbxq K‡i|
bvBjb-6
 Drcvw`Z bvBj‡bi A‡a©‡KiI †ewk A‡Uv‡gvevBj Uvqvi i¾y Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ nq|
 bvBjb †gvUv K¤^j, Kvco, `uv‡Zi eªvk I gvQaivi Rv‡ji myZv ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
 AvKzwÂZ bvBjb myZv Øviv Bjvw÷K †MwÄ, †gvRv ˆZwi Kiv nq|
 A¨vwWwcK GwmW Ges †n·vwgw_wjb WvB A¨vwgb Gi mg‡gvjvi wgkÖ‡Yi wewµqvq cvwb AcmvwiZ n‡q
†n·vwgw_wjb WvB A¨v‡gvwbqvg A¨vwW‡cU ev bvBjb më Drcbœ nq|
 Gici G‡K TiO2 cÖfveKmn GKwU ev®úKvi‡K WvD_vg© ÷xg K‡qj Øviv DËß Ki‡j cwj‡n·vwgw_wjb
A¨vwWc¨vgvBW MwVZ nq| evwYwR¨Kfv‡e G‡K bvBjb-66 e‡j|
bvBjb-66  Mjbv¼ 263C|
 bvBjb-66 wewfbœ wmb‡_wUK e¯¿ Drcv`‡bi KuvPvgvj|
 Kvco wk‡í, `wo cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z, Uvqvi, h‡š¿i weqvwis Drcv`‡b, M¨vm †ejyb, cvBj‡Ui c¨vivmy¨U, myZv,
Kv‡c©wUs, wMqvi cÖf…wZ cÖ¯w‘ Z‡Z bvBjb-6,6 e¨eüZ nq|
 bvBjb 6, bvBjb 6:6 A‡cÿv †ekx bgbxq I wb¤œ Mjbv¼ wewkó|
cwj‡U‡i‡_‡jU  Zš‘gq cwjgvi| e¯¿ ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
 wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cwjgvi I G‡`i g‡bvgvi
cwjgvi g‡bvgvi
cwjm¨vKvivBW D- Mø‡y Kv‡Ri cwjgvi
†cÖvwUb ev Avwgl - A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW
wbDwK¬K GwmW wbDwK¬‡qvUvBW
[Kexi m¨vi]

 wb‡Pi †Kvb ivmvqwbKwUi e¨envi mwVK? (†g.f.c. 18-19)

A. Kve©b †UUªv‡K¬vivBW  KxUbvkK B. wWwWwU cvDWvi  AwMœwbe©vcK
C. M¨vgvw·b  †PZbvbvkK D. 1, 1, 2-UªvB‡K¬v‡ivB‡_b  WªvBIqvk Ans : D
 wb‡Pi †KvbwU †WU‡ji Dcv`vb bq? (†g.f.c. 18-19)
A. AvB‡mv‡cÖvcvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj B. K¨v÷i A‡qj
C. wcKwiK GwmW D. mvevb Ans : C
 wWbvgvBU ˆZwii †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi †Kvb ivmvqwbK e¯‘wU e¨eüZ nq? (†g.f.c. 17-18)
A. C3H5N3O9 B. C7H7NO2 C. C6H5NO2 D. C6H5NO3 Ans : A
 wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠMwU †WUj wb‡`©k K‡i? (†g.f.c. 12-13)
A. 4-bvB‡UªvwdbvBj A¨vwgb B. AvB‡mv‡cÖvcvBj †ebwRb
C. wdbvBj B_vb¨gvBW D. 4-‡K¬v‡iv-3, 5 WvB wg_vBj †dbj Ans : D
 †Kvb wgkÖ Zij c`v‡_©i Dcv`vbmg~‡ni ùzUbvs‡Ki wb‡ei KZ wWMÖx (C) n‡j AvswkK cvZb Ki‡Z nq? (†g.f.c. 10-11)
A. 40 Gi †ek Kg B. 40 Gi †ek Dc‡i C. 50 Gi †ek Kg D. 50 Gi †ek Dc‡i Ans : A
 Bw_wjb †_‡K hyZ cwjgviKiY cÖwµqvq †Udjb cÖ¯‘Z Kivi mgq wb‡¤œi †Kvb cÖfveK e¨envi Kiv nq? (†g.f.c. 09-10)
A. Fe2O3 B. Cr2O3 C. AlCl3 D. FeSO4.H2O2 Ans : D
 †Uwiwjb Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ WvBwg_vBj †Uwi_¨v‡jU Gi mv‡_ wb‡¤œi †KvbwU cÖ‡qvRb nq? (†g.f.c. 09-10)
A. ‡cÖvwcwjb MøvBKj B. Bw_wjb A·vBW C. Bw_wjb nvB‡WªvA·vBW D. Bw_wjb MøvBKj Ans : D
 bvBjb 6 : 6 Drcv`‡bi mgq wb‡¤œi †KvbwU cÖ‡qvRb nq? (†g.f.c. 09-10)
A. A¨vwg‡bv Db-‡W‡Kv‡bvwqK GwmW B. mvB‡K¬v †n·vbj
C. A¨vwWwcK GwmW D. †mivwmK GwmW Ans : C
 †h cwjgvi MV‡bi gva¨‡g diwgKv Drcbœ nq? (†g.f.c. 00-01)
A. †dbj-wg_vb¨vj cwjgvi B. BDwiqv wg_vb¨vj cwjgvi
C. wg_vb¨v‡ji cwjgvi D. B_vb¨v‡ji cwjgvi Ans : B

cwjm¨vKvivBW
 cwjm¨vKvivBW MøvB‡KvmvBwWK eÜb Øviv MwVZ Kb‡Wb‡mmb cwjgvi|
 A¨vgvB‡jR I AvgvB‡jv‡cKwUb mgš^‡q MwVZ|
 MøvB‡KvmvBW eÜb (C  O  C) `yÕcÖKvi|
(1) -MøvB‡KvmvBW eÜb| †hgb, ÷vP©, MøvB‡Kv‡Rb|
(2) -MøvB‡KvmvBW eÜb| †hgb, †mjy‡jvR|
 Mø‡y KvR + Møy‡KvR = gj‡UvR, Møy‡KvR + d«zK‡UvR = my‡µvR, Møy‡KvR + M¨vjvK‡UvR = j¨vK‡UvR
  my‡µvR mvaviYZ Av‡Li im, weU, d‡ji im BZ¨vw`‡Z cvIqv hvq| my‡µvR GKwU AweRviK wPwb Ges j¨vK‡UvR n‡jv `y‡ai
kK©iv| [Kexi m¨vi]
A¨vgvB‡jvR I A¨vgvB‡jv‡cKwU‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
A¨vgvB‡jvR A¨vgvB‡jv‡cKwUb
cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq| cvwb †kvlY K‡i ùxZ I AvVv‡jv nq|
Av‡qvwW‡bi mv‡_ bxj eY© aviY K‡i| Av‡qvwW‡bi mv‡_ jvj eY© aviY K‡i|
÷v‡P©i kZKiv 10-20 fvM A¨vgvB‡jvR| ÷v‡P©i kZKiv 80-90 fvM n‡jv A¨vgvB‡jv †cKwUb|
G‡Z 60-300 GKK Møy‡KvR we`¨gvb| G‡Z 120-600 GKK Møy‡KvR we`¨gvb|

÷vP© I †mjy‡jv‡Ri g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

÷vP© †mjy‡jvR
÷vP©  (1  4) I  (1  6) MøvB‡KvmvBW †mjy‡jvR  (1-4) MøvB‡KvmvBW eÜb Øviv MwVZ  - D Møy‡Kv‡Ri
e܇bi gva¨‡g MwVZ  - D Mø‡y Kv‡Ri cwjgvi| cwjgvi|
÷vP© †Kvb GKK cwjgvi bq| ÷vP© mij wkKj †mjy‡jvR GKwU mij wkKj cwjMøy‡KvR|
cwjMøy‡KvR A¨vgvB‡jvR I kvLvwqZ wkKj cwjMøy‡KvR
A¨vgvB‡jv‡cKwUb Øviv MwVZ|
÷vP© n‡”Q †Kv‡li mÂqx Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU hv cvwb‡Z †mjy‡jvR Dw™¢` †`‡ni KvVv‡gv I Zš‘i Dcv`vb| GwU cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq|
wKQzUv `ªeYxq| GwU A`vbv`vi cvDWvi| GwU Auvk I KwVb wkU AvKv‡i cvIqv hvq|
AwZ mn‡R cwicvK‡hvM¨ e‡j ÷vP© Avgv‡`i Lv`¨ cwicvK‡hvM¨ bq e‡j †mjy‡jvR Avgv‡`i Lv`¨ nIqvi A‡hvM¨| Z‡e GwU
wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| e¯¿, †iqb, KvMR I AvmevecÎ ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|

 †mjy‡jvR
 c„w_ex‡Z ˆRe ivmvqwbK †hŠMiƒ‡c †mjy‡jv‡Ri cwigvY me©vwaK|
 Dw™¢‡`i 50% Gi AwaK n‡jv †mjy‡jvR, KUb n‡jv 90% ‡mjy‡jvR|
 †mjy‡jv‡Ri MVb mij wkKj; G‡Z cÖvq 3000 Mø‡y KvR AYy -MøvB‡KvmvBW e܇b Ave× _v‡K|
 †mjy‡jv‡Ri `„pZvi g~‡j i‡q‡Q cvkvcvwk †mjy‡jvR wkK‡ji H – eÜb|
 MøvB‡Kv‡Rb :
 mwÂZ-Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e wjfv‡i I gvsm‡ckx‡Z A`ªeYxq KYviƒ‡c _v‡K|
 G‡Z 1000 ‡_‡K 500,000 Møy‡KvR AYy -MøvB‡KvmvBW eÜb Øviv Ave× _v‡K|

†cÖvwUb I †ccUvBW eÜb

 †cÖvwUb g~jZ L - -A¨vwg‡bv Gwm‡Wi GKwU Nbxfeb cwjgvi, cwjA¨vgvBW|
 †cÖvwUb AYy‡Z A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW AYymg~‡ni g‡a¨ †h we‡kl e܇bi gva¨‡g ms‡hvM N‡U ZviB bvg †ccUvBW eÜb (– CONH)
[Kexi m¨vi]
VAG LIMP (g‡b ivLvi wbqg)
A‡cvjvi A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW [V = f¨vwjb, A = A¨vjvwbb, G = MøvBwmb, L = wjDwmb, I = AvB‡mvwjDwmb, M =
†gw_‡qvwbb, P = ‡cÖvwjb]
S2T (g‡b ivLvi wbqg)
‡cvjvi A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW
[S = †mwib, S = wmw÷b, T = w_ª‡qvwbb]
PTT (g‡b ivLvi wbqg)
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW
[P = wdbvBj Gjvwbb, T = UvB‡ivwmb, T = wUªc‡Uv‡db]
 HAL (g‡b ivLvi wbqg)
ÿvixq A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW
[H = wnw÷wWb, A = AviwRwbb, L = jvBwmb]

 †cÖvwU‡bi MVb : ev‡qv‡Kwg÷MY †cÖvwUb wkK‡ji Pvi cÖKvi µg cwieZ©b KvVv‡gv kbv³ K‡i‡Qb|

cÖvBgvwi (1) MVb Bbmywjb

†m‡KÛvwi (2) MVb gvsm‡ckx, †UbWb, agbx BZ¨vw` Zš‘gq ev dvBeªvm †cÖvwU‡bi MVb iƒc|
wW‡gi mv`v Ask A¨vjeywgb, i‡³i RBC Gi wn‡gv‡Møvweb, Aw¯’i Dcwiw¯’Z gv‡qv‡Møvweb, `y‡ai
Uviwmqvwi (3) MVb †Kwmb, GbRvBgmg~n BZ¨vw` Uviwmqvwi †cÖvwUb|
me Uviwmqvwi ev †MøvweDjvi †cÖvwUb cvwb‡Z †Kvj‡qW `ªeY ˆZwi K‡i|
GwU n‡jv †cÖvwUb MV‡bi me‡P‡q RwUj iƒc| Giƒc MV‡bi †cÖvwU‡b mve BDwbUiƒ‡c wewfbœ
†KvqvUvibvwi (4) MVb
†ccUvBW wkKj RwoZ _v‡K|

 †cÖvwU‡bi ¯^fvePz¨wZ : wW‡gi A¨vjeywgb Zv‡ci cÖfv‡e Gi Uviwmqvwi wÎgvwÎK AvYweK MVb nvwi‡q mij‰iwLK cÖvBgvwi †cÖvwU‡b
cwiYZ nq| G‡K †cÖvwU‡bi ¯^fvePz¨wZ e‡j| d‡j GwU RgvU euv‡a Ges k³ I A`ªeYxq nq|

 ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi ¸iæZ¡

 Amvay e¨emvqxiv cPbkxj Lv`¨ †hgb gvQ I dj msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ digvwjb (digvjwWnvB‡Wi Rjxq `ªeY) Ges dj cvKv‡bvi
Rb¨ K¨vjwmqvg Kve©vBW e¨envi K‡i|
 e¯‘Z Bw_b ev B_vBbB dj cvKvq| K¨vjwmqvg Kve©vBW cvwbi Dcw¯’ wZ‡Z B_vBb Drcbœ K‡i e‡j GwU e¨eüZ nq|
 Wvqv‡ewUK †ivMxi Rb¨ wPwbi weKí wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ m¨vKvwib Ges miweUjI ˆRe †hŠM|

 wb‡Pi †Kvb ivmvqwbKwUi e¨envi mwVK? (†g.f.c. 18-19)

A. Kve©b †UUªv‡K¬vivBW  KxUbvkK B. wWwWwU cvDWvi  AwMœwbe©vcK
C. M¨vgvw·b  †PZbvbvkK D. 1, 1, 2-UªvB‡K¬v‡ivB‡_b  WªvBIqvk Ans : D
  CONH  †Kvb †kÖwYi eÜb?
A. ‡ccUvBW B. -MøvB‡KvmvBW C. -MøvB‡KvmvBW D. G÷vi Ans : A
 DNA Kx?
A. GKwU cigvYy B. e„nr cwjgvi C. GKwU AYy D. b¨v‡bv cvwU©‡Kj Ans : B
 ‡MøvweDjvi ev eZ©yjvKvi †cÖvwUb †KvbwU?
A. cÖvBgvwi MVb B. ‡m‡KÛvwi MVb C. Uviwmqvwi MVb D. mij wkKj Ans : C

 [mv¤úªwZK Z_¨ g‡Z ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi msL¨v GK †KvwU 50 j‡ÿi AwaK †hLv‡b A‰Re †hŠ‡Mi msL¨v 1 j‡ÿi gZ]
 1828 mv‡j Rvg©vb imvqbwe` †d«WwiK †fvjvi (F. Wohler) cixÿvMv‡i A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvqv‡bU n‡Z BDwiqv cÖ¯‘Z K‡ib|
 ‡ebwRb †n·v‡K¬vivB‡Wi Mvgv (-) mgvYy‡Ki evwYwR¨K bvg M¨vgvw·b (gamaxane)| GwU GKwU Zxeª RxevYybvkK c`v_©|
 †nUv‡iv cigvYy †hgb, N, O, ev S BZ¨vw` ejqvKvi ev e× wkKj ˆRe †hŠM _v‡K|
 GKK eÜbhy³ Kvh©Kix g~j‡K cÖwZ¯’vcb I AcmviY wewµqv N‡U|
 wØeÜb I wÎeÜbhy³ Kvh©Kix g~j‡K ms‡hvRb wewµqv N‡U|
 GKK I wØeÜb DfqB Kvh©Kix g~j‡K _vK‡j G‡Z cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv N‡U|
 U‡UvgvwiRg mgvYyZv nj MwZkxj Kvh©Kixg~jK mgvYyZv|
 ‡gUvgvwiRg mvaviY w؇hvRx Kvh©Kix g~jKhy³ †hŠM †hgb B_vi, wK‡Uvb, †m‡KÛvwi A¨vj‡Kvnj I A¨vwg‡bi †ÿ‡Î N‡U|
 `ywU GbvbwmIgvi mgvYyi †fŠZ ag© I ivmvqwbK ag© GKB _v‡K|
 4-wU C-Gi †ejvq 2wU †PBb web¨vm, 5wU C-Gi †ejvq 3wU †PBb web¨vm, 6wU C-Gi †ejvq 5wU web¨vm, 7 C-Gi †ejvq 9wU
web¨vm, 10 C Gi †PB‡bi 75wU web¨vm m¤¢e|
 bvB‡Uªkb wZbwU av‡c m¤úbœ nq|
 A¨vj‡Kb mvaviYfv‡e c¨vivwdb bv‡g cwiwPZ|
 A¨vjwKb mvaviYfv‡e A‡jwdb&m& bv‡gI cwiwPZ|
 Mvp HCl G Abv`ª© ZnCl2 Gi G `ªeY‡K jyKvm weKviK e‡j|
 †K›`ªvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv n‡”Q A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi ˆewkó¨c~Y© wewµqv|
 wMÖMbvW© weKviK †_‡K nvB‡WªvKve©b, A¨vj‡Kvnj, A¨vjwWnvBW, wK‡Uvb, GwmW, A¨vwgb cÖf… wZ wewfbœ ˆRe †hŠM ms‡kølY Kiv hvq
 RX Gi cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvi µg RI > RBr > RCl|
 me‡P‡q Kg mwµq ˆRe †hŠMmg~‡ni g‡a¨ B_vi Ab¨Zg|
 wg_vb¨v‡ji G 30-40% Rjxq `ªeY‡K digvwjb ejv nq|
 Kve©wbj †hŠMmg~‡ni mwµqZv : wg_vb¨vj > B_vb¨vj > cÖcv‡bvb A_©vr HCHO > CH3CHO > CH3COCH3 >
CH3COC2H5 > C2H5COC2H5
 AYy‡Z  nvB‡Wªv‡Rb _vKvq B_vb¨v‡j, cÖcvb¨vj ev cÖcv‡bvb A¨vjWj Nbxfeb wewµqv †`q|
 wK‡Uvb I A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vjwWnvBWmg~n cwjgvi MVb K‡i bv|
 c¨vivjwWnvBW Ny‡gi Jla wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
 Ka Gi gvb hZ †ewk n‡e H+ Avq‡bi NbgvÎv ZZ †ewk A_©vr GwmWwU ZZ kw³kvjx n‡e|
 B_vbwqK GwmW A‡cÿv †K¬v‡ivB_vbwqK GwmW cÖvq 80 ¸Y AwaK kw³kvjx GwmW|
 ZxeªZvi µg : A¨v‡iv‡gwUK Kve©w·wjK GwmW > Avwj‡dwUK GwmW|
H3CCOOH < Cl – CH2 – COOH < Cl2 – CH – COOH < Cl3 – C – COOH
A¤øZ¡ evo‡Q
Kve©w·wjK GwmWmg~‡ni AvYweK fi e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ G‡`i ùzUbv¼I e„w× cvq| †hgb :
HCOOH(100C) < CH3COOH(118C) < CH3CH2COOH(141C) < CH3CH2CH2COOH(162C)
 D”PZi ˆRe Gwm‡Wi †mvwWqvg jeYB nj mvevb (Soap)|
 Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi RvZK cÖavbZ Pvi cÖKvi| h_v : GwmW n¨vjvBW, GwmW A¨vgvBW, G÷vi, GwmW A¨vbnvBWªvBW|
 ivmvqwbKfv‡e †Zj-Pwe© n‡jv D”PZi d¨vwU Gwm‡Wi wMømvwij UªvB G÷vi ev wMømvivBW|
 ms‡hvRb wewµqv A¨vwj‡dwUK I A¨v‡iv‡gwUK Dfq‡kÖwYi cvB () eÜbhy³ †hŠ‡M N‡U|
 †ebwR‡b ms‡hvRb wewµqv mwµq wd«-‡iwW‡Kj-Gi gva¨‡g N‡U|
 A¨vwj‡dwUK m¤ú„³ Kve©‡bi AwaKvsk cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvB wbDwK¬IwdwjK| wKš‘ A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †ebwRb ej‡q me cÖwZ¯’vcb
wewµqv B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK|
 A¨vj‡Kb g~jZ R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq, cwjgvi wk‡í cøvw÷K I K…wÎg myZv ˆZwi‡Z A¨vjwKb e¨eüZ nq|
 ˆRe †hŠ‡M n¨v‡jv‡Rb Cl, Br, I  Gi Dcw¯’wZ kbv³Ki‡bi Rb¨ †jmvBb cixÿv Kiv nq|
 A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW ev n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kb wZb †kÖYx‡Z wef³| †hgb, 1 , 2 , 3|
 HX-Gi mwµqZvi µg n‡jv : HI > HBr > HCl > HF|
 A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K †hgb cvwbi ˆRe RvZK ejv nq, GKBfv‡e A‰Re A¨v‡gvwbqv (NH3)-Gi ˆRe RvZK n‡jv A¨vwgbmg~n|
 jvj wcucov I wfgiæ‡ji Mø¨v‡Û _v‡K diwgK GwmW Ges cÖvwYR Pwe© I Dw™¢‡`i ˆZ‡j _v‡K `xN© Kve©b wkKjhy³ w÷qvwiK GwmW
ev A±v‡WKv‡bvwqK GwmW, cvg A‡q‡j _v‡K cvwgwUK GwmW ev †n·v‡WKv‡bvwqK GwmW|
 ÔbvB‡UªvwMømvwibÕ A¨vwj‡dwUK I wUGbwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †kÖYxfz³|
 Kvwe©j A¨vwgb wewµqv cÖvBgvix A¨vwgb Ges †K¬v‡ivdi‡gi kbv³Ki‡Y e¨eüZ nq|
 A¨vj‡K‡bi mv‡_ n¨v‡jv‡R‡bi wewµqvi µg nj : Cl2 > Br2 > I2|
 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvi µg : 3 > 2 > 1|
 ‡Kvj, AvjKvZiv I †c‡Uªvwjqvg n‡jv A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi cÖavb Drm|
 wg‡_b M¨vm‡K gvm©(Marsh) M¨vm ejv nq|
 †ebwRb‡K bvB‡Uªkb Ki‡j wZb av‡c wU.Gb.we Drcbœ nq| 1, 3, 5-UªvBbvB‡Uªv †ebwRb‡K ms‡ÿ‡c T.N.B e‡j|
 †K¬v‡ivweDUvbj-2 AYy‡Z `ywU Am`„k KvBivj Kve©b _vKvq 4wU Av‡jvK mwµq mgvYy Av‡Q|
 A¨vj‡Kvnjmg~‡ni mwµqZvi µg nj : cÖvBgvix (1) > ‡m‡KÛvix (2) > Uviwmqvix (3) > Ges
GwmWmg~‡ni µg : H – COOH > CH3 – COOH > CH3 – CH2COOH > R2CHCOOH > R3C – COOH
 †ebwRb GKwU Zij c`v_©| Gi ùzUbv¼ 80C| Ab¨vb¨ A¨vwibmg~n †ek welv³ Ges K¨vÝvi m„wóKviK|
 A¨vjKvBb †hgb, B_vBb wewfbœ Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| h_v: 1. Aw·-A¨vwmwUwjb wkLv (3200 - 3500C) Drcv`‡b avZz SvjvB‡qi
Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq| 2. PVC Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ nq|
 †eªvwgb `ªeY cixÿv Øviv A¨vjwK‡b  e܇bi Dcw¯’wZ kbv³ Kiv †M‡jI wØe܇bi Ae¯’vb kbv³ Kiv hvq bv|
 Kve©wbj †hŠMmg~n †K›`ªvKl©x hyZ wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i|
 cwjw_b †Lvjv evZv‡m †cvov‡j nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvqvbvBW HCN, HCl Drcbœ nq, hv K¨vÝvi m„wó K‡i|

01. wMÖMbvW© weKviK + digvjwWnvBW = KZ wWMÖx A¨vj‡Kvnj? C. 65C D. 80C

A. 1 B. 2 08. M¨vUvig¨vb wewµqvq †Kvb †hŠM cÖfveK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq?
C. 3 D. 4 A. FeCl2 B. Cu
02. A¨vwg‡bi mvaviY ms‡KZ †KvbwU? C. Fe D. ﮋ FeCl3
A. CnH2n+1NH2 B. CnH2n+1OH 09. CH3CH2Cl Gi ùzUbv¼ KZ?
C. CnH2n+1CHO D. ‡KvbwUB bq A. 15C B.  24C
03. wm³ cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡m †cÖv‡cb KZUzK?z C.  12C D. 13C
A. 85% B. 10% 10. A¨vj‡Kvnjmg~‡ni ùzUbv¼ e„w×i µg?
C. 3% D. 1% A. 1 > 2 > 3 B. 3 > 2 > 1
04. g¨v‡jwqK Gwm‡Wi UªvÝ mgvYyi Mjbv¼ KZ? C. 2 > 1 > 3 D. ‡KvbwUB bq
A. 135C B. 210C 11. Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY Drcv`‡b optimum temperature
C.  25C D. 287C KZ?
05. d-j¨vKwUK Gwm‡Wi AveZ©b †KvY KZ? A. 5 – 8C B. 1 – 2C
A. + 2.24 B.  2.24 C. 0 – 5C D. 3 – 8C
C.  1.12 D. + 1.12 12. wb‡Pi †KvbwU A‡·v‡µvg?
06. †iKwUdvBW w¯úwi‡Ui ùzUbv¼ KZ? A.  NO B.  NO2
A. 78.3C B. 67.9C 

C. 78.15C D. ‡KvbwUB bq C.  N  N D.  NR2

13. hyZ wewµqv KZ cÖKvi?
07. M¨v‡mvwj‡bi d¬vk c‡q›U KZ?
A. 2 B. 3
A. 45C B. 232C
C. 4 D. 5
14. UjyB‡bi bvB‡Uªkb wewµqv KZ ZvcgvÎvq N‡U? C. Pvi D. cuvP
A. 35C B. 30C 28. †PZbvbvkK wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq †KvbwU?
C. 100C D. 400C A. A¨vj‡Kvnj B. wg‡_b
15. mgvYyKiY wewµqv KZ cÖKvi? C. ‡K¬v‡ivdig D. Kve©w·wjK GwmW
A. 2 B. 3 29. gv‡Qi b¨vq Avuk‡U MÜhy³ †KvbwU?
C. 4 D. 5 A. A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨vwgb B. A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vwgb
16. G÷v‡ii kbv³KiY cixÿv †KvbwU? C. A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨vjwWnvBW D. A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vjwWnvBW
A. nvBWª·vwgW cixÿv B. NH3 cixÿv 30. †jmvBb cixÿvq †Kvb g~jK kbv³ nq?
C. PCl5 mn cixÿv D. HgO cixÿv A. NO2 g~jK B. Cl g~jK
17. K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv †Kv_vq N‡U? C. Br g~jK D. B + C
A.  nvB‡Wªv‡Rbhy³ Kve©wbj †hŠ‡M 31. wMømvwi‡bi kbv³KiY cixÿv †KvbwU?
B.  nvB‡Wªv‡Rbwenxb Kve©wbj †hŠ‡M A. ‡eviv· †db__¨vwjb cixÿv
C.  nvB‡Wªv‡Rbhy³ Kve©wbj †hŠ‡M B. HCl mn K2Cr2O7 cixÿv
D.  nvB‡Wªv‡Rbwenxb Kve©wbj †hŠ‡M C. FeCl3 cixÿv
18. _v‡qv †hŠ‡Mi Kvh©Kix g~jK †KvbwU? D. wbiæ`K KHSO4 mn cixÿv
A.  COX B.  CONH2 32. TNT Gi ag© bq †KvbwU?
C. R  SH D.  N = C A. Mjbv¼ 80C
19. wfgiæ‡j †Kvb GwmW _v‡K - B. ¯^qswµqfv‡e we‡ùvwiZ nq
A. diwgK B. A¨vwmwUK C. Ab¨vb¨ we‡ùvi‡Ki †P‡q AwaK ¯’vqx
C. ‡cÖvcvqwbK D. weDUvwiK D. we‡ùviY kw³ 2 – 8 MJ/kg
20. C5H12 ‡hŠ‡Mi mgvYyi msL¨v KZwU? 33. Zij ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi weï×Zvi gvb bq †KvbwU?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 8 A. w¯’i ùzUbv¼ B. w¯’i cÖwZmiv¼
21. B_vb‡ji †ÿ‡Î wg_¨v †KvbwU? C. Av‡cwÿK ¸iæ‡Z¡i wbw`©ó gvb D. †KvbwUB bq
A. Zij c`v_© B. D”P ùzUbv¼ 34. c¨vivwmUvgj e¨envi wewa-
C. Na Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i bv D. wPUv¸o n‡Z cvIqv hvq A. GK w`‡b m‡e©v”P gvÎv 4g ch©šÍ
22. †iv‡RbgyÛ weRvi‡Y †KvbwU cvIqv hvq? B. gv_ve¨_v, gvsm‡ckx‡Z e¨_v I R¡‡i e¨eüZ nq
A. A¨vj‡Kb B. A¨vjwKb C. wkï‡`i †ÿ‡Î ZvcgvÎv 101.3F Gi †ewk n‡j
C. A¨vjKvBb D. A¨vj‡Kv‡j D. me¸‡jv
23. m¨vÛ‡gqvi wewµqvq cÖfveK wnmv‡e wK e¨eüZ nq? 35. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Bjv‡÷vgvi?
A. Cu2X2 B. Cu P‚Y© A. bvBjb-6 B. cwjD‡i‡_b
C. Ni D. meKqwU C. fjKvbvBWR& ivevi D. e¨v‡KjvBU
24. B_vB‡bi cwjgviKiY Øviv †ebwRb Drcbœ KZ ZvcgvÎvq? 36. Uz_‡c‡÷ abrasive c`v_© wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i †K?
A. 300C B. 400C A. CaCO3
C. 600C D. 700C B. cUvwmqvg †Wv‡WKvBj mvj‡dU
25. †k¦Zmvi n‡Z B_vbj ˆZwi‡Z †Kvb GbRvBgwU jv‡M? C. wMømvwib
A. Wvqv‡÷R B. g¨vj‡UR D. ‡mjy‡jvR Mvg
C. RvB‡gR D. meKqwU 37. Kgjvq †Kvb G÷vi _v‡K?
26. ndg¨vb ÿz`ªvskKiY wewµqv Øviv †KvbwU ˆZwi Kiv nq? A. CH3COOC5H11 B. CH3COOC8H17
A. A¨vgvBW B. cÖvBgvix A¨vwgb C. CH3COOCH2C6H5 D. ‡KvbwUB bq
C. ‡m‡KÛvix A¨vwgb D. G÷vi 38. cwjweDUvWvB B‡bi Tg KZ?
27. A¨vwg‡bv g~j‡Ki msL¨v Abymv‡i A¨vwgb KZ cÖKvi? A.  106C B.  65C
A. `yB B. wZb C.  43C D. ‡KvbwUB bq
39. bvB‡UªvwMømvwi‡bi Mjbv¼ KZ?
A. 11.2C B. 12.2C
C. 13.2C D. 14.2C
40. A¨vwbwjb †_‡K A¨vwmUvwbjvBW ˆZwi‡Z †Kvb wewµqKwU
e¨envi Kiv nq?
A. A¨vwm‡Uvb B. A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW
C. A¨vwmUvj‡K¬vivBW D. me¸‡jv
Answer :
1 A 11 C 21 C 31 D
2 A 12 D 22 B 32 B
3 A 13 A 23 A 33 C
4 D 14 B 24 B 34 D
5 D 15 A 25 D 35 C
6 C 16 A 26 B 36 A
7 A 17 B 27 B 37 B
8 B 18 C 28 C 38 A
9 D 19 A 29 A 39 C
10 A 20 B 30 D 40 C
 Key Words :
 Zwor cwievnx : †h mg¯Í c`v‡_©i ga¨ w`‡q we`y¨r cÖevwnZ n‡Z cv‡i Zv‡`i‡K we`y¨r cwievnx e‡j|
 Zwor we‡køl¨ cwievnx : †h me †hŠM weMwjZ ev cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z Ae¯’vq we`y¨r cwienY K‡i Ges ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b N‡U
Zv‡`i‡K Zwor we‡køl¨ cwievnx †hŠM ejv nq|
 Zwor we‡kø‡l¨i cwievwnZv : Zwor we‡køl¨ cwievnxi ga¨ w`‡q Zwor cÖevwnZ nIqvi Kv‡j Avqb¸‡jv Øviv Zwor en‡bi
weiæ‡× H cwievnx †h evav m„wó K‡i, Zv‡K H cwievnxi †iva (R) e‡j| Zwor we‡køl¨ cwievnxi †iv‡ai e¨¯ÍvbycvwZK n‡jv H
Zwor we‡kø‡l¨i cwievwnZv (L)| cwievwnZvi GKK ohm1|
 cwievwnZv †Kvl aªæeK : †Kv‡bv cwievwnZv †Kv‡li `yB ZworØv‡ii ga¨eZ©x `~iZ¡ Ges ZworØv‡ii †ÿÎd‡ji AbycvZ‡K †Kvl
aªæeK e‡j| Gi Gm.AvB GKK m1|
 Zwor ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v¼ : GK A¨vw¤úqvi gvÎvi we`y¨r GK †m‡KÛ mgq a‡i cÖevwnZ Ki‡j ZworØv‡i Drcbœ ev mwÂZ
c`v‡_©i cwigvY‡K Zwor ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v¼ e‡j|
 Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kvl : †h Zwor †Kv‡l ivmvqwbK wewµqvi kw³ ˆe`y¨wZK kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq, Zv‡K Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kvl
e‡j| †hgb- †Wwb‡qj †Kvl|
 GK d¨viv‡W : GK †gvj B‡jKUª‡bi †gvU PvR©B GK d¨viv‡W| Gi gvb 96500 C|
 avZzi mwµqZv wmwiR : avZzmg~‡ni B‡jKUªb Z¨v‡Mi cÖeYZv µgvbymv‡i avZzmg~n‡K Ici †_‡K wb‡Pi w`‡K GKwU mvwi‡Z
web¨¯Í Kiv n‡q‡Q; avZzmg~‡ni G mvwi‡K avZzi mwµqZv wmwiR e‡j|
 cÖgvY ZworØvi wefe : cÖgvY Ae¯’vq A_©vr 25C G (M¨v‡mi †ejvq 1 atm Pv‡c) 1 M Zwor we‡kø‡l¨i mv‡_ ZworØv‡ii
†h wefe m„wó nq, Zv‡K cÖgvY ZworØvi wefe ejv nq|
 jeY‡mZz : `ywU Aa©‡Kv‡li g‡a¨ c‡ivÿ ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ GKwU we‡kl jeY †hgb KCl, KNO3, Na2SO4, NH4NO3
BZ¨vw`i m¤ú„³ `ªeY fwZ© U-AvK…wZi KvP b‡ji Dfq gy‡L Zzjv eÜ K‡i Aa©‡Kvl؇qi g‡a¨ D‡ëvfv‡e Wzwe‡q ivLv nq|
 ‡Kvl wefe : Zwor †Kv‡li A¨v‡bv‡Wi RviY wefe I K¨v‡_v‡Wi weRviY wef‡ei mgwó‡K †Kvl wefe e‡j|
 cÖvBgvwi wb‡`©kK ZworØvi : †h ZworØv‡ii wefe mivmwi wbY©q Kiv hvq Zv‡K cÖvBgvwi wb‡`©kK ZworØvi e‡j|
 †m‡KÛvwi wb‡`©kK ZworØvi : †h ZworØv‡ii wefe mivmwi wbY©q Kiv hvq bv, cÖvBgvwi wb‡`©kK ZworØvi e¨envi K‡i wbY©q
Kiv nq Zv‡K †m‡KÛvwi wb‡`©kK ZworØvi e‡j|
 cÖvBgvwi †Kvl : †h Zwor †Kv‡l ivmvqwbK kw³ ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e we`y¨r kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq, Zv‡K cÖvBgvwi †Kvl e‡j|
 ‡m‡KÛvwi †Kvl : †h Zwor †Kv‡l evB‡i †_‡K we`y¨r cÖevwnZ K‡i we`y¨r kw³‡K ivmvqwbK kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i mwÂZ ivLv
nq, Zv‡K †m‡KÛvwi †Kvl e‡j|
 wWmPvR© : †Kvl ev e¨vUvwii e¨env‡ii mgq ivmvqwbK kw³ we`y¨r kw³‡Z cwiYZ nIqv‡K wWmPvR© e‡j|
 dz‡qj †mj : dz‡qj †mj n‡jv we‡kl ai‡bi M¨vjfvwbK †mj †hLv‡b dz‡qj wn‡m‡e H2 M¨vm A_ev wg_vbj‡K Ni A_ev Pt
y MÖvdvBU A¨v‡bv‡W cÖfveKxq RviY NUv‡bv nq Ges K¨v‡_v‡W O2 M¨vm‡K Pvjbv K‡i cÖfveKxq weRviY NwU‡q cvwb
avZzh³
ˆZwi Kiv nq|
 pH : †Kvb `ªe‡Yi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avq‡bi (H+) NbgvÎvi FYvZ¥K jMvwi`Mg‡K H `ªe‡Yi pH e‡j| MvwYwZKfv‡e pH =  log[H+]|
 Zwor cwievnx I Gi cÖKvi‡f`

c`v_©

Zwor cwievnx Zwor Acwievnx

KvV, KuvP, nxiK Kve©b, cøvw÷K, wmivwgK, ivevi, wPwb, MÜK (S8), Zviwcb
†Zj, A¨vj‡Kvnj (wg_vbj, B_vbj), Zij nvB‡WªvKve©b (C5C17),
Møy‡KvR, my‡µvR (wPwb), weï× cvwb , †K¬v‡ivdig (CHCl3)

B‡jKUªbxq/avZe cwievnx B‡jK‡UªvjvBwUK/AavZe cwievnx

mycvi cwievnx mycwievnx Aa©cwievnx mej Zwor we‡køl¨ `ye©j Zwor we‡køl¨ Zwor Awe‡køl¨
 Nb3Ge (Tc=23.2K)  Cu B (AvqbgvÎv: 70100%) (AvqbgvÎv: 110%) (AvqbgvÎv: 0%)
 YBa2Cu3O7 (Tc=90K)  Al  Si  mg¯Í jeY  g„`y GwmW  Zwor Acwievnxmg~n
 †Kvb kw³i AcPq nq bv  Zn  Ge  Zxeª GwmW  g„`y ÿvi
 Fe  As  Zxeª ÿvi  ˆRe GwmW
 Ag  Sb  AvqwbK †hŠM  CH3COOH
 Hg (Zij)  Te  NaCl (MwjZ)  HF `ªeY
 MÖvdvBU Kve©b  NaCl (Rjxq)  H2SO3
 KCl (Rjxq)  H3PO4
 HCl (Rjxq)  Ca(OH)2
 H2SO4 (Rjxq)  H2CO3
 HClO4 (Rjxq)
 NaOH (Rjxq)
 KOH (Rjxq)
 CuSO4 (Rjxq)

[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]

avZe ev B‡jKUªbxq cwievnx I Zwor we‡køl¨ cwievnxi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

welqe¯‘ avZe cwievnx Zwor we‡køl¨ cwievnx
1. evnK mÂiYkxj B‡jKUªb Øviv Zwor cÖevn P‡j mÂviYkxj abvZ¥K I FYvZ¥K Avqb Øviv Zwor cÖevn N‡U
2. cÖwµqv Zwor cÖevn GKwU †fŠZ cÖwµqv Zwor cwienY GKwU ivmvqwbK cÖwµqv
3. ZvcgvÎv ZvcgvÎv e„w×i mv‡_ Zwor cwienb ÿgZv n«vm cvq ZvcgvÎv e„w×i mv‡_ Zwor cwienb ÿgZv e„w× cvq
4. m~Î Kzj‡¤^i m~Î cÖ‡hvR¨ d¨viv‡Wi m~Î cÖ‡hvR¨
5. ÿgZv Zwor cwienb ÿgZv Zwor we‡køl¨ cwievnxi Zzjbvq B‡jKUªbxq cwievnxi Zzjbvq Kg
A‡bK ¸Y †ewk
6. cÖK…wZ avZz ev MÖvdvBU Kve©b ‡cvjvi mg‡hvRx †hŠM

 mycviKÛv±img~n n‡jv msKi avZz I msKi avZzi A·vBW

 Zwor Acwievnx c`v_©‡K Bbmy‡jUi e‡j
 Kw¤úDUvi, †gvevBj cÖf…wZi gvB‡µvwPc&‡m Si e¨eüZ nq [Kexi m¨vi]
 MÖvdvBU n‡jv AavZe B‡jKUªbxq cwievnx
 cvi` Zij avZz n‡jI GwU GKwU B‡jKUªbxq Zwor cwievnx

Zwor we‡kø‡l¨i cwievwnZv

1
 cwievwnZvi GKK = ‡iv‡ai GKK
GKK
 CGS : 1 = ohm1 = mho
 SI : wm‡gbm& (S)
1. Zwor we‡kø‡l¨i Av‡cwÿK cwievwnZv : GKK  CGS : ohm1 cm1; SI : Sm1
cÖKvi‡f`
2. Zwor we‡kø‡l¨i Zzj¨ cwievwnZv : GKK  CGS : ohm1.cm2.(g.eqv)1; SI : S.m2.(g.eqv)1
(3 cÖKvi)
3. Zwor we‡kø‡l¨i †gvjvi cwievwnZv : GKK  CGS : (ohm1.cm2.mol1
†Kv‡bv Zwor we‡kø‡l¨i cwievwnZv I Av‡cwÿK cwievwnZv †h †h wel‡qi Ici wbf©i K‡i †m¸‡jv n‡jv -
 Zwor we‡kø‡l¨i Dcw¯’Z Avq‡bi msL¨v  ZvcgvÎv
wbf©ikxjZv  Avqb¸‡jvi PvR© ev Avavb  `ªe‡Yi MvpZ¡
 Avqb¸‡jvi AvKvi  `ªve‡Ki cÖK…wZ
 Avqb¸‡jvi MwZ‡eM
 GKK : CGS c×wZ‡Z  cm1
‡Kvl aªæeK
SI c×wZ‡Z  m1

 Zzj¨ cwievwnZv I †gvjvi cwievwnZvi ˆewkó¨ :

 Zwor-we‡kø‡l¨i cwigvY wbw`©ó †hgb GK MÖvg Zzj¨fi ev GK †gvj|
 Zwor-we‡kø‡l¨i `ªe‡Yi AvqZb wbw`©ó bq|
 Zwor we‡køl¨ wbw`©ó; wKš‘ AvqZb wbw`©ó bv nIqvq NbgvÎv wbw`©ó bq|
 NbgvÎv wbw`©ó bv nIqvq, wbw`©ó AvqZ‡b GKB Zwor we‡kø‡l¨i Zzj¨ cwievwnZv ev †gvjvi cwievwnZv wewfbœ nq|
 †R‡b ivL:
 cvwbi WvB-B‡jKwUªK aªæeK 80
 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji WvB-B‡jKwUªK aªæeK 25
 Zxeª Zwor we‡køl¨ `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv n«v‡mi mv‡_ Gi Av‡cwÿK cwievwnZv n«vm cvq
 g„`y Zwor we‡køl¨ `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv e„wׇZ Gi Av‡cwÿK cwievwnZv e„w× cvq; wKš‘ Zzj¨ cwievwnZv n«vm cvq

Zzj¨msL¨v I Zzj¨ fi wbY©q

 Zzj¨msL¨v (e) :
 avZzi Zzj¨msL¨v = avZzi †hvRbx
†hgb : Na Gi Zzj¨msL¨v, eNa=1, Ca Gi Zzj¨msL¨v, eCa=2, Zn Gi Zzj¨msL¨v eZn=2 BZ¨vw`

 AavZzi Zzj¨msL¨v = AavZzi †hvRbx  AYy‡Z cigvYyi msL¨v

†hgb : H2 Gi Zzj¨ msL¨v = 1  2 = 2, O2 Gi Zzj¨ msL¨v = 2  2 = 4
 Gwm‡Wi Zzj¨msL¨v = Gwm‡W Dcw¯’Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb msL¨v [Gwm‡Wi m¤ú`B †Zv n‡”Q Zvi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb]
HCl Gi Zzj¨msL¨v, eHCl=1, H2SO4 Gi Zzj¨msL¨v, e H 2SO 4  2 .
 H3PO4 Gi Zzj¨msLv, e H 3PO 4  3 , H3PO2 Gi Zzj¨msL¨v e H 3PO 2  1 .
GK-ÿviKxq Gwm‡Wi Zzj¨msL¨v =1
wØ-ÿviKxq Gwm‡Wi Zzj¨msL¨v = 2
wÎ-ÿviKxq Gwm‡Wi Zzj¨msL¨v = 3

 ÿvi‡Ki Zzj¨ msL¨v = ÿvi‡Ki hZwU OH Avqb Z¨vM K‡i A_ev hZ¸wj (H+) MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
NaOH Gi Zzj¨msL¨v, eNaOH = 1. NH3 Gi Zzj¨msL¨v, e NH 3 = 1.
GK-A¤øxq ÿvi‡Ki Zzj¨msL¨v = 1
wØ-A¤øxq ÿvi‡Ki Zzj¨msL¨v = 2
wÎ-A¤øxq ÿvi‡Ki Zzj¨msL¨v = 3

 je‡Yi Zzj¨msL¨v = je‡Yi Dcw¯’Z avZzi †gvU †hvRbx ev K¨vUvq‡bi PvR©| [avZzi †hvRbx  cigvYyi msL¨v]
†hgb : NaCl Gi Zzj¨msL¨v, eNaCl = 1.

 RviK-weRvi‡Ki Zzj¨msL¨v t
i. Rvi‡Ki Zzj¨msL¨v = RviK hZ¸wj e MÖnY K‡i|
†hgb : K2Cr2O7 Gi Zzj¨msL¨v, e k 2 cr2 o 7  6 (Gwm‡Wi gva¨‡g),
FeCl3 Gi Zzj¨msL¨v, e FeCl 3  1 (Gwm‡Wi gva¨‡g)
KMnO4 Gi Zzj¨msL¨v, e KMnO 4 = 5 (Gwm‡Wi gva¨‡g)
mg¯Í n¨v‡jv‡Rb (X2) = 2 BZ¨vw`|
ii. weRvi‡Ki Zzj¨msL¨v = weRviK hZ¸wj e `vb K‡i|
†hgb : H2S Gi Zzj¨msL¨v, eH 2 S  2 (Gwm‡Wi gva¨‡g),
FeSO4 Gi Zzj¨msL¨v, e FeSO 4  1 (Gwm‡Wi gva¨‡g)

Retina Special : Zzj¨ msL¨v = A¤øZ¡ I ÿviKZ¡

 wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †hŠ‡Mi Zzj¨ msL¨vi gvb :

bvg Zzj¨msL¨v bvg Zzj¨msL¨v
KMnO4 5 FeSO4 1
K2Cr2O7 6 H2 S 2
KClO3/KBrO3/KIO3 6 H2C2O4 2
Cl2/Br2/I2 2 FeC2O4 3
FeCl3 1 Na2S2O3 1 e¨wZµg
H2 O2 2 SO2 2
CuSO4 1 KI 2

AvYweK fi M
 Zzj¨ fi (E)/ivmvqwbK Zzj¨ fi : Zzj¨fi  E 
Zzj¨ msL¨v e

 ivmvqwbK Zzj¨ fi wbY©q :

‡gŠ‡ji cvigvYweK fi
H †gŠ‡ji †hŠM MV‡b e¨eüZ †hvR¨Zv msL¨v  Cu Gi Zzj¨fi= (63.52) = 31.75
†gŠ‡ji Zzj¨ fi
‡hŠ‡Mi AvYweK fi
†hŠ‡Mi Zzj¨fi K¨vUvqb ev A¨vbvq‡bi †gvU †hvRbx  CuSO4 Gi Zzj¨fi = (159.5  2) = 79.75
H2SO Gi Zzj¨fi = (98  2) = 49
 Gwm‡Wi AvYweK fi 98
Gwm‡Wi Zzj¨ fi Gwm‡W Dcw¯’Z cÖwZ¯’vwcZ H msL¨v  H2SO4 Gi Zyj¨ fi=  49
2
ÿv‡ii AvYweK fi 58
ÿv‡ii Zzj¨ fi ÿv‡ii Dcw¯’Z cÖwZ¯’vwcZ OH msL¨v  Mg(OH)2 Gi Zzj¨ fi=  29
2
†gŠ‡ji Zwor ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v¼  96500C = ‡gŠjwUi MÖvg ivmvqwbK Zzj¨fi|
Zwor ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v¼ D`vniY :
I MÖvg ivmvqwbK Zzj¨  H-Gi Zwor-ivmvqwbK Zzj¨vsK = 0.000010447 gC1 = 1.0447105 gC1
f‡ii g‡a¨ m¤úK©  Ag Gi Zwor-ivmvqwbK Zzj¨vsK = 0.001118 gC1 = 1.118103 gC1
 Cu Gi Zwor-ivmvqwbK Zzj¨vsK = 0.000329 gC1 = 3.29104 gC1

 wb‡Pi †KvbwU Zwor mycwievnx bq? (†g.f.c. 15-16)

A. Kcvi B. Kve©b C. wmjfvi D. A¨vjywgwbqvg Ans : B
 wb‡Pi †KvbwU Zwor Awe‡køl¨? (†g.f.c. 06-07)
A. NaCl `ªeY B. HF `ªeY C. CH3COOH `ªeY D. C12H22O11 `ªeY Ans : D

 †`L‡Zv cvi wK bv?

 MwjZ NaCl Gi cwievwnZvi KviY Kx?
A. gy³ B‡j±ªb B. gy³ cigvYy C. gy³ Avqb D. gy³ AYy Ans : C
 ‡mwgKÛv±iiƒ‡c †Kvb †gŠjwU e¨eüZ nq?
A. Cu B. Al C. Zn D. Ge Ans : D
 Zwor ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v¼ †KvbwUi me‡P‡q †ewk?
A. Ag B. Cu C. Fe D. Cr Ans : A
 Zwor we‡kø‡l¨i cwievwnZv †KvbwUi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv?
A. Avq‡bi AvKvi B. Avq‡bi PvR© C. Avq‡bi msL¨v D. Avq‡bi Pvc Ans : D
 ‡Kvl aªæe‡Ki GKK †KvbwU?
A. mm1 B. m1 C. cm D. m1 Ans : D
 ‡KvbwU `yej
© Zwor we‡køl¨?
A. CHCl3 B. HF C. CuSO4 D. HClO4 Ans : B

Zwor we‡kølY I d¨viv‡Wi Zwor we‡kølY m~Î

 Zwor we‡kølY : Zwor cÖev‡ni gva¨‡g †Kvb c`v_©‡K GKvwaK c`v‡_© we‡køwlZ Kivi cÖwµqv‡K Zwor we‡kølY e‡j|
 Zwor we‡kølY cÖwµqvi wbqvgK : 3wU
1. avZe `‡Ûi cÖKw… Z
2. Zwor we‡kø‡l¨i NbgvÎv
3. RviY weRviY wefe
 Zworwe‡kølY †Kvl : Zwor we‡kølY wewµqv †h hš¿m¾vi g‡a¨ m¤úv`b Kiv nq Zv‡K Zworwe‡kølY †Kvl e‡j|
 K¨v‡_vW ZworØvi : †h ZworØvi e¨vUvwii FYvZ¥K cÖv‡šÍi m‡½ hy³ _v‡K Ges Zv w`‡q B‡jKUªb Zwor we‡køl¨ c`v‡_©i `ªe‡Y
cÖ‡ek K‡i Zv‡K K¨v‡_vW ev FYvZ¥K ZworØvi e‡j|
 A¨v‡bvW ZworØvi : †h ZworØvi e¨vUvwii abvZ¥K cÖv‡šÍi m‡½ hy³ _v‡K Ges Zv w`‡q B‡jKUªb Zworwe‡køl¨ `ªeY †Q‡o P‡j hvq
Zv‡K A¨v‡bvW ev abvZ¥K ZworØvi e‡j|
 ZworØvi wefe : K¨v‡_vW I A¨v‡bvW ZworØv‡i `ªe‡Yi mv‡c‡ÿ †h wbw`©ó ˆe`y¨wZK wefe cv_©‡K¨i m„wó nq Zv‡K ZworØvi wefe e‡j|
 ZworØvi wef‡ei wbqvgK :
1. avZe `‡Ûi cÖKw… Z
2. Zwor we‡kø‡l¨i NbgvÎv
3. ZvcgvÎv
[Kexi m¨vi]

 Zwor we‡køl‡Y e¨eüZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c` I G‡`i GKKmg~n :

bvg GKK bvg GKK
Zwor Kzj¤^ (C) Kzj¤^ A¨vw¤úqvi †m‡KÛ (As)
Zwor cÖevn A¨vw¤úqvi (A) Zwor wefe ‡fvë (V)
Zwor PvR© Kzj¤^ (C) ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v¼ MÖvg/Kzj¤^ (gC1)
A¨vw¤úqvi Kzj¤^/†m‡KÛ (Cs1) †iva Ing (ohm ev )

wewfbœ Zworwe‡køl¨ c`v‡_©i Zworwe‡køl‡Y cÖvß Drcv`

Zwor we‡køl¨ K¨v‡_v‡W Drcbœ e¯‘ A¨v‡bv‡W Drcbœ e¯‘
NaCl (MwjZ) Na (avZz) Cl2 (M¨vm)
NaCl Gi Rjxq `ªeY H2 (M¨vm) Cl2 (M¨vm)
PbCl2 (MwjZ) Pb (avZz) Cl2 (M¨vm)
KNO3 Gi Rjxq `ªeY H2 (M¨vm) O2 (M¨vm)
CuSO4 Gi Rjxq `ªeY Cu (avZz) O2 (M¨vm)
H2SO4 Gi Rjxq `ªeY H2 (M¨vm) O2 (M¨vm)
NaOH Gi Rjxq `ªeY H2 (M¨vm) O2 (M¨vm)
[Kexi m¨vi]

 d¨viv‡Wi Zwor we‡køl‡Yi m~Î : 1833 mv‡j d¨viv‡W Zwor we‡køl‡Yi `yBwU m~Î cÖ`vb K‡ib|
Zwor we‡køl‡Yi mgq †h †Kvb ZworØv‡i msNwUZ ivmvqwbK wewµqvi cwigvY A_©vr †Kvb ZworØv‡i mwÂZ ev `ªexf‚Z
c`v‡_©i cwigvY cÖevwnZ we`y¨‡Zi mgvbycvwZK|
GLv‡b, W  Q
cÖ_g m~Î
ev, W = ZQ = ZIt [ Q = It]
cvigvYweK fi
Z= [GLv‡b, Z = Zwor ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v¼|]
†hŠ‡M e¨eüZ †hvR¨Zv96500
hw` MwjZ ev `ªexf~Z wewfbœ Zwor we‡kø‡l¨i ga¨ w`‡q GKB cwigvY we`y¨r PvR© cÖevwnZ Kiv nq, Z‡e wewfbœ ZworØv‡i
`ªexf~Z ev mwÂZ †gŠ‡ji fi †gŠjmg~‡ni wbR wbR ivmvqwbK Zzj¨vs‡Ki mgvbycvwZK| AZGe,
wØZxq m~Î  1 †gvj GK-abvZ¥K Avqb‡K weRvwiZ Ki‡Z 1 F we`y¨r cÖ‡qvRb|
 1 †gvj wØ-abvZ¥K Avqb‡K weRvwiZ Ki‡Z 2 F we`y¨r cÖ‡qvRb|
 1 †gvj wÎ-abvZ¥K Avqb‡K weRvwiZ Ki‡Z 3 F we`y¨r cÖ‡qvRb|
1. B‡jK‡UªvjvB‡Ui `ªe‡Y I MwjZ Dfq Ae¯’vi †ÿ‡ÎB mgfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨|
2. B‡jK‡UªvjvB‡Ui ZvcgvÎv, Pvc, `ªexf‚Z `ªveK, `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎvi †Kvb cÖfve †bB|
cÖ‡hvR¨Zv
3. Zv‡ci cÖfve Av‡Q, DËß Ae¯’vq Zwor we‡kø‡l¨i cwienY mnR nq|
4. GKB †gŠ‡ji wewfbœ AvqwbK Ae¯’vi `ªe‡Yi †ÿ‡Î G m~Î mgvbfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨|
1. B‡jKUªbxq cwievwnZvi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ bq, Zwor we‡køl¨ cwievnxi †ejvq cÖ‡hvR¨|
mxgve×Zv
2. Zwor cÖev‡ni d‡j †Kvbiƒc ivmvqwbK wewµqv msNwUZ nq bv| G‡ÿ‡ÎI G m~Î cÖ‡hvR¨ bq|
 3. †hme †ÿ‡Î 100 fvM B‡jK‡UªvjvBwUªK c×wZ‡Z Zwor we‡kølY N‡U, ïay †mme †ÿ‡ÎB G m~Î cÖ‡hvR¨|
4. GKB mv‡_ GKvwaK RviY-weRviY NU‡j ÎæwU †`Lv hvq|
1. B‡jKUª‡bi PvR© MYbv| PvR© : 1.6  1019 C
cÖ‡qvM
2. c`v‡_©i cwigvY wbY©q
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]
 hv Aek¨B Rvb‡Z n‡e :
1. 1 mole B‡jKUª‡bi †gvU PvR© = 1.602  1019  6.022  1023 = 96473 C ev 96500 C, G‡K 1 d¨viv‡W PvR© ejv nq|
G‡K F w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq|
2. Zwor cwigv‡ci ÿz`ªZg GKK Kzj¤^ Ges e„nËg GKK d¨viv‡W|
3. GK d¨viv‡W = 96500 Kzj¤^ Zwor PvR©

avZzi mwµqZv wmwiR

 G mvwi‡Z me‡P‡q AwaK mwµq avZz‡K me‡P‡q Dc‡i Ges Kg mwµq avZz‡K wb‡P ¯’vb †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|
 avZzmg~‡ni PvR©gy³ nevi cÖeYZv Zvi mwµqZvi wecixZ|

 avZyi mwµqZv wmwiR :

Li
K
Ba cvwb †_‡K H2‡K AcmviY Ki‡Z cv‡i
Ca
Na
Mg
Al w÷g †_‡K H2 ‡K cÖwZ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i
Mn
Zn
Cr
Fe
Cd
Co
Ni GwmW †_‡K (HCl) H2 ‡K cÖwZ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i
Sn
Pb
H2
Cu
Hg
Ag H2 ‡K AcmviY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv
Pt
Au
 avZzi mwµqZv wmwi‡Ri ¸iæZ¡ :
1. ‡h avZzi Ae¯’vb h‡Zv Ic‡i Zvi mwµqZv Z‡Zv †ewk| †hgb cÖ`Ë mwµqZv wmwi‡R Li n‡jv me‡P‡q mwµq avZz|
2. Ic‡i ¯’vb cÖvß AwaK mwµq avZzwU wmwi‡R Gi wb‡P Aew¯’Z Kg mwµq avZzi je‡Yi `ªe‡Y H Kg mwµq avZzi Avqb‡K
GKK cÖwZ¯’vwcZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr H Avqb‡K †ewk mwµq avZz weRvwiZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 3. wmwi‡Ri Ic‡i Aew¯’Z avZz mej weRviK Ges G‡`i K¨vUvqb myw¯’Z Ges `ye©j RviK nq| wmwi‡Ri wb‡P Aew¯’Z avZz `ye©j
weRviK Ges G‡`i K¨vUvqb A‡cÿvK…Z Kg ¯’vqx Ges mej RviK nq|
4. AwaK mwµq avZzwU A¨v‡bvW I Kg mwµq avZzwU K¨v‡_vWiƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq|
5. avZzi mwµqZv wmwi‡R H Gi Ic‡i Aew¯’Z avZz¸‡jv mvaviY GwmW †hgb jNy HCl †_‡K H cigvYy‡K cÖwZ¯’vwcZ ev H+
Avqb‡K weRvwiZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ wmwi‡R H Gi wb‡P Aew¯’Z avZz¸‡jvi mv‡_ HCl †Kv‡bv wewµqv K‡i bv A_©vr H+
Avqb‡K weRvwiZ K‡i bv|
6. mwµqZv wmwi‡R H Gi wb‡P Aew¯’Z avZz¸‡jv †hgb, Cu, Ag, Au BZ¨vw` HCl Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv bv Ki‡jI Giv
RviYag©x GwmW †hgb, HNO3 Gi mv‡_ wiW· wewµqv Øviv AvµvšÍ nq|
7. avZzmg~‡ni PvR©gy³ nevi cÖeYZv Zvi mwµqZvi wecixZ|

 AMÖvwaKvi wfwˇZ †Kvb AvqbwU RvwiZ ev weRvwiZ n‡e Zv wb‡¤œv³ 3 k‡Z©i Dci wbf©i K‡i :
1. Zwor ivmvqwbK mvwi‡Z mswkøó Avq‡bi Ae¯’vb
2. Zwor we‡køl¨ `ªe‡Y K¨vUvqb I A¨vbvq‡bi NbgvÎvi cÖfve/mgag©x Avq‡bi NbgvÎvi cÖfve
3. Zwor †Kv‡l e¨eüZ ZworØv‡ii cÖK…wZ I ZworØv‡ii cÖfve

K¨vUvqb A¨vbvqb
+
K NO 
3
Ca2+
Na+ SO 24
Mg2+
 K¨v‡_v‡W PvR©g³ y nIqvi Cl  A¨v‡bv‡W PvR©gy³ nIqvi
Al3+
cÖeYZv wb‡Pi w`‡K µgvš^‡q cÖeYZv wb‡Pi w`‡K µgvš^‡q
Zn2+
evo‡Q| Br evo‡Q|
Fe2+
 wKš‘, avZzi mwµqZv wb‡Pi  wKš‘, mwµqZv wb‡Pi w`‡K
Sn2+ µgvš^‡q Kg‡Q|
w`‡K µgvš^‡q Kg‡Q|
Pb2+ I
H+ (ev, H3O+)
Cu2+ OH
Ag+
Au3+

[g‡b ivLvi Dcvq: bvmv K‡e AvB‡jv nvq  A¨vbvq‡bi †ÿ‡Î]

NO 3 SO 24 Cl Br I OH

Zwor we‡kølY cÖwµqvi cÖ‡qvM

 avZzi wb®‹vkb, avZzi weï×KiY, †hŠM Drcv`b I B‡jK‡Uªv‡cøwUs Kv‡R Zwor we‡kølY cÖwµqv e¨eüZ nq| GQvovI -
1. MwjZ †mvwWqvg †K¬vivB‡Wi Zworwe‡køl‡Y Na avZz I Cl2 M¨vm Drcv`b (WvD‡bi c×wZ)|
2. Pt K¨v‡_vW †m‡j eªvBb ev †mvwWqvg †K¬vivB‡Wi m¤ú„³ Rjxq `ªeY †_‡K NaOH, Cl2 I H2 Drcv`b|
3. Hg K¨v‡_vW †m‡j eªvBb ev †mvwWqvg †K¬vivB‡Wi m¤ú„³ Rjxq `ªeY †_‡K NaOH, Cl2 I H2 Drcv`b|
 Rjxq †mvwWqvg †K¬vivB‡Wi `ªeY‡K Zworwe‡kølY K‡i Na2CO3 I †mvwWqvg †K¬v‡i‡Ui (NaClO) cÖ¯‘wZ|
4.
5.
MwjZ K¨vjwmqvg I g¨vM‡bwmqvg †K¬vivBW †_‡K Zworwe‡køl‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ g¨vM‡bwmqvg I K¨vjwmqvg wb®‹vkb|
6.
e·vBU †_‡K Zwor we‡køl‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ A¨vjywgwbqvg wb®‹vkb|
7.
A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi A¨v‡bvwWK RviY I A¨vjywgwbqvg avZz‡K iwObKiY|
8.
Acwi‡kvwaZ Zvgv‡K A¨v‡bvW wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i Zworwe‡køl‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ Zvgvi weï×KiY|
B‡jK‡Uªv‡cøwUs ev ZworcÖ‡jcb c×wZ‡Z wewfbœ avZzi Dci Ni I Cr avZzi cÖ‡jcb|
9.
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]
 B‡jK‡Uªv‡cøwUs/Zwor cÖ‡jcb Gi D‡Ïk¨ :
1. gwiPv ev ÿq‡iva
2. D¾¡j¨ I †mŠ›`h© e„w×
3. ¯’vwqZ¡ e„w×
[Kexi m¨vi]

 weø÷vi Kcv‡i (9798)% Kcvi _v‡K|

 weø÷vi Kcv‡i Ac`ªe¨ wn‡m‡e _v‡K Cu, Pt, Zn, Fe, Ag, Au|
 AwfRvZ avZz : †mvbv, cøvwUbvg|
 `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ Avq‡bi PvR©gy³ nIqvi cÖeYZv e„w× cvq|
 ivRA¤ø  1 mol Mvp HNO3 GwmW I 3 mol Mvp HCl Gwm‡Wi wgkÖY|
 ‡mvwWqvg avZzi ùzUbv¼ 883C|
 ‡mvwWqvg avZz‡K †K‡ivwm‡bi wb‡P msiÿY K‡i ivLv nq|
 mgy‡`ªi cvwb‡K Mvp Ki‡j eªvBb cvIqv hvq|
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]

jeY †mZz

jeY †mZz‡Z e¨eüZ `ªeY  KCl , KNO3 , NH 4 NO3 A_ev Na 2SO 4 Gi 0.1 M NbgvÎvi `ªeY
1. jeY †mZz‡Z e¨eüZ Zwor we‡kø‡l¨i K¨vUvqb I A¨vbvq‡bi MwZ‡eM mgvb ev cÖvq mgvb n‡q _v‡K|
jeY †mZzi ‰ewkó¨ 2. Zwor we‡køl¨wU Zwor †Kv‡li `ªeY `ywUi mv‡_ †Kv‡bv wewµqv Ki‡e bv|
3. Zwor we‡kø‡l¨i Avqb `ywU A¨v‡bv‡W I K¨v‡_v‡W RvwiZ ev weRvwiZ n‡e bv|
1. `ywU Aa©‡Kv‡li c‡ivÿ ms‡hvMKvixiƒ‡c jeY †mZz f‚wgKv iv‡L|
jeY †mZzi f‚wgKv 2. jeY †mZz †Kv‡li eZ©bx c~Y© K‡i
3. Dfq Aa©‡Kv‡l ˆe`y¨wZK Pv‡R©i wbi‡cÿZv eRvq iv‡L|

†Kvl wefe

 †Kvl wefe : †Kvb †Kv‡li A¨v‡bv‡Wi RviY wefe I K¨v‡_v‡Wi weRviY wefe gv‡bi mgwó‡K †Kvl wefe e‡j| †Kvl wefe‡K
Zwo”PvjK ej (electromotive force) EMF I ejv nq|
Ecell = Eanode(ox) + Ecathode(red)
= Eanode(ox) - Ecathode(ox)
=Ecathode(red) - Eanode(red)
 †Kvl wewµqvi ¯^Ztù~Z©Zv :
i. Ecell > 0 : †Kvl wefe abvZ¥K A_©vr †Kvl wewµqvwU ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e NU‡e|
ii. Ecell = 0 : †Kvl wewµqv mvg¨ve¯’vq i‡q‡Q; ZLb H †KvlwU wbw®Œq ev g„Z|
iii. Ecell < 0 : †Kvl wefe FbvZ¥K A_©vr †Kvl wewµqvwU ¯^Ztù~Zf
© v‡e NU‡e bv|

 cÖgvY †Kvl wefe : cÖgvY Ae¯’vq A_©vr 250C ev 298 K ZvcgvÎv I 1 atm Pv‡c †Kvb †Kv‡li wefe‡K cÖgvY †Kvl wefe ejv
nq| G‡K E0cell Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
RT
 bvb©ó mgxKiY : Ecell = E0cell  lnQ
nF
0 2.303RT [Drcv` Avqb]x
Ecell = E cell  logQ G‡ÿ‡Î, Q =
nF [wewµqK Avqb]y
0.0592
Ecell = E0cell  logQ
n
 K‡qKwU M¨vjfvwbK ev †fvëvwqK †Kv‡li †Kvl wefe :
1. ﮋ †Kvl ev WªvB e¨vUvwi (d¬vk jvBU) : 1.50 V
2. ‡jW-GwmW Kvi e¨vUvwi (6 †mj = 12V) : 2.00 V
3. K¨vjKz‡jUi e¨vUvwi (gvK©vwi) : 1.30 V
4. K¨vjKz‡jUi wmjfvi evUb e¨vUvwi : 1.60 V
5. wjw_qvg-Avqb j¨vcUc e¨vUvwi : 3.70 V
6. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb dz‡qj †mj e¨vUvwi : 1.23 V

 avZzmgy‡ni cÖgvY weRviY wef‡ei µge„w× ev mwµqZv wb‡Pi w`‡K µg n«vm :

ZworØvi ev B‡jK‡UªvW E(V) (at 25C)
Li+/Li - 3.04
K+/K - 2.92
Ca2+/Ca - 2.87
Na+/Na - 2.71
Mg2+/Mg - 2.36
3+
Al /Al - 1.66
Zn2+/Zn - 0.76
2+
Fe /Fe - 0.44
Cd2+/Cd - 0.40
Co2+/Co - 0.28
2+
Ni /Ni - 0.25
Sn2+/Sn - 0.14
Pb2+/Pb - 0.13
H+/H2,Pt 0.00
Cu2+/Cu + 0.34
Hg22+/Hg + 0.79
Ag+/Ag + 0.80
Au3+/Au +1.42

 †Kv‡bv weRviK c`v‡_©i weRviY wefe hZ‡ewk n‡e Zvi weRviY ÿgZv ZZ Kg n‡e|
 Li n‡jv me‡P‡q ‡ewk mwµq avZz|
 avZzi ÿq I A¨v‡bvwWK RviY
 †Kvb avZz cwi‡ek †_‡K cvwb I Aw·‡Rb mn‡hv‡M wewµqv K‡i ÿqcÖvß n‡j, Zv‡K K‡ivmvb ev avZzi ÿq e‡j|
avZzi ÿq
D`vniY : †jvnvi gwiPv cov, iæcvi D¾¡jZv n«vm, Kcvi I †eªvÄ msKi avZzi Dci meyR Av¯ÍiY m„wó BZ¨vw`|
avZz ÿ‡qi  †hgbÑ gwiPv nj- Fe2O3, 3H2O
D`vniY  avZzi ÿq cÖwµqvwU n‡jv GKwU Zwor ivmvqwbK A¨v‡bvwWK RviY cÖwµqv|
4. avZz‡K ÿq †_‡K iÿv Ki‡Z n‡j avZzwU †Kvb Ae¯’vq †hb A¨v‡bvWiƒ‡c KvR Ki‡Z bv cv‡i †m e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. †Kvb avZzi Dci cÖvq mggv‡bi ZworØvi wef‡ei Aci avZz ms‡hvM K‡i avZz‡K A¨v‡bvwWK RviY †_‡K ÿqgy³
avZzÿq †iva ivLv m¤¢e|
cÖwµqv 6. †jvnvi Dci gwiPv cov †iva Ki‡Z AwaK mwµq Zn avZzi cÖ‡jc †`qv ev M¨vjfvbvBwRs Kiv nq|
7. GKK avZzi cwie‡Z© mgmwµq d-eø‡Ki avZzmsKi e¨envi K‡i A¨v‡bvWiƒ‡c †jvnvi RviY †iva Kiv hvq|
8. gwiPv‡ivax B¯úvZ †jvnvi m‡½ Kve©b, Cr I Ni hy³ K‡i msKi- avZziƒ‡c †jvnvi RviY wefe n«vm I gwiPv †iva
Kiv nq|

 wb‡Pi †KvbwU Kg wewµqvkxj avZz? (†g.f.c. 20-21)

A. Chromium B. Silver C. Platinum D. Gold Ans : D
 eªvBb‡K Zwor we‡kølY Ki‡j wK Drcbœ nq? (†g.f.c. 18-19)
A. NaCl B. NaOH C. NaO D. NaHCO3 Ans : B
 wb‡Pi †KvbwU me‡P‡q kw³kvjx? (†W.f.c. 17-18)
A. Al B. Zn C. Fe D. Li Ans : D
 1 d¨viv‡W mgvb - (†g.f.c. 15-16)
A. 95600 Kzj¤^ B. 96500 A¨vw¤úqvi C. 96500 Kzj¤^ D. 9560 Kzj¤^ Ans : C
1
 H 2  O 2  H 2O GB RviY wewµqvq Kx cwigvY we`y¨r cÖ‡qvRb? (†g.f.c. 15-16)
2
A. 193000 Kzj¤^ B. 96500 Kzj¤^ C. 48500 Kzj¤^ D. 38600 Kzj¤^ Ans : A
 †jvnv‡K gwiPvi nvZ †_‡K iÿvi Rb¨ †Kvb avZzi cÖ‡jc †`qv nq? (†g.f.c. 07-08)
A. Zn B. Pb C. Hg D. Ti Ans : A
 GKm‡½ GKvwaK Avqb _vK‡j Zwor we‡køl‡Yi mgq wb‡Pi †Kvb AvqbwU Av‡M PvR©gy³ n‡e? (†g.f.c. 07-08)
A. Mg2+ B. Ca2+ C. Li+ D. Al3+ Ans : D
 †mvwWqvg †K¬vivB‡Wi (NaCl) m¤ú„³ Rjxq `ªeY wb‡¤œi †KvbwU? (†g.f.c. 06-07)
A. Kvb©vjvBU B. KvqvbvBU C. eªvBb D. wmjfvBb Ans : C
 ivRA¤ø n‡”Q - (†g.f.c. 06-07)
A. 1 fvM HCl + 3 fvM HNO4-Gi wgkÖY B. 3 fvM HNO3 + 1 fvM HCl-Gi wgkÖY
C. 1 fvM HNO3 + 3 fvM HCl-Gi wgkÖY D. 3 fvM HCl + 1 fvM H2SO4-Gi wgkÖY Ans : C
 CuSO4 `ªe‡Y 1F we`y¨r PvR© cÖevwnZ Ki‡j KZ †gvj Kcvi Rgv n‡e? (†g.f.c. 06-07)
A. 0.5 mole at cathode B. 0.5 mole at anode
C. 2 mole at anode D. 2 mole at cathode Ans : A
 NaCl Gi Rjxq `ªe‡Yi Zwor we‡køl‡Y †KvbwU Drcbœ nq bv? (†g.f.c. 05-06)
 A. Na B. Cl2 C. H2 D. NaOH Ans : A
 wb‡¤œi †KvbwU we`y¨r we‡køl‡Yi cÖ‡qvM bq? (†g.f.c. 05-06)
A. avZz weï×KiY B. avZz ˆZwi C. we`y¨r gy`ªY D. avZz wb®‹vkY Ans : B

 ‡`L‡Zv cvi wK bv?

 1F we`y¨r Øviv †Kvb avZzi Avqb K¨v‡_v‡W AwaK cwigv‡Y mwÂZ n‡e?
A. Zn B. Al C. K D. Ca Ans : C
 hw` 5A we`y¨r 30 s a‡i GKwU B‡jK‡Uªv‡Wi ga¨ w`‡q P‡j, Z‡e †gvU PvR© KZ n‡e?
A. 60 Kzj¤^ B. 95.52 Kzj¤^ C. 120 Kzj¤^ D. 150 Kzj¤^ Ans : B
 1 mol Ag K¨v‡_v‡W Rgv Ki‡Z AgNO3 `ªe‡Y KZ d¨viv‡W we`y¨r Pvjbv Ki‡Z n‡e?
A. 1F B. 2F C. 3F D. 4F Ans : A
 AgNO3 `ªe‡Y 60 wgwbU 5A we`y¨r Pvjbv Ki‡j K¨v‡_v‡W KZ MÖvg Ag Rgv n‡e?
A. 8.766 g B. 16.812 g C. 20.145 g D. 24.854 g Ans : C
 ‡µvwgqvg mvj‡dU `ªe‡Y 3F we`y¨r Øviv K¨v‡_v‡W KZ MÖvg Cr Rgv n‡e? [Cr = 52]
A. 17.33 g B. 52.0 g C. 104 g D. 156 g Ans : B
 weMwjZ NaCl, MgCl2, AlCl3 I SnCl4 Gi g‡a¨ 1F we`y¨r Pvjbv Ki‡j K¨v‡_v‡W †Kvb avZzi me©vwaK †gvj msL¨vi
cwigvYy Rgv n‡e?
A. Na B. Mg C. Al D. Sn Ans : A
 jeY †mZz‡Z wb‡Pi †KvbwUi `ªeY e¨envi Kiv hvq?
A. KNO3 B. KNO2 C. KMnO4 D. K2Cr2O7 Ans : A
 ‡Kv‡li emf wbY©‡qi m~Î †KvbwU?
A. Ecell = Eanode(ox) + Ecathode(ox) B. Ecell = Eanode(ox) + Ecathode(red)
C. Ecell = Ecathode(ox) - Eanode(ox) D. Ecell = Eanode(red) - Ecathode(red) Ans : B
 ‡jvnv‡K gwiPv cov †_‡K iÿvi Rb¨ †Kvb avZzi cÖ‡jc †`qv nq?
A. Zn B. Pb C. Hg D. Ti Ans : A
 avZz ÿqcÖvß nq †Kvb ai‡bi wewµqv Øviv?
A. RviY-weRviY B. cÖgkb C. cwjgviKiY D. ‡Kv‡bvwUB bq Ans : A

wb‡`©kK ZworØvi I cÖKvi‡f`

 wb‡`©kK ZworØvi : 2 cÖKvi -

i. gyL¨ ev cÖvBgvix wb‡`©kK ZworØvi|
ii. ‡MŠY ev †m‡KÛvwi wb‡`©kK ZworØvi|

†h †Kvb ZworØv‡ii wef‡ei gvb wbY©‡qi Rb¨ gyL¨ wb‡`©kK ZworØvi wn‡m‡e cÖgvY nv&B‡Wªv‡Rb ZworØvi
e¨envi Kiv nq|
 cÖgvY nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ZworØv‡i-01. ZvcgvÎv 25C ev 298K, 02. Pvc 1 atm, 03. NbgvÎv 1.0 M
gyL¨ wb‡`©kK ZworØvi
 ZworØviwU nj : Pt, H2(1.0 atm)/H+(1.0 M).
 ZworØviwU A¨v‡bvW, K¨v‡_vW Dfq iƒ‡cB e¨envi Kiv hvq|
 cÖgvY nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ZworØv‡i wef‡ei gvb me©m¤§wZµ‡g 0 V aiv nq|
K¨v‡jv‡gj ZworØvi, (Hg, Hg2Cl2(s)/Cl) wmjfvi - wmjfvi †K¬vivBW ZworØvi, KzBb nvB‡Wªvb
†MŠY wb‡`©kK ZworØvi
ZworØvi, Møvm ZworØvi|-
 DfgyLx ZworØvi‡K mvaviYZ wZb †kÖYx‡Z fvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K :

i. avZz-avZe Avqb ZworØvi

cÖ_g †kÖYxi ZworØvi
ii. A¨vgvjM¨vg ZworØvi
wØZxq †kÖYxi ZworØvi K¨v‡jv‡gj ZworØvi G RvZxq ZworØv‡ii cÖKó… D`vnviY| ZworØviwU Pt, Hg/Hg2Cl2/KCl (aq)
i. Sn4+/Sn2+
Z…Zxq †kÖYxi ZworØvi
ii. Fe2+/Fe3+

Aa©‡Kvl I cÖKvi‡f`

 MVb Abymv‡i Aa©‡Kvlmg~n 5 cÖKvi :

Aa©‡Kv‡li bvg D`vniY
1. avZz I avZzi Avqb Aa©‡Kvl †hgb-Zn(s)/Zn (aq) : Cu (s)/Cu2+(aq)
2+

†hgb-Ag(s), AgCl(s)/Cl(aq)| G †kÖwYi K¨v‡jv‡gj Aa©‡KvlwU n‡jv: Hg(l),

2. avZz I avZzi A`ªeYxq jeY Aa©‡Kvl
Hg2Cl2 (s)/Cl(aq)
3. avZz-A¨vgvjMvg I avZzi Avqb Aa©‡Kvl †hgb-‡mvwWqvg A¨vgvjMvg Aa©‡Kvl Na.Hg(s)/Na+(aq)
wbw®Œq avZz Pt ev Au e¨eüZ nq
4. RviY-weRviY Aa©‡Kvl
†hgb, Pt, Fe2+ (aq)/Fe3+ (aq); Au, Sn2+ (aq)/Sn4+ (aq).
25C, 1 atm Pvc, wbw®Œq avZz Pt e¨eüZ nq
5. M¨vm Aa©‡Kvl
†hgb, Pt, H2(g) (1 atm)/H+ (aq) (1M); Pt, Cl2 (g) (atm)/Cl (aq) (1 M).

Zwor †Kvl

Zwor †Kvl

Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kvl Zwor we‡køl¨ †Kvl (GK cÖ‡Kvôwewkó)

cÖ‡Kvô Abymv‡i ¯^Ztù~Z©Zvi w`K †_‡K

GK cÖ‡Kvô wewkó `yB cÖ‡Kvô wewkó cÖvBgvwi †Kvl ‡MŠY/‡m‡KÛvwi †Kvl

 ﮋ †Kvl ev WªvB †mj  †Wwb‡qj †Kvl  M¨vjfvwbK †Kvl  †jW-GwmW e¨vUvwi
 mij †fvëvwqK †Kvl  M¨vjfvwbK †Kvl  ﮋ †Kvl  wb‡Kj A·vBW †Kvl
 wjw_qvg e¨vUvwi  wjw_qvg Avqb e¨vUvwi
 Ni-Cd e¨vUvwi

Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kv‡li MVb I Kvh©vejx

welqe¯‘ ﮋ †Kvl (Dry cell) mij †fvëvwqK †Kvl †Wwb‡qj †Kvl
1. aib cÖvBgvwi †Kvl cÖvBgvwi †Kvl cÖvBgvwi †Kvl
2. cÖ‡Kvô GK cÖ‡Kvôwewkó GK cÖ‡Kvôwewkó `yB cÖ‡Kvôwewkó
3. A¨v‡bvW Zn Zn Zn
4. K¨v‡_vW ‘C’ `Û Cu Cu
5. Zwor we‡køl¨ NH4Cl H2SO4 ZnSO4, CuSO4
6. ‡fvë 1.5V 1.08V 1.1V
 i. ‡jKj¨vÝ †Kv‡li GKwU wfbœ iƒc|
evRv‡i GwU e¨vUvwi bv‡g cwiwPZ|
7. Ab¨vb¨  
ii. e¨envi : mvB‡K‡ji Av‡jv, †iwWI,
UP© jvBU cÖf…wZ‡Z GwU e¨eüZ nq|

 cÖ‡Z¨K e¨vUvwii wZbwU cÖavb Ask _v‡K|

 A¨v‡bvW ZworØvi ev FYvZ¥K ZworØvi
 K¨v‡_vW ZworØvi ev abvZ¥K ZworØvi
 Zwor we‡køl¨

Zworwe‡kølY †Kvl Ges M¨vjfvwbK †Kv‡li g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

cv_©‡K¨i welq Zworwe‡kølY †Kvl M¨vjfvwbK †Kvl
1. msNwUZ cwieZ©‡bi cÖK…wZ Zwor kw³ ivmvqwbK kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq ivmvqwbK kw³‡K Zwor kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq
2. Zwor cÖev‡ni †KŠkj Avqb Øviv Zwor-cÖevn N‡U wegy³ B‡jKUªb cÖev‡ni d‡j ZworcÖevn m„wó nq
3. Zwor cÖev‡ni w`K A¨vbvqb cwien‡bi w`K B‡jKUªb cÖev‡ni wVK wecixZ w`K
4. ZworØv‡ii cÖK…wZ A¨v‡bvW abvZ¥K Ges K¨v‡_vW FYvZ¥K PvR©hy³ A¨v‡bvW FYvZ¥K Ges K¨v‡_vW abvZ¥K PvR©hy³
5. msNwUZ cÖwµqv A¨v‡bv‡W RviY I K¨v‡_v‡W weRviY N‡U G †Kv‡lI A¨v‡bv‡W RviY Ges K¨v‡_v‡W weRviY N‡U
[Kexi m¨vi]
wiPv‡R©ej e¨vUvwii MVb, Kvh©vejx I wiPvR© cÖwµqv

 wiPv‡R©ej ev mÂqx †Kvl (Rechargeable Cell) :

eZ©gv‡b e¨eüZ wewfbœ wiPv‡R©ej e¨vUvwi
 †jW-GwmW  wjw_qvg Avqb (Li – ion)
 wb‡Kj-K¨vWwgqvg (Ni – Cd)  wjw_qvg Avqb cwjgvi (Li-ion polymer)
 wb‡Kj-avZz nvBWªvBW (Ni – MH)
(K) †jW †÷v‡iR e¨vUvwi :

 †m‡KÛvwi e¨vUvwi, wiPv‡R©ej

 A¨v‡bvW : Pb avZz
 K¨v‡_vW : PbO2
 B‡jK‡UªvjvBU/Zwor we‡køl¨ : H2SO4 [NbgvÎv : 4.5M, NbZ¡ : 1.29 g/cm3, cwigvY : (3638)%
ev, 38% (w/w)]
 Af¨šÍixY †iva : 0.001
mvaviY Z_¨mg~n  IRb : 3060 cvDÛ
 e¨envi : Mvwo‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq|
 e¨vUvwii emf : 2.0V [Kvi Mvwoi 6wU e¨vUvwii wefe 12V]
 nvB‡WªvwgUv‡i H2SO4 Gi NbZ¡ 1.21 †`Lv‡j e¨vUvwii emf 1.17V Gi wb‡P †evSvq
 e¨vUvwii emf 1.17V Gi Kg n‡j wiPvR© Kiv nq
 e¨vUvwi‡Z weï× cvwb †hvM K‡i H2SO4 Gi NbZ¡/Av. ¸iæZ¡ 1.25 †_‡K 1.26 Gi g‡a¨ ivL‡Z nq
 †jW Avqb (Pb2+) gvwU †_‡K Lv`¨ k„•L‡j cÖ‡ek K‡i gvby‡li †`‡n wewfbœ cÖKvi †ivM m„wó K‡i _v‡K
  wb¤œ Af¨šÍixY †iva
 wiPv‡R©ej e¨vUvwi
myweavmg~n
 PvR© †j‡fj cixÿv Kiv hvq
 mnRcÖvc¨Zv
 GwmW evb© wec` nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K
 wiPvR©Kv‡j `vn¨ H2 M¨vm wbM©gb nq
Amyweavmg~n  B‡jK‡UªvjvBU †j‡fj mgm¨v nq
 fvix e¨vUvwi enb Ki‡Z mgm¨v nq
 cwi‡ek `~lY A‡bK †ewk K‡i
(L) wjw_qvg e¨vUvwi :
 cÖvBgvwi e¨vUvwi, wiPv‡R©ej bq
 A¨v‡bvW : Li avZz
 K¨v‡_vW : MnO2, wmjfvi f¨vbvwWqvg A·vBW (Ag2V4O11 ev SVO)
mvaviY Z_¨mg~n  B‡jK‡UªvjvBU/Zwor we‡køl¨ : wjw_qvg cvi‡K¬v‡iU (LiClO4) `ªeY
 Af¨šÍixY †iva : 100
 gvÎ 6.94 g wjw_qvg †_‡K 1 mol B‡jKUªb ev 1F we`y¨r Drcbœ nq
 e¨envi : K¨vjKz‡jUi, Nwo I nvU© †cm‡gKviiƒ‡c wjw_qvg SVO e¨vUvwi
 IR‡b nvjKv
myweavmg~n  cwi‡ek `~lY Kg K‡i
 cvIqvi I ¯’vwqZ¡ †ewk
 wiPv‡R©ej bq
Amyweavmg~n  wec¾bK dzUv ev jxK& n‡q hvq
 Kgvwk©qvj †÷v‡i‡R Amyweav
(M) wjw_qvg Avqb e¨vUvwi :
 †m‡KÛvwi e¨vUvwi, wiPv‡R©ej
 A¨v‡bvW : wjw_qvghy³ MÖvdvBU (LixC6)
 K¨v‡_vW : wjw_qvg †gUvj A·vBW| †hgb -
 wjw_qvg g¨v½vwbR A·vBW (LiMn2O4)
 wjw_qvg †Kvevë A·vBW (LiCoO2)
mvaviY Z_¨mg~n
 wjw_qvg Avqib dm‡dU (LiFePO4)
 B‡jK‡UªvjvBU/Zwor we‡køl¨ : wjw_qvg ‡n·v‡d¬v‡iv dm‡dU (LiPF6) Gi 1M `ªeY
 †Kvl wefe, emf : 3.7V [nvRvix m¨vi]; emf : 4.6-4.7 V [Kwei m¨vi]
 eZ©gv‡b †jW GwmW e¨vUvwii cwie‡Z© wjw_qvg Avqb e¨vUvwi e¨eüZ nq|
 e¨envi : ‡mj‡dvb, j¨vcUc, Kw¤úDUvi, wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv I cvIqvi Uzjm& ev hš¿cvwZ‡Z
 enb‡hvM¨ B‡jKUªwbK hš¿cvwZ‡Z me‡P‡q †ewk e¨eüZ nq|
myweavmg~n  mn‡R enb‡hvM¨|
 †jW-GwmW e¨vUvwii mgcwigvY †fv‡ëR cvIqv hvq|
 `vn¨ cÖK…wZi B‡jK‡UªvjvBU AwaK Pv‡c _v‡K ZvB Ae¯’v‡f‡` wec¾bK n‡Z cv‡i|
Amyweavmg~n
 e¨envi †k‡l Av¸‡b †djv hv‡e bv| G‡Z we‡õviY NU‡e|
 K¨v‡jv‡gj ZworØv‡i †KvbwU e¨eüZ nq? (†g.f.c. 17-18)
A. HgCl2 B. Hg2Cl2 C. MnO2 D. NH4Cl Ans : B
 ‡÷v‡iR e¨vUvwii gva¨‡g †Kvb fvix avZzwU Lv`¨-k„•L‡j cÖ‡ek K‡i? (†g.f.c. 17-18)
A. Cd B. As C. Pb D. Cr Ans : C
 MVb‡f‡` Aa©‡Kvl‡K KqwU †kÖYx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq? (†g.f.c. 04-05)
A. 3wU B. 4wU C. 5wU D. 6wU Ans : C

 ‡`L‡Zv cvi wK bv?

 cÖgvY nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ZworØvi wb‡Pi ‡KvbwUi mv‡_ K¨v‡_vW wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i?
A. Zn(s)/Zn2+(aq) B. Ag(s)/Ag+(aq) C. Cu(s)/Cu2+(aq) D. Au(s)/Au3+(aq) Ans : A
 ‡KvbwU cÖvBgvwi wb‡`©kK ZworØvi?
A. K¨v‡jv‡gj B. M¨vm ZworØvi C. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb D. RviY-weRviY Ans : A
 ‡KvbwU cÖvBgvwi wb‡`©kK ZworØvi?
A. K¨v‡jv‡gj ZworØvi B. Ag/AgCl C. Zn ZworØvi D. H2 M¨vm ZworØvi Ans : D
 cÖgvY nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ZworØv‡ii wefe gvb KZ?
A. + 1.0 V B. – 1.34 V C. 0.0 V D. + 0.76 V Ans : C
 M¨vm B‡jK‡Uªv‡W †Kvb avZzhyMj e¨eüZ nq?
A. Hg, Au B. Hg, Pt C. Pt, Au D. Pt, V Ans : C
 ‡jW †÷v‡iR e¨vUvwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq †KvbwU?
A. HNO3 B. H2SO4 C. HCl D. CH3COOH Ans : B
 ‡jW mÂqx †Kv‡l e¨eüZ H2SO4 Gi Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ KZ?
A. 1.25 B. 1.20 C. 1.15 D. 1.10 Ans : A
 ‡jW mÂqx e¨vUvwii Af¨šÍixY †iva KZ Ig?
A. 0.80 ohm B. 0.50 ohm C. 0.02 ohm D. 0.001 ohm Ans : D
 wb‡Pi †Kvb e¨vUvwiwU nv‡U©i †cm‡gKv‡i e¨eüZ nq?
A. wjw_qvg AvqwbK e¨vUvwi B. PEM AvqwbK e¨vUvwi C. wjw_qvg SVO e¨vUvwi D. WªvB‡mj e¨vUvwi Ans : C

dz‡qj †mj I Gi cÖKvi‡f`

 dz‡qj †mj n‡jv GK cÖKvi M¨vjfvwbK †mj|

 nvB‡WªvKve©b R¡vjvwb wg‡_b, †cÖv‡cb, weD‡Ub BZ¨vw`‡K mivmwi dz‡qj †m‡j e¨envi Kiv hvq bv|
 w÷g nvB‡WªvKve©b widiwgs cÖwµqvq AwaK cwigvY H2 M¨vm Drcv`b Kiv nq|
 PEM dz‡qj †m‡j MÖvdvB‡Ui Dfq ZworØv‡i Pt avZzi b¨v‡bv KYv wgwkÖZ _v‡K|

 dz‡qj †mj Gi cÖKvi‡f` :

(K) dz‡qjwfwËK dz‡qj †m‡ji †kÖwYwefvM
me©vwaK cÖPwjZ dz‡qj †mj n‡jv nvB‡Wªv‡Rb-Aw·‡Rb dz‡qj †mj hv †cÖvUb-G·‡PÄ †gg‡eªb
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb-Aw·‡Rb dz‡qj †mj
(PEM) dz‡qj †mj bv‡gI cwiwPZ|
 wg_vbj-Aw·‡Rb dz‡qj mivmwi wg_vbj (CH3OH) Gi Rjxq `ªeY dz‡qj wn‡m‡e A¨v‡bv‡W
e¨eüZ nq Ges Zv‡K direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) ejv nq|
DMFC Gi myweavmg~n :
wg_vbj-Aw·‡Rb dz‡qj †mj  IR‡b nvjKv
 mnRjf¨ I wbivc`
 evwYwR¨K msiÿY AwaK myweavRbK
 D”P GbvwR© NbZ¡

(L) B‡jK‡UªvjvBUwfwËK dz‡qj †m‡ji †kÖwYwefvM

1. wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvi (LT) dz‡qj †mj :
bvg e¨eüZ B‡jK‡UªvjvBU e¨eüZ dz‡qj ZvcgvÎv
weRviK : H2 80C
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb-Aw·‡Rb dz‡qj †mj ev PEM dz‡qj †mj cwjgvi †gg‡eªb
RviK : O2
weRviK : CH3OH 80C
wg_vbj-Aw·‡Rb dz‡qj †mj DMFC cwjgvi †gg‡eªb
RviK : O2
weRviK : H2 150C
ÿvixq dz‡qj †mj (Alkaline Fuel CellAFC) KOH `ªeY
RviK : O2
weRviK : H2 180C
dmdwiK GwmW dz‡qj †mjPAFC H3PO4
RviK : O2

2. D”P ZvcgvÎvi (HT) dz‡qj †mj :

bvg e¨eüZ B‡jK‡UªvjvBU e¨eüZ dz‡qj ZvcgvÎv
MwjZ Kve©‡bU dz‡qj †mj (Molten Carbonet Fuel LiKCO3 weRviK : H2 650C
Cell MCFC) RviK : O2
KwVb A·vBW dz‡qj †mj (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell wRi‡Kvwbqvg A·vBW weRviK : H2 (8001000)C
SOFC) (ZrO2) RviK : O2

nvB‡Wªv‡Rb dz‡qj †mj I Gi MVb

 Puv‡` AeZiYKv‡j G‡cv‡jv b‡fvhv‡b we`y¨r I weï× cvwbi Drmiƒ‡c nvB‡Wªv‡Rb-Aw·‡Rb dz‡qj †mj me©cÖ_g e¨eüZ nq|
 GwU Ò‡e‡Kvb †KvlÓ bv‡gI cwiwPZ|
 MVb :
 A¨v‡bvW : MÖvdvBU
 K¨v‡_vW : MÖvdvBU
 B‡jK‡UªvjvBU : KOH `ªeY (Rjxq)
 cÖfveK : Ni, Pt, Ag, CoO


 nvB‡Wªv‡Rb dz‡qj †mj Gi myweav :

1. µgvMZ kw³i D™¢e nq
2. bevqb‡hvM¨ R¡vjvwbi Drm wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i
 3. D”P `ÿZvwewkó| e¨eüZ R¡vjvbxi cÖvq 75% ev 70% [Kexi m¨vi] ivmvqwbK kw³ Zworkw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq
4. `ylYgy³ I cwi‡ekevÜe
5. Aweivgfv‡e ZworcÖevn cvIqv hvq
6. DcRvZ wn‡m‡e cvwb Drcbœ nq
7. gnvk~‡b¨ Zwor Gi Drm wn‡m‡e
8. gnvk~‡b¨ b‡fvPvix‡`i cvbxq R‡ji Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv
9. hvbevn‡b weKí kw³i Drm wn‡m‡e
10. GKwU dz‡qj †mj Gi wefe 1.23V n‡jI GKvwaK dz‡qj †mj‡K wmwiR-G ms‡hvM K‡i D”P wefe cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i hvi
bvg ‘Fuel cell stacks’
11. nvjKv Ges Gi c„_K †Kvb hš¿vsk ms‡hvR‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †bB e‡j GwU mn‡R GK¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b enb Kiv hvq
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]

 Møvm B‡jK‡UªvW PH wgUvi :

 Møvm B‡jK‡Uªv‡Wi Møvm †gg‡eªbwU we‡kl Dcv`v‡bi †hgb- 72%SiO 2 , 22% Na 2O Ges 6%CaO Gi ˆZwi KvP Øviv MwVZ
 Møvm †gg‡eªb w`‡q ïaygvÎ H  Avqb cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 P H wgUv‡ii Møvm B‡jK‡UªvW I wb‡`©kK K¨v‡jv‡gj B‡jK‡UªvW mgb¦‡q MwVZ †KvlwU‡K wb‡¤œ †bqv nq -
Ag(s), AgCl(s) / HCl(1M )(glass) (cixÿYxq ARvbv P H `ªeY) 1KCl(1M ) / Hg 2 Cl 2 (s), Hg (l)

Avqb wm‡jKwUf B‡jK‡UªvW Øviv cwigvc‡hvM¨ Avqb

wbw`©ó Avqb we‡kl bgybvq Dcw¯’Z

1. NH3.NH4+ wkí eR©¨-cvwb, mvgyw`ªK cvwb
2. CO2, HCO3 i³, f~c„‡ôi cvwb
3. F Avqb cvbxq Rj, cÖ¯ªve, gvwU, wk‡í Ave× M¨vm
4. Br Avqb km¨, Dw™¢` †Kvl
5. I Avqb `ya, dvg©vwmDwUK¨vj
6. NO3 Avqb cvbxq Rj, gvwU, mvi
7. K+ Avqb i‡³i wmivg, gvwU, g`
8. H+ Avqb j¨e‡iUwi `ªeY, cÖvK…wZK cvwb, gvwU

 ‡`L‡Zv cvi wK bv?

 H2-dz‡qj †m‡ji emf KZ?
A. 0.76 V B. 1.10 V C. 1.23 V D. 2.03 V Ans : C
 H2-dz‡qj †m‡j A¨v‡bvW I K¨v‡_vW wn‡m‡e †KvbwU e¨eüZ nq?
A. Ni B. Ag C. Pt D. MÖvdvBU Ans : D
 dz‡qj †m‡ji K¨v‡_v‡W R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ M¨vmwU n‡jv †KvbwU?
A. H2 M¨vm B. IqvUvi M¨vm C. O2 M¨vm D. CO2 M¨vm Ans : C
 wb‡Pi †Kvb dz‡qj †m‡j Zij B‡jK‡UªvjvBU _v‡K bv?
A. PEMFC B. AFC C. PAFC D. MCFC Ans : A
 i‡³i wmiv‡g †Kvb Avqb we`¨gvb?
A. I B. K+ C. H+ D. F Ans : B

¸iæZ¡c~Y© MvwYwZK mgm¨v

 Type-01
d¨viv‡Wi 1g m~Î, GLv‡b,
i. W  Q W = mwÂZ c`v‡_©i cwigvY (gm)
ii. W = ZQ Q = Zwor PvR©
iii. W = ZIt [Q = It] I = Zwor cÖevn
t = mgq (†m‡K‡Û)
MÖvg cvigvYweK fi
Z = Zwor ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v¼ =
†hvRbx  96500

01. 0.5 A gvÎvi ZworcÖevn 10 min mgq a‡i Zuy‡Zi Rjxq `ªe‡Y Pvjbv Ki‡j wK cwigvY Kcvi mwÂZ n‡e?
63.5
Hints : W = ZIt GLv‡b, I = 0.5A, t = 10 min = 600 †m‡KÛ, Z =
2  96500
63.5
=  0.5A  600
2  96500
= 0.0987 g Ans : 0.0987 g
02. †µvwgqvg (III) mvj‡dU `ªe‡Y 0.120A we`y¨r KZ mgq hver cÖevwnZ Ki‡j K¨v‡_v‡W 1g †µvwgqvg mwÂZ n‡e?
(†µvwgqv‡gi cigvbweK fi 52)
52
Hints : W = ZIt GLv‡b, I = 0.120A, Z = , W = 1g
3  96500
W
t=
ZI
t = 46394.23 †m‡KÛ Ans: 46394.23 †m‡KÛ
Type-02
†Kvl wefe wbY©q, Ecell = Eanode(ox) + Ecathode(red) GLv‡b,
= Eanode(ox) - Ecathode(ox) Ecell = †Kv‡li Zwor PvjK ej
=Ecathode(red) - Eanode(red) Eanode(ox) = A¨v‡bv‡Wi RviY wefe
Eanode(red) = A¨v‡bv‡Wi weRviY wefe
Ecathode(ox) = K¨v‡_v‡Wi RviY wefe
Ecathode(red) = K¨v‡_v‡Wi weRviY wefe

01. Ni/Ni2+ (M) | | Cu2+ (M)/Cu | GB †KvlwUi emf wbY©q Ki|

Ni2+(aq) + 2e = Ni; E =  0.24 Volt
2+
Cu (aq) + 2e = Cu; E = + 0.34 Volt

Hints : cÖ`Ë †Kv‡l Ni Gi RviY Ges Cu Gi weRviY N‡U‡Q| cÖ‡kœ Ni Gi weRviY gvb †`Iqv Av‡Q|
[g‡b ivL‡e: †Kvb †Kv‡l RviY I weRviY wef‡ei gvb mgvb wKš‘ wPý wecixZ]

GLv‡b, †Kvl Abyhvqx A¨v‡bv‡Wi weRvib wefe, Ni2+/Ni = - 0.24V

 A¨v‡bv‡Wi Rvib wefe, Ni/Ni2+ = +0.24V
Ges K¨v‡_v‡Wi weRvib wefe, Cu2+ / Cu = + 0.34 Volt
Ecell = Eanode(ox) + Ecathode(red) = 0.24 + 0.34
= 0.58 Volt
Ans : +0.58 Volt
02. wb¤œwjwLZ †KvlwUi cÖgvY e.m.f wbY©q Ki| †`Iqv Av‡Q, E Fe / Fe2   0.44Volt Ges E Cu / Cu 2   0.34 Volt
Fe| Fe2+(M) | | Cu2+(M) | Cu
 Hints : cÖ`Ë †Kv‡l Fe Gi RviY Ges Cu Gi weRviY N‡U‡Q| cÖ‡kœ Fe I Cu Gi RviY gvb †`Iqv Av‡Q| AZGe Cu Gi
weRviY wef‡ei gvb + 0.34 Volt n‡e|
Ecell = Eanode(ox) + Ecathode(red)
Ans : + 0.78 Volt

 KvP, KvV, ivevi, wPwb, †c‡Uªvj, nxiK, cøvw÷K, wmivwgK, MÜK, Zviwcb †Zj Ges cÖvq mKj AavZe †gŠjmg~nB Zwor Acwievnx|
 ZvcgvÎv e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ avZe cwievnxi Zwor cwienY ÿgZv K‡g hvq|
 cvwbi WvB-B‡jKwUªK aªæeK  80
 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji WvB-B‡jKwUªK aªæeK  25
 eªvBb‡K Zwor we‡kølY Ki‡j K¨v‡_v‡W H2, A¨v‡bv‡W Cl2 Ges `ªe‡Y NaOH Drcbœ nq|
 1 mole B‡jKUª‡bi †gvU PvR© = 1.602  1019  6.022  1023 = 96473 C ev 96500 C
 mvaviYZ Ni I Cr avZz Øviv B‡jK‡Uªv‡cøwUs Kiv nq|
 weø÷vi Kcv‡i 9798% Kcvi _v‡K|
 ivRA¤ø  1 mol Mvp HNO3 GwmW I 3 mol Mvp HCl Gwm‡Wi wgkÖY|
 jeY †mZz‡Z KCl ev KNO 3 ev NH 4 NO3 ev Na 2SO 4 Gi 0.1M NbgvÎvi `ªeY e¨eüZ nq|

 Li n‡jv me‡P‡q ‡ewk mwµq avZz|

 ﮋ †Kv‡li wefe  1.50 V
 nvB‡Wªv‡Rb dz‡qj †m‡ji wefe  1.23 V
 cÖgvY nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ZworØv‡i wef‡ei gvb me©m¤§wZµ‡g 0 V aiv nq|
 †MŠY wb‡`©kK ZworØvi : K¨v‡jv‡gj ZworØvi, wmjfvi - wmjfvi †K¬vivBW ZworØvi, KzBb nvB‡Wªvb ZworØvi, Møvm ZworØvi|
 †Wwb‡qj †Kv‡li †ÿ‡Î : Zwor we‡køl¨  ZnSO4, CuSO4; A¨v‡bvW  Zn; K¨v‡_vW  Cu; emf  1.1 Volt
 mij †fvëvwqK †Kv‡li †ÿ‡Î : Zwor we‡køl¨  H2SO4; A¨v‡bvW  Zn; K¨v‡_vW  Cu
 ﮋ †Kv‡li †ÿ‡Î : we`y¨r D‡ËRK  NH4Cl; Q`b wbeviK  MnO2; emf  1.5 Volt; A¨v‡bvW  Zn; K¨v‡_vW  ‘C’ `Û
 †jW †÷v‡iR e¨vUvwii †ÿ‡Î : A¨v‡bvW  Pb avZz; K¨v‡_vW  PbO2
 †jW †÷v‡iR e¨vUvwi‡Z Zwor we‡køl¨ iƒ‡c 4.5M NbgvÎvi (3638)% ev, 38% (w/w) H2SO4 `ªeY e¨eüZ nq|
 †jW GwmW e¨vUvwii Af¨šÍixY †iva  0.001
 †jW GwmW e¨vUvwii IRb  (3060) cvDÛ
 gvÎ 6.94 g wjw_qvg †_‡K 1 mol B‡jKUªb ev 1F we`y¨r Drcbœ nq
 wjw_qvg e¨vUvwii Af¨šÍixY †iva  100
 K¨vjKz‡jUi, Nwo I nvU© †cm‡gKviiƒ‡c wjw_qvg SVO e¨vUvwi e¨eüZ nq|
 eZ©gv‡b †jW GwmW e¨vUvwii cwie‡Z© wjw_qvg Avqb e¨vUvwi e¨eüZ nq|
 ‡mj‡dvb, j¨vcUc, Kw¤úDUvi, wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv I cvIqvi Uzjm ev hš¿cvwZ‡Z wjw_qvg Avqb e¨vUvwi e¨eüZ nq|
 nvB‡WªvKve©b R¡vjvwb wg‡_b, †cÖv‡cb, weD‡Ub BZ¨vw`‡K mivmwi dz‡qj †m‡j e¨envi Kiv hvq bv|
 me©vwaK cÖPwjZ dz‡qj †mj n‡jv nvB‡Wªv‡Rb-Aw·‡Rb dz‡qj †mj hv nvB‡Wªv‡Rb dz‡qj †mj bv‡gI cwiwPZ|
 Møvm B‡jK‡Uªv‡Wi Møvm †gg‡eªbwU we‡kl Dcv`v‡bi †hgb- 72%SiO 2 , 22% Na 2O Ges 6%CaO Gi ˆZwi KvP Øviv MwVZ|
1. NaCl Gi Rjxq `ªeY‡K Zwor we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi ‡Kvb 13. eªvB‡bi Zwor we‡køl‡Y K¨v‡_vW wn‡m‡e Pt e¨envi Ki‡j
`ªe¨wU cvIqv hvq? K¨v‡_v‡W wK cvIqv hvq?
A. Cl2(g), H2(g), NaOH(aq) A. Na M¨vm B. H2 M¨vm
B. H2(g), O2(g), NaOH(aq) C. cvwb D. Aw·‡Rb
C. NaOH(aq), Cl2(g), O2(g) 14. Zwor ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v‡¼i GKK Kx?
D. NaOH(aq), Cl2(g) A. MÖvg (Kzj¤^)-1 B. (MÖvg)-1 Kzj¤^
2. B‡jKUªbxq Zwor cwievnx †KvbwU? C. MÖvg (wjUvi)-1 D. (Kzj¤^)-1
A. FeSO4 (`ªeY) B. NaCl (MwjZ) 15. RviY wef‡ei gvb †ewk n‡j †gŠjwU-
C. CuSO4 (`ªeY) D. Cu A. `ªæZ B‡jKUªb Z¨vM K‡i
3. d¨viv‡Wi cÖ_g m~Î Abymv‡i we`y¨r kw³i cwigvY B. mn‡RB wewµqvq hvq
ZworcÖevn I mg‡qi ¸Yd‡ji- C. mwµq nq
D. mn‡R B‡jKUªb Z¨vM K‡i bv
A. mgvb B. e¨v¯ÍvbycvwZK
16. †Kvb AvqbwU AwaK ¯’vqx?
C. mgvbycvwZK D. †ekx
A. Mg2+ B. Na+
4. Ag-Gi Zwor-ivmvqwbK Zzj¨vsK- C.Cu 2+
D. Ag+
A. 0.001118 gC1 B. 0.0118 gC1 17. H2SO4 †hŠ‡M mvjdv‡ii RviY msL¨v KZ?
1
C. 0.1118 gC D. 1.118 gC1 A. 0 B. + 2
5. wb‡Pi †Kvb je‡Yi Rjxq `ªeY ÿviag©x? C. + 4 D. + 6
A. NaCl B. Na2SO4 18. †KvbwU K¨v‡jv‡gj B‡jK‡UªvW?
C. NaNO3 D. Na3PO4 A. Hg, Hg2Cl2 | Hg B. Ag | Ag
6. †KvbwU Zwor cwienb K‡i bv? C. Cl- | AgCl | Ag D. F- | Hg2Cl2 | Hg
19. cÖKZ … c‡ÿ Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kv‡l †Kvb ai‡bi wewµqv
A. avZe gva¨g B. MwjZ NaCl
msNwUZ nq?
C. KvP D. H2SO4 wgwkÖZ cvwb
A. ms‡hvRb B. RviY
7. wb‡Pi †gŠj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †KvbwU me©vwaK weRviK? C. weRviY D. RviY-weRviY
A. Cl B. Cu 20. RviY Aa© wewµqv KZ cÖKvi?
C. Zn D. K A. cuvP cÖKvi B. wZb cÖKvi
8. †KvbwU B‡jKUªbxq cwievnx bv? C. Pvi fv‡M D. `yB cÖKvi
A. Kcvi B. Zvgv 21. avZzi A¨vgvjMvg avZe Avqb Aa©‡Kv‡l mwµq avZzi wb‡Pi
C. wmjfvi D. wPwb †KvbwU e¨envi Kiv nq?
9. B‡jKUªbxq cwievnx w`‡q we`y¨r cwien‡bi mgq c`v‡_©i wK N‡U? A. Hg B. Ag C. Pt D. V
A. †fŠZ cwieZ©b B. ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b 22. jeY †mZz‡Z wb‡Pi †KvbwU e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv?
C. †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b D. Af¨šÍixY kw³i cwieZ©b A. HN4NO3 B. KNO3
10. †KvbwU Zwor we‡køl¨ c`v_©? C. KCl D. CH3COONa
23. †Kvl wewµqv †Kv‡li †Kv_vq N‡U?
A. CuSO4 B. CuO
A. `y cÖv‡šÍ B. Zwor we‡kø‡l¨
C. CCl4 D. wPwb
C. e¨vUvwi‡Z D. A¨v‡bv‡W
11. d¨viv‡Wi m~Î cÖ‡hvR¨ †KvbwUi †ÿ‡Î?
24. cÖgvY Ae¯’vq ZworØv‡ii wefe‡K Kx e‡j?
A. MÖvdvBU B. Kcvi
A. cÖgvY ZworØvi wefe B. RviY ZworØvi wefe
C. weï× cvwb D. MwjZ NaCl C. weRviY ZworØvi wefe D. K¨v‡jv‡gj ZworØvi wefe
12. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Zwor Awe‡køl¨? 25. ZworØvi wefe Kvi Dci wbf©ikxj bq?
A. Zvgv B. MwjZ NaCl A. avZe cÖK…wZ B. Avq‡bi NbgvÎv
C. wPwb D. MÖvdvBU C. `ªe‡Yi ZvcgvÎv D. cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v
26. †KvbwU †idv‡iÝ ZworØvi wnmv‡e KvR K‡i? 37. ÿviKxq mÂqx †Kv‡l K¨v‡_vW cv‡Z †h A·vBW-¸uov e¨eüZ
A. Pt, H2(g)/H+(aq) nq?
B. Pt, Fe2+(aq)/Fe3(aq) A. Ni2O3 B. NiO
C. Hg(l), Hg2Cl2(s)/Cl-(aq) C. Ni2O D. ZnO
D. Hg(l), Hg2SO4(s)/SO42+(aq) 38. Eocell Gi abvZ¥K gv‡bi Rb¨ wewµqvwU n‡e -
27. †KvbwU mwVK? A. DfgyLx B. we`y¨r cÖevn NU‡e bv
A. AwaK mwµq avZzi `ªeY Pvc †ewk C. ¯^Ztù‚Z© D. GKvwfgyLx
B. Kg mwµq avZzi `ªeY Pvc †ewk 39. †KvbwU wfbœ cÖK…wZi?
C. AwaK mwµq avZz K¨v‡_vW wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq A. WªvB‡mj B. ‡jW †÷v‡iR e¨vUvwi
D. Kg mwµq avZzi Am‡gvwUK Pvc Kg C. wjw_qvg Avqb e¨vUvwi D. Ni-Cd e¨vUvwi
28. B‡j‡±ªv‡cøwUs Ki‡Z †Kvb avZzi cÖ‡jc e¨envi Kiv nq? 40. †jW †÷v‡iR e¨vUvwi‡Z †KvbwU Zworwe‡køl¨ wn‡m‡e e¨envi
A. Ni B. Cu Kiv nq?
C. Ag D. Fe A. PbSO4 B. PbO2
29. †jW †÷v‡iR e¨vUvwi‡Z e¨eüZ H2SO4 Gi Av‡cwÿK C. H2SO4 D. PbCl2
¸iæZ¡ KZ?
A. 2.15 B. 1.25 Answer
C. 0.115 D. 1.95 1 A 11 D 21 A 31 D
30. i‡³i wmiv‡g †KvbwU Dcw¯’Z? 2 D 12 C 22 D 32 D
A. H+ B. K+ 3 A 13 B 23 A 33 C
C. I D. F- 4 A 14 A 24 A 34 C
31. A¨vjKvwj dz‡qj †m‡j Zworwe‡køl¨ †KvbwU? 5 D 15 D 25 D 35 A
A. Na2CO3 B. MgCO3 6 C 16 B 26 A 36 A
C. H3PO3 D. KOH 7 D 17 D 27 A 37 A
32. dz‡qj †m‡j- 8 D 18 A 28 A 38 C
A. A¨v‡bvW abvZ¥K I K¨v‡_vW FYvZ¥K 9 A 19 D 29 B 39 A
B. Zwor kw³ ivmvqwbK kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq 10 A 20 D 30 B 40 C
C. A¨v‡bvW I K¨v‡_vW mivmwi hy³ _v‡K
D. e¨eüZ dz‡qj n‡”Q KwVb, Zij I M¨v‡mi wgkÖY
33. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb dz‡qj †m‡ji Zwo”PvjK ej KZ?
A. 2.10 V B. 1.10 V
C. 1.23 V D. 1.39 V
34. MwjZ Al2O3 †_‡K Zwor we‡kølY c×wZ‡Z 50g Al
wb®‹vkb Ki‡Z KZ Kzj¤^ we`y¨r jvM‡e?
A. 336111C B. 436111C
C. 536111C D. 636111C
35. †mj wewµqv ¯^Ztù~©Zfv‡e NU‡Z n‡j †mj wef‡ei gvb
n‡Z nq-
A. abvZ¥K
B. abvZ¥K I FYvZ¥K DfqB
C. †Kvb m¤úK© †bB
D. FYvZ¥K
36. wb‡Kj A·vBW mÂqK †Kv‡l A¨v‡bvW wn‡m‡e wK e¨envi
Kiv nq?
A. Avqib B. Kcvi
C. wRsK D. ‡Kvevë
 Key Words :
 cÖvK…wZK M¨vm : f‚c„‡ôi wb‡P wewfbœ MfxiZvq wkjv¯Í‡ii g‡a¨ mwÂZ †c‡Uªvwjqvg LwbR †Z‡ji Dcwifv‡M wg‡_b, B‡_b, †cÖv‡cb I
weD‡Ub M¨vm mwÂZ _v‡K| G M¨vm wgkÖY‡K cÖvK…wZK M¨vm e‡j| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡m 95%99% wg‡_b _v‡K|
 Kqjv : Kqjv GKwU DrK…ógv‡bi R¡vjvwb| Kqjvi ivmvqwbK kw³‡K Zvckw³‡Z cwiewZ©Z Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
 BDwiqv : bvB‡Uªv‡Rb NwUZ mvi‡K BDwiqv ejv nq| Gi ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ n‡jv- CO(NH2)2
 A¨vwbwjs : MwjZ KuvP e¯‘‡K GKwU we‡kl DòZvi Dci `xN©ÿY ivLvi ci ax‡i ax‡i kxZj K‡i kw³kvjx I mylg NbZ¡m¤úbœ
KuvPe¯‘‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi c×wZ‡K A¨vwbwjs e‡j|
 wKD‡jU : fv½v Kuv‡Pi UzKiv‡K wKD‡jU e‡j hv KuvP Drcv`‡b wgwkÖZ Kiv nq d‡j Kuv‡Pi KuvPvgv‡ji Mjbv¼ n«vm cvq|
 †MøwRs : wmwjKv, A¨vjywgbv, †jW A·vBW Øviv mwQ`ª wmivwgK mvgMÖx‡K gm„Y I PKP‡K Kivi c×wZ‡K †MøwRs e‡j|
 †KvqvU©R : wmwjKb WvB A·vBW (SiO2) †K wmwjKv ev †KvqvU©R ejv nq|
 cví : k³ ev big †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi KvV, euvk, Lo, Av‡Li †Qveov, †Quov Kvco cÖf…wZ‡K wewfbœ hvwš¿K Dcv‡q ev ivmvqwbK
`ª‡e¨i mswgkÖ‡Y DËß K‡i cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g †h †mjy‡jvR Zš‘ cvIqv hvq Zv‡KB cví e‡j|
 wmivwgK : D”P ZvcgvÎvq Zvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Drcbœ †KjvmvKvi ev AwbqZvKvi AavZe A‰Re c`v_©mg~n‡K wmivwgK c`v_© e‡j|
 weiÄK c`v_© : ‡K¬vwib, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cviA·vBW, K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡cv‡K¬vivBU, cUvwkqvg cvig¨v½v‡bU cÖf…wZ weiÄK c`v_©
wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
 †dj¯úvi : A¨vjywgbv, wmwjKv I ÿviKxq A·vB‡Wi wgkÖ‡Y MwVZ c`v_©‡K †dj¯úvi e‡j| mvaviYZ †dj¯úvi wmivwgK
wk‡í e¨eüZ nq|
 wK¬sKvi : wm‡g‡›Ui Dcv`vbmg~n‡K †ivUvwi dv‡b©‡m 14001600C ZvcgvÎvq ZvcRviY ev Calcination †k‡l MwjZ
K¨vjwmqvg wmwj‡KU I K¨vjwmqvg A¨vjywg‡bU wgkÖY cvIqv hvq| VvÐv Ae¯’vq †QvU †QvU KwVb UzKiv Ae¯’vq Pzwjø †_‡K †ei
nq, GwU wm‡g›U wK¬sKvi bv‡g cwiwPZ| Gi mv‡_ 35% wRcmvg ¸uov wgwk‡q m~² ¸uov Ki‡j wm‡g›U cvIqv hvq|
 wKDwis : KuvPv Pvgovi Ici jeY wQwU‡q Pvgovi cvwb‡K †ei Kiv nq| G cÖwµqv‡K wKDwis e‡j| G‡Z Am‡gwUK Pvc
wµqvkxj _v‡K| Gi d‡j Pvgovq e¨vK‡Uwiqv Øviv cPb‡iva nq|
 eø¨vK wjKvi : cv‡í KzwKs †k‡l ev`vwg e‡Y©i ÷K cvIqv hvq| G `ªe‡Yi Pvc n«vm K‡i 80 psi G Avb‡Z G‡K eøywc‡U †cÖiY
Kiv nq †mLv‡b G ÷K VvÛv nq hv‡K eø¨vK wjKvi e‡j|
 wRcmvg : †cvU©j¨vÛ wm‡g›U Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ GKwU KuvPvgvj| Gi ms‡KZ n‡jv- CaSO4.2H2O
 U¨vwbs : KvPv Pvgov †_‡K mKj Ac`ªe¨ `~ixKi‡Yi ci cvKv Pvgov cÖ¯‘ZKi‡Yi cÖwµqv‡K U¨vwbs e‡j|
 FGD cø¨v›U : KviLvbvi wPgwb w`‡q wbM©Z M¨v‡m A¤øag©x SO2 M¨vm _v‡K| H SO2 M¨vm‡K CaCO3 ¸uov ev CaO ¸uovi
cvwbi wgkÖ‡Y †kvlY K‡i cwi‡ek `~lY †iva Kivi G cÖKí‡K Flue Gas Desulfurisation ev FGD cøv›U e‡j|
 wimvB‡Kj : e¨envi A‡hvM¨ e¯‘‡K †h cÖwµqvq e¨envi †hvM¨ e¯‘‡Z cwiYZ Kiv nq Zv‡K wimvB‡Kj ev cybtPµvqb ejv nq
 ETP : ivmvqwbK wkí KviLvbvi eR©¨ cvwb‡Z ˆRe I A‰Re c`v_© wgwkÖZ _v‡K| G eR©¨ cvwb‡K effluent e‡j| G ÿwZKi
eR©¨ cvwb †_‡K wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK `~lK c`v_© c„_K Kivi ivmvqwbK cÖwµqv‡K effluent treatment plant ev, ETP e‡j|
 b¨v‡bv cvwU©K¨vj : k~b¨ gvwÎK AwbqZvKvi ev Aa©ùwUKvKvi c`v_© hvi ˆ`N©¨, cÖ¯’ I D”PZvi gvb 1 †_‡K 100 nm Gi g‡a¨|
 R¡vjvwb m¤ú` I cÖKvi‡f`

 R¡vjvwb : †h c`v_© evqy‡Z `» n‡q Zvckw³ Drcbœ K‡i Zv‡K R¡vjvwb e‡j| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb 2wU R¡vjvwb Drm n‡jv Kqjv I
cÖvK…wZK M¨vm|
D`vniY : cÖwZ †gvj ev 12g Kve©b †cvov‡j 393.4 kJ Zvckw³ cvIqv hvq|
cÖwZ †gvj ev 16g wg‡_b †cvov‡j 890 kJ Zvckw³ cvIqv hvq|
 cÖKvi‡f` :
i. cÖvBgvwi R¡vjvwb : Kqjv, †c‡Uªvwjqvg I cÖvK…wZK M¨vm|
Drm Abymv‡i
ii. †m‡KÛvwi R¡vjvwb : KvV Kqjv, †KvK ev †c‡Uªvwjqvg †_‡K cvIqv- †K‡ivwmb, wW‡Rj,
(2 cÖKvi)
A‡qj, dz‡qj A‡qj, M¨v‡mvwjb
i. KwVb : Kqjv
‡fŠZ Ae¯’v Abymv‡i
ii. Zij : †c‡Uªvwjqvg
(3 cÖKvi)
iii. M¨vmxq : cÖvK…wZK M¨vm
i. bevqb A‡hvM¨ (Non-renewable) R¡vjvwb : Kqjv, cÖvK…wZK M¨vm, Rjwe`y¨r, cigvYy
e¨env‡ii Dc‡hvwMZv Abymv‡i
we`y¨r ev‡qvM¨vm cø¨v›U
(2 cÖKvi)
ii. bevqb‡hvM¨ (Renewable) R¡vjvwb : †mŠi we`y¨r, evqy-we`y¨r

evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK M¨vm‡ÿÎ

 cÖvK…wZK M¨vm : f~c„ô n‡Z wewfbœ MfxiZvq wkjv¯Í‡ii g‡a¨ mwÂZ †c‡Uªvwjqvg LwbR †Z‡ji Icwifv‡M A_ev c„_Kfv‡e f~-M‡f©
AwZ D”PPv‡c mwÂZ wewfbœ M¨vmxq nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi †h wgkÖY cvIqv hvq, Zv‡K cÖvK…wZK M¨vm (natural gas) e‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡k †gvU M¨vm †ÿ‡Îi msL¨v 27wU
 mwµq M¨vm‡ÿ‡Îi msL¨v 19wU
 mwµq bjK~c 101wU
 M¨vm Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k‡K †gvU 23wU eø‡K wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q
 cÖ_g Avwe®‹…Z M¨vm‡ÿÎ wm‡j‡Ui QvZK (1859)
 wZZvm M¨vm‡ÿÎ Avwe®‹…Z nq 1962 mv‡j
 cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi cÖavb Dcv`vb wg‡_b Ges cwigvY cÖvq kZKiv (93.6898) ev (9599) fvM
 iwk`cy‡ii M¨vm‡ÿ‡Î me©vwaK wg‡_b (98%) cvIqv hvq
 cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi gvb wb¤œgLy x K‡i H2S
 cÖvK…wZK M¨vm me‡P‡q †ewk e¨eüZ nq we`y¨r Drcv`‡b
 GK NbdzU cÖvK…wZK M¨vm `n‡b 1.028 BTU A_©vr 1.085 kJ Zvckw³ cvIqv hvq
 1 wewjqb wKDweK wdU (BCF) = 10  109 C.F
 evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b 6wU M¨vm wecYb †Kv¤úvbx M¨vm AbymÜvb I D‡Ëvjb Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ- BGFCL, SGFL,
BAPEX, SANTOS, CHEVRON, TULLOW

 cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi †kÖwYwefvM I e¨envi :

 Zij †c‡Uªvwjqvg _v‡K bv
i. ﮋ cÖvK…wZK M¨vm
Zij nvB‡WªvKve©b ev D”PZi  G‡Z me‡P‡q †ewk wg‡_b M¨vm _v‡K
nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi (C5C16)  Zij †c‡Uªvwjqvg _v‡K
ev‡®úi Dcw¯’wZi Dci wfwË K‡i ii. Av`ª© cÖvK…wZK M¨vm  D”PZi nvB‡WªvKve©b †hgbÑ †c‡›Ub, †n‡·b, †n‡Þb
BZ¨vw`i ev®ú wg‡_‡bi mv‡_ _v‡K|
H2S M¨v‡mi cwigv‡Yi Dci iii. UK M¨vm (Sour gas)  5.7 mg/m3 Gi †ewk H2S _vK‡j
wfwË K‡i iv. wgwó M¨vm (Sweet gas)  5.7 mg/m3 Gi Kg H2S _vK‡j
cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi e¨envi  we`y¨r Drcv`‡b  55%  evmvevwo‡Z R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c  12%
  wkí‡ÿ‡Î- Pv evMv‡b  18%  Mvwoi R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c (CNG)  5%
 BDwiqv mvi Drcv`‡b 10%

 cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi ivmvqwbK mshyw³ :

Dcv`vbmg~n kZKiv cwigvY
wg‡_b 93.6898%
B‡_b 1.213.95%
‡cÖv‡cb 0.050.94%
weD‡Ub 0.3%
iso-weD‡Ub 0.080.29%
n-weD‡Ub 0.011.23%
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M¨vm 0.020.99%
Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW 0.050.90%
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvjdvBW 0%
wbw®Œq M¨vm 0.31.5%

 LPG m¤ú‡K© wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ :

 wb¤œ AvYweK fi wewkó nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi wgkÖY|
 Gi g~j Dcv`vb n‡jv n-weD‡Ub, †cÖv‡cb, iso-weD‡Ub, weDwUb|
 LPG Gi K¨vjwiwdK gvb cÖvq 29500 kcal/m3 nq|
 LPG MÜnxb; Gi welwµqv †bB; Z‡e k¦vm †iv‡ai m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
 cÖvq 6 atm Pv‡c LPG †K Zi‡j cwiYZ K‡i w÷‡ji wmwjÛv‡i fwZ© K‡i evRv‡i mieivn Kiv nq|
 LPG wmwjÛv‡i wj‡KR n‡”Q wKbv Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ Zxeª MÜhy³ fvix gviK¨vcUvb †hŠM CH3SH (M¨vm) A_ev C2H5SH
(Zij) †hvM Kiv nq|

evsjv‡`‡ki Kqjv‡ÿÎ

 Kqjv : Kqjv n‡jv ¯Íif‚Z wkjv I KwVb c`v_©iƒ‡c cwiYZ `nb‡hvM¨ Rxevk¥ hvi cÖavb Dcv`vb n‡”Q wd·W Kve©b|
 Kqjv‡K black diamond ejv nq
 Kqjvq 70% GiI †ekx A½vigq c`v_© _v‡K
 evsjv‡`‡k 5wU Kqjvi Lwb i‡q‡Q
 evsjv‡`‡ki 5wU Kqjv Lwbi me Kqjv weUzwgbvm †kÖwYfz³ DbœZgv‡bi Kqjv
 f‚M‡f© Pvcv cov Dw™¢‡`i Kqjvq iƒcvšÍ‡ii cÖv_wgK iƒc n‡jv wcU Kqjv
 me‡P‡q eo Kqjv‡ÿÎ n‡jv w`bvRcy‡ii dzjevoxi eocyKzwiqv Kqjv‡ÿÎ
 `xwNcvov KqjvLwbi gvb me‡P‡q fv‡jv
 me©cÖ_g Avwe®‹…Z Kqjv‡ÿÎ Rqcyinv‡Ui RvgvjMÄ (1965)
 Kqjv Lwbi gv‡bi µg : `xwNcvov  RvgvjMÄ  Lvwjmcyi  eo cyKzwiqv
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]
 wb‡¤œ Kqjvi iƒcvšÍi cÖwµqv cÖevn wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †`Lvb n‡jv-

wcU Kqjv  wjMbvBU  weUzwgbvm Kqjv A¨vb_ªvmvBU


  

(g„Z Dw™¢`) Pvc (ev`vwg Kqjv) Pvc (Kv‡jv big Kqjv) Pvc (k³ Kqjv)
 Kqjvi †kÖwYwefvM :
†kÖwYwefvM wd·W Kve©b R¡vjvwb gvb (BTU) ˆewkó¨ e¨envi
 cvwbi cwigvY 8090%  †ijI‡q †jv‡Kv‡gvwUf
1. wcU Kqjv - 10,000
 R¡vjvwb gvb me‡P‡q Kg  eqjv‡ii R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c
 cvwbi cwigvY 40%  we`y¨r Drcv`‡b
 ev`vwg e‡Y©i  eqjv‡ii R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c
2. wjMbvBU Kqjv - 10,500 – 12,000
 cÖwWDmvi M¨vm (2CO+N2)
Drcv`‡b
 cvwbi cwigvY 15.92.2%  we`y¨r Drcv`‡b
 Kv‡jv e‡Y©i, big A_ev k³  wkí‡ÿ‡Î Zvckw³ Drcv`‡bi
3. weUzwgbvm Kqjv (44–78)% 11,000 – 15,000
 3wU †kÖwY : weUzwgbvm, Rb¨
mveweUzwgbvm, mycvi weUzwgbvm
 Kv‡jv e‡Y©i  evmM„‡n R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c
4. A¨vb_ªvmvBU  me‡P‡q DbœZ gv‡bi  †auvqvwenxb R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c
(86–88)% 14,500 – 15,500
Kqjv  we`y¨r Drcv`‡b
 avZz wb®‹vk‡b

 Kqjvi gvb wba©viK m~PK :

1. Kqjvi K¨vjwiwdK gvb DbœZv Kqjvi K¨vjwi gvb 9000~1300 BTU

2. kZKiv mvjdvi mvjdv‡ii cwigvY hZ Kg n‡e Kqjv ZZ fv‡jv| [(0.5 ~ 1.0%) is good]
3. kZKiv Kve©b Kve©‡bi cwigvY hZ †ewk nq Kqjv ZZ DbœZgv‡bi nq|
4. kZKiv DØvqx e¯‘ DØvqx e¯‘i cwigvY hZ Kg nq Kqjv ZZ DbœZgv‡bi nq|
5. kZKiv Rjxq ev®ú Rjxq ev®ú hZ Kg Kqjv ZZ fv‡jv|
6. QvB (ash) cwigvY hZ Kg nq Kqjv ZZ DbœZgv‡bi nq| GKwU fv‡jv Kqjvi bgybvq 5% QvB _vKv fv‡jv|
7. Av‡m©wbK I dmdivm Gi cwigvY hZ Kg nq Kqjv ZZ DbœZgv‡bi nq|
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]
 evsjv‡`‡ki Kqjv Lwbi K¨vjwiwdK gvb :
Kqjvi Lwb K¨vjwiwdK gvb BTU/Ib
eo cyKzwiqv 11040
`xwNcvov 12116
Lvwjmcyi 11264
RvgvjMÄ 11878

 K¨vjwiwdK gvb (1 BTU) = 1055 J = 252.145 (calorie)

 1 Calorie = 4.184 J.
 K¨vjwiwdK gvb I wd·W Kve©‡bi cwigvY Heating value Gi Rb¨ AwaK we‡eP¨|
 K¨vjwiwdK gvb I wd·W Kve©‡bi cwigvY hZ †ewk n‡e Kqjv ZZ DbœZgv‡bi n‡e|
 †h Kqjvi Av`ª©Zv Kg, Kve©‡bi cwigvY †ewk, H2, O2 Gi cwigvY Kg Zvi K¨vjwi gvb †ewk|
 Kqjvi gv‡bi µg : A¨vb_ªvmvBU  weUzwgbvm  wjMbvBU  wcU Kqjv|
 Gd. Gm. AvB (Free swelling index) : 2 – 5| FSI hZ †ewk Kqjv ZZ fv‡jv|
 [nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]

 Kqjvi e¨envi :
1. R¡vjvwb wnmv‡e :
i. KwVb R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c Kqjv : wkí‡ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ wewfbœ Pzwjø‡Z, BU fvUvq, Zvc we`y¨r Drcv`‡b, †ijMvwoi w÷g Bwćb, †nv‡Uj
†i‡¯Íviuv I evmM„‡ni Pzwjø‡Z KwVb R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c Kqjv e¨eüZ nq|
ii. Zij R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c Kqjv/Kqjvi ZijxKiY :
K. wdkvi Uªcm c×wZ : L. evwR©qvm c×wZ
 ZvcgvÎv : 200C  ZvcgvÎv : 150300C  ZvcgvÎv : 470C
 Pvc : 510 atm -  Pvc : 300 atm
 cÖfveK : Co  cÖfveK : Fe, Co  cÖfveK : Fe
 wewµqK : IqvUvi M¨vm  wewµqK : ms‡køl M¨vm  wewµqK : Kqjv (C)
 Drcv` : Zij A¨vj‡Kb  Drcv` : Zij A¨vj‡Kb  Drcv` : Zij A¨vj‡Kb
iii. M¨vmxq R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c Kqjv/Kqjvi M¨vmxKiY :
 weUzwgbvm Kqjv †_‡K Drcbœ M¨vmxq R¡vjvbx :
M¨v‡mi bvg ms‡KZ ZvcgvÎv/cÖfveK e¨envi
 R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e
CH4, H2, CO, N2, Bw_wjb,
†Kvj M¨vm 10001300C  Zvc I Av‡jv Drcv`‡b
A¨vwmwUwjb I †ebwRb-ev®ú
 avZz wb®‹vk‡b weRviKiƒ‡c
 R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e
wg‡_b CH4 300C; Ni cÖfveK
 BDwiqv mvi Drcv`‡b
 wk‡í Pzjøxi R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c
IqvUvi M¨vm (eøy M¨vm) CO (g) + H2 (g) 1400C/1300C/1000C  avZz wb®‹vk‡b weRviKiƒ‡c
 CH4 I wg_vbj Drcv`‡b
 wkí‡ÿ‡Î R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c
ms‡køl M¨vm CO (g) + 3H2 (g) 900C; Ni cÖfveK  weRviKiƒ‡c
 wg_vbj Drcv`‡b
 wk‡í Pzwjø DËß Ki‡Z
†cÖvwWDmvi M¨vm 2CO (g) + N2 (g) 1100C  eK-hš¿‡K DËß Ki‡Z
 avZz wb®‹vk‡b weRviKiƒ‡c
2. we`y¨r Drcv`‡b : Zvcwe`y¨r †K‡›`ª Kqjvi `n‡b Drcbœ Zvckw³ †_‡K we`y¨r Drcbœ Kiv nq|
3. avZz wb®‹vk‡b/weRviKiƒ‡c : ‡jŠ‡ni A·vBW AvKwiK †hgb g¨vM‡bUvBU (Fe3O4), †iW wngvBU (Fe2O3) †_‡K Kve©b
weRviY c×wZ‡Z avZz wb®‹vk‡b Ges B¯úvZ wk‡í Kqjv e¨eüZ nq|
4. ˆRe †hŠM Drcv`‡b : wewfbœ ˆRe †hŠM †hgb †ebwRb, RvBwjb, UjyBb, †dbj, wµmj, b¨vd_vwjb, A¨vb_ªvwmb ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]

 IqvUvi M¨v‡mi H2 Dcv`vbwU bxj wkLvmn R¡‡j I‡V e‡j IqvUvi M¨vm‡K eøy-M¨vmI ejv nq|
 wg‡_b M¨vm R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e I BDwiqv mvi Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ nq|
 Kqjvi weaŸsmx cvZ‡b Ae‡kliƒ‡c cÖvß wcP †ivW-Kv‡c©vwUs Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq|
 eK-h‡š¿ Aewkó †h Kv‡jv ¸‡ov c`v_© _v‡K Zv‡K †KvK Kve©b e‡j|
 ‡Kvj M¨vm Drcv`‡b ÒeK-hš¿ ev wiUU© †gwkbÓ Ges †cÖvwWDmvi M¨vm Drcv`‡b Ò†cÖvwWDmvi PzwjøÓ e¨eüZ nq|
 ‡Kvb Dcv`vb Kqjvi Rb¨ me‡P‡q ÿwZKviK? (†g.f.c. 20-21)
A. Nitrogen B. Carbon C. Sulphur D. Silicon Ans : C
 we`y¨r Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ M¨v‡mi †gvU cwigvY KZ? (†g.f.c. 18-19)
A. 55% B. 18% C. 5% D. 10% Ans : A
 eo cyKzwiqv Kqjv Lwbi K¨vjwiwdK gvb KZ? (†g.f.c. 17-18)
A. 11,000 BTU/Ib B. 11,040 BTU/Ib
C. 17,000 BTU/Ib D. 15,000 BTU/Ib Ans : B
 IqvUvi M¨v‡mi Aci bvg Kx? (†g.f.c. 17-18)
A. Green gas B. Blue gas C. Coal gas D. Synthetic gas Ans : B
 CH4 + H2O  CO + 3H2 wewµqvq †Kvb cÖfveKwU e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q? (†g.f.c. 17-18)
A. K2O B. Ni C. Mo D. Al2O3 Ans : B
 A¨vb_ªvmvBU Kqjvi R¡vjvwb gvb KZ? (†g.f.c. 16-17)
A. (14,500 – 15,500) BTU/Ib B. (10,500 – 12,000) BTU/Ib
C. (15,500 – 16,500) BTU/Ib D. (11,000 – 15,000) BTU/Ib Ans : A
 wZZvm M¨v‡m wK Av‡Q? (†g.f.c. 11-12)
A. B_vi B. A¨v‡gvwbqv C. wg‡_b D. digvjwWnvBW Ans : C

 ‡`L‡Zv cvi wK bv?

 cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi cÖavb Dcv`vb †KvbwU?
A. N2 B. O2 C. H2 D. CH4 Ans : D
 evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b me‡P‡q eo M¨vm‡ÿÎ †KvbwU?
A. wZZvm B. QvZK C. evKivev` D. nweMÄ Ans : A
 cÖvK…wZK M¨vm Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k‡K KqwU eø‡K wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q?
A. 23 B. 26 C. 27 D. 29 Ans : A
 Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) wmwjÛv‡i cÖavbZ †Kvb M¨v‡mi wgkÖY _v‡K?
A. ‡cÖvcvBwjb I weDUvBwjb B. ‡cÖv‡cb I weD‡Ub
C. ‡cÖv‡cb I †cÖvcvBwjb D. ‡cÖv‡cb I B‡_b Ans : B
 wb‡Pi 4wU Kqjvi Lwbi g‡a¨ †KvbwUi Kqjv me‡P‡q †ewk DbœZ gv‡bi?
A. eocyKzwiqv B. `xwNcvov C. Lvwjmcyi D. RvgvjMÄ Ans : B
 Kqjvi me‡P‡q †ewk ÿwZKi Dcv`vb †KvbwU?
A. Kve©b B. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb C. mvjdvi D. wmwjKb Ans : C
 ‡cÖvwWDmvi M¨vm †KvbwU?
A. (C + H2) B. (2CO + N2) C. (CO + H2) D. (N2 + H2) Ans : B

BDwiqv Drcv`‡bi g~jbxwZ

evsjv‡`‡k cÖvK…wZK M¨vm wg‡_b †_‡K BDwiqv Drcv`b wb‡¤œv³ wZb av‡c Kiv nq :
1. cÖvK…wZK M¨vm †_‡K H2 I CO2 M¨vm Drcv`b
2. cÖvK…wZK M¨vm †_‡K Drcvw`Z H2 I evqy¯’ N2 †_‡K NH3 Drcv`b I
3. NH3 M¨vm I CO2 n‡Z BDwiqv Drcv`b|
 welq NH3 Drcv`b BDwiqv Drcv`b
Drcv`b c×wZ †nevi c×wZ mj‡f c×wZ
wewµq‡Ki AbycvZ N2 t H 2  1 t 3 CO2 : NH3 = 1 : 2
ZvcgvÎv ZvcgvÎv  500C/450-550C ZvcgvÎv  180 – 190C
Pvc Pvc  200 atm Pvc  120 – 130 atm
cÖfveK cÖfveK  Fe P‚Y©
cÖfveK mnvqK cÖfveK mnvqK  Al2O3

 Dw™¢‡`i e„wׇZ wewfbœ mv‡ii Dc‡hvMxZv

A¨v‡gvwbqvg bvB‡UªU NH4NO3

bvB‡Uªv‡Rbhy³ cÖavb mvi BDwiqv (NH2)2C = O Dw™¢‡`i e„wׇZ mnvqK
A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvj‡dU (NH4)2SO4
wUGmwc Ca(H2PO4)2
WvB A¨v‡gvwbqvg dm‡dU (NH4)2HPO4
dmdivm hy³ mvi Dw™¢‡`i g~‡ji e„wׇZ mnvqK
K¨vjwmqvg mycvi dm‡dU (SP)
K¨vjwmqvg mycvi dm‡dU bvB‡UªU
wgD‡iU Ae cUvk KCl
cUvwkqvg hy³ mvi Dw™¢‡`i dzj avi‡Y mnvqK
cUvwkqvg bvB‡UªU KNO3

 ‡R‡b ivL:
 BDwiqv n‡jv N2-mg„× mvi (46% N2)
 evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q eo BDwiqv mvi KviLvbv n‡jv KAFCO

[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]

KvP Drcv`‡bi g~jbxwZ

 Kv‡Pi ˆewkó¨ :
 KvP GK ai‡bi ¯^”Q (transparent), k³ wKš‘ f½yi, A`vbv`vi, KwVb I AwbqZvKvi e¯‘
 Gi D”P mv›`ªZv Av‡Q
 wbw`©ó MjbvsK †bB
 c„w_exi Drcvw`Z Kuv‡Pi 90 kZvsk Pzb (lime), evwj (silica ev sand) I †mvWv †_‡K Drcvw`Z nq
 Kv‡Pi ˆe`y¨wZK I Zvc cwievwnZv Kg
 MVbMZ fv‡e †mvwWqvg-K¨vjwmqvg-wØ wmwj‡KU wgkÖY
 ivmvqwbK cÖwZ‡iva I cÖwZmiY ÿgZv Lye D”P
 wbw`©ó ms‡KZ ev mshyw³ †bB
 AZ¨waK kxZjxK…Z Zij
 Kv‡Pi ZijxKiY ZvcgvÎv ev Liquidous temp.  1300C [nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]
KvP ˆZwii KuvPvgvj
cÖavb Dcv`vb †MŠY Dcv`vb
 evwj ev wmwjKv (SiO2) cUvwkqvg Kve©‡bU (K2CO3)
†mvWv A¨vm (Na2CO3) †eviv· (Na2B4O7.10H2O)
Pzb ev Pzbvcv_i (CaO, CaCO3) †jW A·vBW (PbO)
†ewiqvg mvj‡dU (BaSO4)
†ewiqvg Kve©‡bU (BaCO3)
†evwiK GwmW (H3BO3)
wRsK Kve©‡bU (ZnCO3)
†KIwjb ev PxbvgvwU (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O)

 Kv‡Pi Drcv`b cÖwµqv PviwU av‡c m¤úbœ nq :

1. Mjb
2. AvK…wZ cÖ`vb
3. A¨vwbwjs ev †Kvgjvqb ev axi kxZjKiY
4. wdwbwks

 wewfbœ ai‡bi KvP cÖ¯‘wZi kZ©vewj :

mvaviY KvP mvaviY Kvu‡Pi †gvUvgywU mshyw³ n‡jv Na 2O.CaO.6SiO 2
iwOb KvP iwOb KvP ˆZwi‡Z Ae¯’všÍi avZzi A·vBW t Cu2O, FeO, Fe2O3, Cr2O3, NiO e¨envi Kiv nq
A¯^”Q KvP A¯^”Q KvP ˆZwi‡Z - A¨vw›Ugwb, wUb, Av‡m©wbK A·vBW ev mvjdvBW †hvM Kiv nq|
meyR KvP wmwjKv evwj + FeO
njy`vf KvP wmwjKv evwj + Fe2O3
Water soluble glass †mvwWqvg wmwj‡KU
bKkvhy³ KvP Kuv‡P bKkv Ki‡Z HF GwmW e¨envi Kiv nq
ey‡jU cÖæd KvP cwj Kve©‡bU bvgK _v‡g©v cøvw÷K Gi mv‡_ Laminated glass K‡qK ¯Í‡i hy³ K‡i (0.75-3.5) BwÂ
(ev 19mm – 89mm) cyiæ wewfbœ ey‡jU MÖæd Møvm ˆZwi Kiv nq|

 KvP‡K eY©nxb Kivi Rb¨ weiÄKiƒ‡c MnO2 †hvM Kiv nq

 MwjZ Kv‡P Ave× M¨vm-ey`ey` †hgb CO2 I SO2 `~i Kivi Rb¨ ¯^”QKviKiƒ‡c NaNO3, Al2O3, NH4Cl †hvM Kiv nq
 msKU ZvcgvÎvq ev A¨vwbwjs ZvcgvÎvq MwjZ Kv‡Pi mv›`ªZv n«vm †c‡q 1013 poise nq
 mvaviY KvP ev †mvWv jvBg Møv‡mi cÖv_wgK Mjbv¼ cÖvq 450C Ges m‡e©v”P Mjbv¼ 1300C
 ey¨‡iU, wc‡cU, _v‡g©vwgUvi BZ¨vw`‡Z `vM KvU‡Z HF GwmW e¨envi Kiv nq
 KvP Drcv`‡b d¬v· ev Mjbx wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq : K2O, Na2O, Na2CO3, CaCO3, Na2B4O7
 KvP Drcv`‡b ÷vwejvBRvi  Al2O3, CaO.MgO
 Kv‡Pi Dcv`vbmg~n‡K Mj‡Z mnvqZv K‡i  wKD‡jU (cullet)
 Kv‡Pi Dci bKkv A¼b‡K Etching of glass e‡j
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]
 wewfbœ cÖKvi KvP :
 bvg mvaviY ms‡KZ ag© e¨envi
glass tube, †evZj
Soft glass/ †mvWvMøvm/Bottle glass Na2O.CaO.xSiO2 Zv‡c mn‡R M‡j
ˆZix‡Z
Hard glass/cUvk/ Refractory ey¨‡iU, wc‡cU, weKvi I
K2O.CaO.xSiO2 AwaK Zv‡c M‡j
glass k³ KvP hš¿cvwZ ˆZix‡Z
Pkgvi KvP, ˆe`y¨wZK evj¦,
Flint/Optical/Lead glass Na2O.K2O.PbO.xSiO2 LyeB ¯^”Q
Optical hš¿cvwZ ˆZix‡Z
we‡kl ai‡bi Optical
Crookes glass/†mwiqvg Møvm Na2O.K2O.Ce2O3.xSiO2 glass, ÿwZKi UV-iwk¥ Pkgvi KvP ˆZix‡Z
cÖwZ‡iva K‡i
Opal/Aa©¯^”Q mv`v KvP Na2O.MgO.ZnO.xSiO2.CaF2 - evwZi †kW ˆZix‡Z
Na2O.K2O.ZnO. LyeB Zvcmn, k³, ivmvqwbK
Gena/cvB‡i·/‡ev‡ivwmwj‡KU Møvm -
BaO.x(SiO2.B2O3) weKviK cÖwZ‡ivax
Fibre/Zš‘ glass - Zvc I we`y¨r Acwievnx Svji I ckgx e¯‘ cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z
AvNv‡Z mn‡R fv‡½ bv, †gvUiMvwoi Rvbvjvi KvP
Laminated Safety glass weDUvB‡ij cøvw÷K, cUvk Møvm fv½‡jI UzKiv¸‡jv cøvw÷K ˆZix‡Z, ey‡jU cÖæd Møvm
Øviv AvU‡K _v‡K ˆZwi‡Z
Cu2O.FeO.Fe2O3.
Coloured ev iwOb glass - -
Cr2O3.NiO.xSiO2

wmivwgK Drcv`‡bi g~jbxwZ

i. Pvqbv †K¬ (†KIwjs ev Kv`vgvwU)-Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O

ii. wmwjKv (†KvqvU©R ev wd¬›U) : SiO2
1. cÖavb KuvPvgvj (3wU)
iii. †dj¯úvi (felspar) : cUvk ‡dj¯úvi (K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2), †mvWv ‡dj¯úvi
(Na2O.Al2O3.6SiO2), jvBg ‡dj¯úvi (CaO.Al2O3.6SiO2)
i. †dj¯úvi
2. weMvjK ev d¬vw·s Dcv`vb ii. †eviv· (Na2B4O7.10H2O)
iii. µv‡qvjvBU ((3NaF.AlF3)
i. Al2O3
ii. g¨vM‡bmvBU (MgCO3)
3. Ab¨vb¨ wid«¨v±ix `ªe¨:
iii. W‡jvgvBU (CaCO3.MgCO3)
iv. TiO2, FeO, Cr2O3
i. w¯øc (Slip) cÖ¯‘wZ
ii. wdëvi †KK& (cake) cÖ¯‘wZ
4. Drcv`b c×wZ
iii. wmivwgK mvgMÖxi †kwds I WªvBwqs (shaping, drying)
iv. we¯‹zU dvqvwis I †MøwRs
5. eY©  Fe2O3  njy` eY©, 0.5% CoO2  bxj eY©, CuO  meyR eY©, MnO2  †e¸bx eY©
 wmivwgK mvgMÖxi Mv‡q gm„Y I J¾¡j¨ e„w×i Rb¨ †MøwRs Kiv nq|
6. ‡MøwRs
 wmivgwK †MøwRs Gi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, MgO, PbO, Fe2O3, CoO, NaCl

 †R‡b ivL :
 gyjvBU (mullite)  3Al2O3.2SiO2
 wµ‡÷v‡ejvBU (crystoballite)  4SiO2
 wmivwgK Zvc Kzcwievnx nIqvq wkí‡ÿ‡Î dv‡b©m ˆZwi‡Z Ges ˆe`y¨wZK Bbmy¨‡jUiiƒ‡c wmivwgK e¨eüZ nq
  ‡cvov wmivwgK wgkÖY‡K Ôwe¯‹zUÕ e‡j
cví †ccvi Drcv`‡bi g~jbxwZ

i. mvj‡dU c×wZ/µvdU c×wZ

cví ev gÛ Drcv`‡bi wZbwU c×wZ ii. mvjdvBU c×wZ
iii. ‡mvWv-cví c×wZ
i. wewUs
cví ev gÛ †_‡K KvMR Drcv`‡bi wZbwU avc ii. widvBwbs
iii. KvMR kxU ˆZwi

 KvMR ˆZwi‡Z :
 wdjviiƒ‡c  †UjK (3MgO.4SiO2.H2O), CaCO3 ¸uov, TiO2
 mvBwRs G‡R›Uiƒ‡c  †iwRb, wdUwKwi
 weiÄKiƒ‡c  †K¬vwib WvBA·vBW (ClO2), K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡cv‡K¬vivBU [Ca(OCl)2], O3, H2O2

i. 27.1% Na2S
KzwKs wjKvi/mv`v wjKvi ii. 58.6% NaOH
iii. 14.3% Na2CO3 Gi `ªeY
i. Na2CO3, Na2SO4
ii. A‰Re c`v_©
eø¨vK wjKvi iii. ˆRe †hŠM
iv. wjMwbb
v. ev`vgx e‡Y©i
i. †mjy‡jv‡Ri cwigvY  (40 – 45)% (Dw™¢`‡`‡ni g~j KvVv‡gv Dcv`vb)
euvk I big Kv‡V ii. wjMwbb  (20 – 30)% (wjMwbb n‡jv cÖvK…wZK wÎgvwÎK cwjgvi)
iii. ‡nwg‡mjy‡jvR  (30 – 35)%

wm‡g›U wkí
 wm‡g‡›Ui †kÖwYwefvM : 4 cÖKvi-
i. †cvU©j¨vÛ wm‡g›U ii. cRyIjvbv wm‡g›U
iii. K¨vjwmqvg A¨vjywg‡bU wm‡g›U iv. ÿq‡ivaKvix wm‡g›U

†cvU©j¨vÛ/nvBWªwjK wm‡g›U
 Pzb (CaO)  (60 – 70)%
 wmwjKv (SiO2)  (20 – 24)%
 A¨vjywgbv (Al2O3)  (3 – 8)%
mshyw³
 g¨vM‡bwmqv (MgO)  (1 – 4)%
 Avqib A·vBW  2.5%
 mvjdvi UªvB A·vBW (SO3)  1.5%
 Avqibgy³ wm‡g›U mv`v nq, wKš‘ Dcv`vb wgkÖ‡Yi ZvcRviY †`wi nq|
ˆewkó¨  Pzb Kg _vK‡j  wm‡g›U ZvovZvwo RgvU euv‡a; wKš‘ Kg k³ (strength) _v‡K|
 Pz‡bi % cwigvY (1.9 – 2.1 Gi) †ewk n‡j, wm‡g‡›U dvUj m„wó K‡i|
  wmwjKvi AbycvZ Kg  ax‡i ax‡i RgvU euv‡a|
 A¨vjywgbvi kZKiv cwigvY †ewk  wm‡g›U Lye ZvovZvwo RgvU euv‡a|
 wRcmvg RgvU euvavi cÖwµqv‡K gš’i K‡i|
 KuvPvgv‡ji ¸uovi wgkÖY ˆZwi|
Drcv`‡bi c×wZ  f®§xKiY cÖwµqvq KuvPvgv‡ji ¸uov †_‡K wK¬sKvi Drcv`b|
 wK¬sKv‡ii wgwnP‚Y© I wRcmv‡gi 23% wgwn P‚Y© wgwk‡q wm‡g›U ˆZwi|
 cÖavbZg Dcv`vb UªvBK¨vjwmqvg wmwj‡KU (C3S)  3CaO.SiO2 (50%)
g~j Dcv`vb  WvBK¨vjwmqvg wmwj‡KU (C2S)  2CaO.SiO2 (25%)
(4wU)  UªvBK¨vjwmqvg A¨vjywg‡bU (C3A)  3CaO.Al2O3 (10%)
 †UUªvK¨vjwmqvg A¨vjywg‡bv †divBU (C4AF)  4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 (10%)
 Pzwjøi Dcwifv‡M  800C
Pzwjø‡Z ZvcvgvÎv  Pzwjøi ga¨fv‡M  1000C
 Pzwjøi wb¤œfv‡M  (14001500)C

 mviv we‡k¦i me©vwaK e¨eüZ nq †cvU©j¨vÛ wm‡g›U

 evsjv‡`‡k Drcvw`Z wm‡g›U †cvU©j¨vÛ wm‡g›U †kÖwYfz³
 K¨vjK¨vwiqvm ev K¨vjwmqvg NwUZ e¯‘ : Pzbv cv_i, PK, gv‡e©j, Pzb ev jvBg (CaO)
 Avi‡R‡jwmqvm ev Kv`vgvwU RvZxq e¯‘ : Pvqbv †K¬, Av‡MœqwMwiRvZ c`v_© (jvfv), †¯øU, evZ¨vPzjøxi avZzgj, wSby‡Ki †Lvj
 cÖwZ †KwR wm‡g›U †_‡K cÖvq (0.240.47) Kg CO2 M¨vm Drcbœ nq
 wm‡g‡›Ui RgvU euvavi (setting of cement) Dcv`vb  UªvBK¨vjwmqvg A¨vjywg‡bU (3CaO.Al2O3)

Pvgov †Uwbs-Gi g~jbxwZ

Pvgov †Uwbs

wcÖ-‡Uwbs/weg nvDm †Uwbs cÖwµqv

‡µvg/LwbR †Uwbs Dw™¢¾ †Uwbs

GK ev_ `yB ev_ K¨vwUKj cvB‡ivM¨vjj

 Pvgov cÖwµqvRvZKiY t
i. wKDwis : 2wU c×wZ‡Z Kiv nq| h_v : Av`ª© jeYvqb I eªvBb| NaCl e¨envi Kiv nq|
ii. †mvwKs : gqjv cwi®‹vi Kivi Rb¨ Pvgov‡K 12-24 NÈv cvwb‡Z wfwR‡q ivLv‡K †mvwKs e‡j|
iii. jvBwgs ev Pzb ms‡hvMKiY : jvBwgs Gi mgq kv‡c©wbs G‡R›U wn‡m‡e Na2S, NaCN, ˆRe
A¨vwgbmg~n e¨eüZ nq|
wcÖ-†Uwbs
iv. †jvg `~ixKiY : †jvg `~i Ki‡Z Na2S, NaOH, Na2SO3, Ca(HS)2, (CH3)2NH [WvB
(7wU avc)
wg_vBj A¨vwgb] e¨eüZ nq|
v. Pzb `~ixKiY : Pzb `~i Ki‡Z NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4 e¨eüZ nq|
vi. †ewUs : †ewUs G‡R›U n‡jv †cÖvwUIjvBwUs GbRvBg wUªcwmb I KvB‡gvwUªcwm‡bi wgkÖY|
vii. wcKwjs : Pvgov‡K jeY I 1.5% H2SO4 GwmW wgwkÖZ Rjxq `ªe‡Y Wzev‡bv‡K wcKwjs e‡j|
 i. ‡µvg/LwbR †Uwbs : Gi pH : 4.04.3
 GK ev_ (One bath) c×wZ : ÿvixq ‡µvwgK mvj‡dU e¨eüZ nq|
†Uwbs cÖwµqvKiY
 `yB ev_ (Two bath) c×wZ : †mvwWqvg WvB‡µv‡gU e¨eüZ nq|
ii. Dw™¢¾ †Uwbs : my›`ie‡bi g¨vb‡MÖvf RvZxq e„‡ÿi evKj, g~j I KvV †_‡K †Uwbs c`v_© msMÖn Kiv nq|
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]

 cïi Pvgovq mvaviYZ 85% †Kvjv‡Rb dvBevi _v‡K|

 ‡Uwbs cÖwµqvq U¨vwbb bvgK GKwU ivmvqwbK c`v_© e¨eüZ nq|
 †jvg ev Pz‡ji `„pZvi g~j KviY n‡jv wmw÷b bvgK A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi gva¨‡g AvšÍt‡cÖvwUb wkK‡j WvBmvjdvBW (SS) eÜb m„wó|
 AvaywbK †µvg †UwbsKv‡j Cr2(SO4)3 I NaHCO3 je‡Yi `ªeY e¨envi Kiv nq|
 eR©¨ Pvgov †_‡K ˆZwi Poultry Food nvum gyiwMi Lv`¨iƒ‡c e¨env‡i Lv`¨k„•L‡j ‡µvwgqvg (Cr) `~lY N‡U|

 wkí Drcv`b c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ kãmg~n :

Drcv`b e¨eüZ kã
KvP wKD‡jU, A¨vwbwjs, BwPs (Etching)
wmivwgK Refractory (wid«vKUwi `ªe¨), w¯øc, wdëvi †KK, we¯‹zU dvqvwis, †MøwRs
cví †ccvi µvdU c×wZ, KzwKs wjKvi, eø¨vK wjKvi, wiwUs, widvBwbs, RW©vi †gwkb, mvBwRs, G‡R›U, wdjvi
wm‡g›U wK¬sKvi, ej wgj hš¿, ¯øvwi, i-wgj
Pvgov †Uwbs eªvBb, wKDwis, †mvwKs, jvBwgs, wcKwjs, kv‡c©wbs, R¨vwKs

 Pkgvi †jÝ ˆZwi‡Z †Kvb ai‡bi KuvP e¨eüZ nq? (†g.f.c. 18-19)
A. Fibre glass B. Crookes glass C. Gena glass D. Flint glass Ans : B, D
 Òwe¯‹zU dvqvwisÓ cÖwµqv †KvbwUi Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ? (†g.f.c. 17-18)
A. KuvP B. wm‡g›U C. wmivwgK D. KvMR Ans : C
 KuvPv Pvgov wKDwis Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi †Kvb ivmvqwbK e¯‘wU e¨eüZ nq? (†g.f.c. 17-18)
A. Ca(OH)2 B. CaCl2 C. NaOH D. NaCl Ans : D
 Pvgovi U¨vwbs G e¨eüZ nq †KvbwU? (†g.f.c. 17-18)
A. NaOH B. Na2S C. Cr2(SO4)3 D. CrCl3 Ans : C
 Kv‡Pi Dci wjL‡Z †Kvb GwmWwU e¨eüZ nq? (†W.f.c. 17-18)
A. HF B. HNO3 C. HCl D. H2SO4 Ans : A
 wb‡Pi †KvbwU Kv‡Pi ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb? (†g.f.c. 17-18)
A. †mvwWqvg dm‡dU B. A¨vjywgwbqvg wmwj‡KU
C. †mvwWqvg K¨vjwmqvg wmwj‡KU D. †mvwWqvg A¨vjywgwbqvg wmwj‡KU Ans : C
 Pvqbv †K¬ Gi ms‡KZ †KvbwU? (†g.f.c. 16-17)
A. Na2.B4.O7 B. Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O C. Al2O3.4SiO2.2H2O D. Al2O3.3SiO2.2H2O Ans : B
 KvM‡Ri cÖavb Dcv`vb †KvbwU? (†g.f.c. 16-17)
A. wjcwmb B. †mjy‡jvR C. ÷vP© D. KzwKs wjKvi Ans : B
 wb‡¤œi †Kvb †RvovwU mwVK? (†W.f.c. 09-10)
A. †mvWv KvP : DËv‡c mn‡R M‡j bv B. cUvk KvP : †U÷wUDe ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq
C. wd¬›U KvP : AwZ †e¸wb iwk¥ †kvlY K‡i D. µzKm KvP : Pkgvi †jÝ ˆZwi‡Z Ans : D

 ‡`L‡Zv cvi wK bv?

 BDwiqv mvi wk‡í KvuPvgvj †KvbwU?
A. wjMwbb B. ‡dj¯úvi C. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb D. A¨v‡gvwbqv Ans : D
 ‡Kvb wk‡í A¨vwbwjs GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© avc?
A. Pvgovi wk‡í B. wm‡g›U wk‡í C. KvP wk‡í D. KvMR wk‡í Ans : C
 KvP Drcv`‡b wb‡Pi †KvbwU †MŠY Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq?
A. Na2SO4 B. SiO2 C. CaO D. Na2CO3 Ans : A
 ‡KvbwU ÔgyjvBUÕ Gi ms‡KZ?
A. 3Al2O3.2SiO2 B. Na2O.2SiO2 C. Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O D. 3NaF.AlF3 Ans : A
 KvM‡Ri gÐ cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ †KvbwU KzwKs wjKvi wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq?
A. Na2S + NaOH + Na2CO3 B. Ca(OCl)Cl + NaOH
C. Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3 D. CaO + Na2O Ans : A
 wm‡g›U Drcv`‡bi cÖavb KvuPvgvj †KvbwU?
A. mé †KK& B. Pzbvcv_i C. ‡mvWv A¨vm D. Pvqbv †K¬ Ans : B
 wm‡g‡›Ui †Kvb Dcv`vb wm‡g‡›Ui `ªæZ RgvU evuavi Rb¨ `vqx?
A. CaO.SiO2 B. CaO.Al2O3 C. CaO.Fe2O3 D. Al2O3 Ans : B
 mviv we‡k¦ me©vwaK e¨eüZ wm‡g›U †KvbwU?
A. K¨vjwmqvg A¨vjywg‡bU wm‡g›U B. mvj‡dU †iwR÷¨v›U wm‡g›U
C. ‡cvU©j¨vÛ wm‡g›U D. evqy‡ivax wm‡g›U Ans : C
 Pvgovi wcKwjs-kZKiv KZfvM H2SO4 e¨eüZ nq?
A. 3.5 B. 2.5 C. 1.5 D. H2SO4 Ans : C

KwZcq wk‡íi `~lKmg~n

 wewfbœ wk‡íi `~lKmg~n I Zv‡`i ÿwZKi cÖfv‡ei mswÿß mvi :

wkí‡ÿÎ eR©¨ `~lK ÿwZKi cÖfve
 Pzbvcv_i, †K¬ I wK¬sKv‡ii m~² ¸uov  wmwj‡Kvwmm †ivM m„wó K‡i
wm‡g›U wkí  DošÍ QvB, CO2, SO2, NOx M¨vmmg~n  k¦vmbvjx, dzmdz‡m ÿwZKi †ivM m„wó K‡i
 GwmW e„wó m„wó K‡i
 Zij NH3, CO2 M¨vm  ÿvixq `~lY NUvq
 m~² BDwiqv KYv I bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †hŠM  k¦vmh‡š¿ †ivM m„wó K‡i
BDwiqv wkí
 eR©¨ cÖfveK ¸uov
 Pzbvcv_i I Pz‡bi eR©¨, cøvw÷K e¨vM BZ¨vw`
 d¨vwU GwmW, A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW, H2S, NH3, Na2S,  cvwbi DO n«vm cvq
Pvgov wkí
H2SO4, Cr jeY, Pvgovi UzKiv, cïi †jvg BZ¨vw`  Lv`¨ k„•L‡j Cr avZzi ÿwZKi cÖfve m„wó K‡i
 myZvi eR©¨ Kvco  cvwbi DO n«vm cvq
†U·UvBj I  wewfbœ iÄK c`v_©  BOD I TDS e„w× cvq
Wvwqs wkí  fvix avZz Cr, Cd, Co, Pb, Ni, Hg BZ¨vw`i jeY  K¨vÝvi m„wó K‡i
 Na2S, NaOH, ˆRe GwmW I A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vwgb

 †R‡b ivL :
 evZv‡m 20 ppm ev 20 mg/m3 NbgvÎvi H2S M¨vm gvby‡li welwµqv g„Zz¨ NUv‡Z cv‡i|
 evZv‡m m‡e©v”P Aby‡gvw`Z NH3 Gi NbgvÎv 5 mg/m3|
 wk‡íi `~wlZ cvwb‡Z 72 cÖKv‡ii ivmvqwbK c`v_© _v‡K| Gi g‡a¨ 30wU ivmvqwbK c`v_© ETP Gi gva¨‡g Avjv`v Kiv hvq bv
 evqy `~lY wbqš¿Y †KŠkj
 evqy `~lY wbqš¿Y †KŠk‡ji g~jbxwZ: 3wUÑ
1. cÖfveKxq iƒcvšÍi
2. `~lK M¨vm `ªexf‚ZKiY
3. m~² QuvKwb c×wZ
 cÖfveKxq iƒcvšÍi
 gUi hvb †_‡K wbM©Z eR©¨ M¨v‡m (12)% CO, (5001000) ppm A`nbK…Z nvB‡WªvKve©b, (1003000) ppm NO M¨vm _v‡K
 †KUvjvBwUK KbfvU©vi G cÖfveKiƒ‡c cøvwUbvg, c¨vjvwWqvg ev †ivwWqvg avZzi m~² P‚Y© e¨envi Kiv nq|

BwUwcÕi Kvh©cÖYvjxi g~jbxwZ

 ETP c×wZ mg~n t 3wU|
1. Zwor we‡kølY cÖwµqv 2. cÖfveb cÖwµqv 3. Rxe cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvM

 wZbwU ch©vqµwgK fv‡e B.wU.wc Gi AveR©bv cÖwµqvRvZ Kiv hvq

cÖvBgvwi wUªU‡ª g›U/cÖwµqvKiY avcG av‡c evwj, Kv`v I Ab¨vb¨ k³ cvwU©K‡z jU Avjv`v Kiv nq|
1. ev‡qv‡UK‡bvjwR cÖ‡qvM : G av‡c ˆRe `~lK‡K ev‡qvwW‡MÖ‡Wkb c×wZ‡Z we‡kølY K‡i ¯øvR-
G cwiYZ Kiv nq| e¨vK‡Uwiqv I Ab¨vb¨ we‡kølK AYyRxe Øviv ¯øvR wewkøó nq|
†m‡KÛvix wUªU‡g›U/ cÖwµqvKiY
2. B‡jK‡Uªv WvqvjvBwmm : GwU GKwU †gg‡eªb cÖhyw³ hv Øviv cvwb †_‡K jeY AcmviY Kiv nq
avc
3. pH cwieZ©b ev cÖfveb : welwµqvhy³ `~lK †hgb Zn, Ag, Cd, Ti cÖf…wZ avZz, As, Se
cÖf…wZ AavZz, GwmW, ÿvi Ges †ek wKQz ˆRe `~lK AcmviY Kiv nq|
Uviwmqvix wUªU‡g›U/cÖwµqvKiY avc G cøv‡›Ui ¯øvR‡K ïwK‡q K…wl Rwg I cwZZ Rwg‡Z cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq hv Rwgi De©iZv e„w× K‡i|

eR©¨ wimvB‡Kj

 Avqib wimvBwK¬s
B‡jKwUªK AvK© dv‡b©m (EAF)
e¨eüZ Pzwjø 3 ai‡bi †ewmK Aw·‡Rb dv‡b©m (BOF)
eøv÷ dv‡b©m (Blast Furnace)

ZvcgvÎv 1300C
¯Œ¨vc Avqib cyb:Pµvqb bv Ki‡j cwi‡ek `~lY N‡U|
¸iæZ¡ µ¨vc Avqib †_‡K †jvnv Drcv`‡b R¡vjvwb e¨envi 20-30% Kg nq|
d¬z M¨vm wb:miY n«vm K‡i cwi‡ek `~lY Kgvq|

 A¨vjywgwbqvg wimvBwK¬s [Gi AvKwiK e·vBU (Al2O3.2H2O)]

 U¨ve‡jU I K¨vcmyj RvZxq Ilya‡K Al wk‡Ui KvM‡R c¨v‡KwRs Kiv nq|
 nvjKv I D¾¡jZvi Rb¨ hvbevn‡bi KvVv‡gv, Rvbvjvi KvVv‡gv Ges AvmevecÎ ˆZwi‡Z Al avZz eZ©gv‡b e¨eüZ nq|
 ‡efv‡iR Gi K¨v‡bi †ÿ‡Î †¯Œc Al e¨eüZ nq| †¯Œc Al Gi Ab¨vb¨ Drm n‡”Q, GqviµvdU, A‡Uv‡gvevBj,
e¨envi
evBmvB‡Kj, Kw¤úDUvi, Zvi BZ¨vw`|
 msKi avZziƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq|
 KovB, †KUwj, _vjvevmb ˆZix‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
¸iæZ¡  Al cyb:Pµvq‡b cÖvq 95% kw³ mvkÖq K‡i|
  d¬z M¨vm wb:miY n«vm K‡i|

 Kcvi wimvBwK¬s
e¨envi cÖwZ †mU †gvevB‡j M‡o 14g Kcvi, Mvwo‡Z (20-45)kg Ges cÖwZ Kw¤úDUv‡i 1kg Kcvi e¨eüZ nq|
¸iæZ¡ 100% wimvB‡Kj‡hvM¨ avZz|
 KvP ev Møvm wimvBwK¬s
e¨envi MwjZ KuvP †_‡K bZzb Kuv‡Pi mvgwMÖ ˆZwi Kiv nq|
¸iæZ¡ 100% wimvB‡Kj‡hvM¨ c`v_©|

 evsjv‡`‡k A¨vjywgwbqvg avZz Drcv`‡bi †Kvb KviLvbv †bB|

 D”P Zwor cwievnxZv I ivmvqwbKfv‡e Kg mwµq nIqvq B‡jKwUªK I B‡jK‡UªvwbK wk‡í e¨eüZ nq|
 KvP AvNv‡Z f½yi nIqvq eR©¨ Kv‡Pi cwigvY AwaK|
 KvP I cøvw÷K e¨vK‡Uwiqv Øviv we‡hvwRZ nq bv (bb-ev‡qv wW‡MÖ‡Wej)|
 KvMR wimvBwK¬s cwi‡ek msiÿY I MÖxb nvDm cÖfve n«vm Ki‡Y f‚wgKv iv‡L|
 fv½v KvP I †jvnvi UzKivq cv †K‡U wM‡q gvivZ¥K wU‡Ubvm †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
 wbDwK¬qvi cvIqvi cøv‡›Ui Zzjbvq Kqjv wfwËK we`y¨r Drcv`b ÿgZv †ewk|
 d¬z-M¨vm  CO, CO2, SO2
 wkí KviLvbvi eR©¨ cvwb‡K effluent ejv nq|
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]
b¨v‡bv cvwU©K¨vj I b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³i cÖv_wgK aviYv

 b¨v‡bv KYvi †kÖwYwefvM :

1. b¨v‡bv-†jqvi : GKgvwÎK ev ˆiwLK e¯‘KYvi cwimi (1 – 100) nm n‡j Zv‡K b¨v‡bv-‡jqvi e‡j|
2. b¨v‡bv wUDe : wØgvwÎK ÿz`ªKYvi cwimi (1 – 100) nm n‡j Zv‡K b¨v‡bv-wUDe e‡j|
3. b¨v‡bv cvwU©‡Kj : (1 – 100) nm Gi wÎgvwÎK ÿz`ªKYv‡K b¨v‡bv cvwU©‡Kj e‡j|

 b¨v‡bv KYvi ˆewkó¨ :

 AvKvi (1 – 100) nm ev (109107)m n‡e|
 AwZÿz`ª A`„k¨gvb c`v_©|
 AwZ ÿz`ªvK…wZi Rb¨ GKB c`v‡_©i mvaviY cigvYy I b¨v‡bv KYvi g‡a¨ a‡g©i wfbœZv †`Lv hvq|
 UV iwk¥‡Z b¨v‡bvKYv `„k¨gvb nq|
 `„k¨gvb Av‡jv‡Z b¨v‡bvKYv †`Lv hvq bv|
 avZz, AavZz, ˆRe ev A‰Re Dcv`vb †_‡K ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i|
 Gi Db¥y³ c„ôZj †ewk|
 Gi ag© AvKvi I AvK…wZ Øviv cÖfvweZ nq|
 H cigvYyi cvigvYweK e¨v‡mi Zzjbvq b¨v‡bvKYv 13 †_‡K 1300 ¸Y AvKv‡i eo Ges Cs Gi Zzjbvq cÖvq 33 ¸Y eo _v‡K|
 A`vbv`vi ev AvswkK `vbv`vi|
 b¨v‡bv KYv¸”Q c`v_© Ges cvigvYweK ev AvYweK MV‡bi g‡a¨ †mZz wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
 me‡P‡q eo AvKv‡ii cigvYy Cs
 cigvYy  AYy  b¨v‡bv cvwU©‡Kj  cwjgvixq AYy
 [nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]
cigvYy, AYy I b¨v‡bvcvwU©K¨v‡ji Zzjbv

ˆewkó¨g~jK welq cigvYy AYy b¨v‡bvcvwU©‡Kj

mivmwi ivmvqwbK wewµqvq AYy cigvYy‡Z wewkøó bv n‡q b¨v‡bvcvwU©‡Kj I cigvYy‡Z wewkøó bv n‡q
1. wewµqvq AskMÖnY
AskMÖnY K‡i AskMÖnY K‡i bv mivmwi wewµqvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv
†gŠwjK c`v‡_©i GKK wew”Qbœ †gŠwjK A_ev †hŠwMK c`v‡_©i cÖwZ GK b¨v‡bvwgUvi `~i‡Z¡ wZb †_‡K
2. AvKvi
KYv GKK wew”Qbœ KYv cuvPwU AYy _v‡K
ivmvqwbKfv‡e mwµq mwµq n‡ZI cv‡i bvI cv‡i AYy ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq wbw®Œq n‡jI Dnvi
3. ivmvqwbK mwµqZv
b¨v‡bvcvwU©‡Kj mwµq
4. Zwor ag© Zwor a‡g©i cwieZ©b nq bv Zwor a‡g©i cwieZ©b nq bv Zwor ag© cwiewZ©Z nq
5. †Kvqv›Uvg ag© †Kvqv›Uvg ejwe`¨v Abym„Z nq bv †Kvqv›Uvg ejwe`¨v Abym„Z nq bv †Kvqv›Uvg ejwe`¨v Abym„Z nq
6. Z‡ji †ÿÎdj AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K Zj Dnvi AvKv‡ii Zzjbvq ÿy`ª AvKv‡ii Zzjbvq e„nr
7. †PŠ¤^Kxq ag© †PŠ¤^Kxq ag© me©`v w¯’i _v‡K †PŠ¤^Kxq ag© w¯’i _v‡K| †PŠ¤^Kxq ag© cwiewZ©Z nq
Av‡jvK ag© w¯’i AYy Av‡jvK ag© cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z AYy mvaviY Ae¯’vq Av‡jvK ag© cÖ`k©b
8. Av‡jvK ag© cv‡i, bvI cv‡i bv Ki‡jI, b¨v‡bvcvwU©‡Kj Ae¯’vq
Av‡jvK ag© cÖ`k©b K‡i †hgb- Si
 cigvYy mg~‡ni cvigvYweK e¨vm 0.074 nm †_‡K 0.53 nm Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K| Aciw`‡K b¨v‡bv cvwU©‡Kjmg~‡ni AvKvi
1 nm †_‡K 100 nm Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K|
[ nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]
 c`v‡_©i ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’v I b¨v‡bv KYvi †fŠZ a‡g©i Zzjbv :
ˆewkó¨ ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’v b¨v‡bv KYvi †ÿ‡Î cwieZ©b
mvaviY ¯^Y© †mvbvwj njy` b¨v‡bv ¯^Y© jvjv
eY©
mvaviY wmwjKb a~mi b¨v‡bv wmwjKb jvj
Mjbv¼ mvaviY ¯^Y© 1064C b¨v‡bv ¯^Y© (2.5nm) cÖvq 300C
Zwor cwievwnZv Kve©‡bi iƒc‡f` MÖvdvBU big I we`y¨r cwievnx Kve©‡bi b¨v‡bv KYv Aa©cwievnx Ges mycwievnx
Av‡jv cÖwZdjb mvaviY TiO2 ùwUK Av‡jv cÖwZdjb K‡i b¨v‡bv KYv Av‡jv cÖwZdjb cv‡i bv
`vn¨ ag© Al A`vn¨ b¨v‡bv Al `vn¨
¯^”QZv Cu A¯^”Q b¨v‡bv Cu ¯^”Q
`ªeYxqZv ¯^Y© A`ªeYxq b¨v‡bv ¯^Y© `ªeYxq

 Km‡gwU‡K TiO2 b¨v‡bv KYv e¨envi Kiv nq| G‡Z Z¡‡Ki K¨vÝvi cÖwZ‡iva nq|
 ZnO, TiO2 b¨v‡bv KYv Ae¯’vq mvbw¯Œwbs †jvk‡b (Sun-screen lotion) e¨eüZ nq|
 b¨v‡bv ¯^Y© AbyNUK wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|
 Pz¤^K ag© cÖ`k©b K‡i|
 b¨v‡bv KYvi e¨vcb mvaviY e¯‘i Zzjbvq †ewk|
 b¨v‡bv KYv e¨env‡i cøvw÷K AwaK k³ nq|
 b¨v‡bv KYv we¯ÍviY ej I WvB‡cvj cÖfve Øviv mvm‡cbkb MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]
 b¨v‡bv KYvi D‡jøL¨‡hvM¨ ˆewkó¨
 kw³kvjx  A-cÖwZdjK  RxevYy cÖwZ‡ivax
 nvjKv  †mjd wK¬wbs  ¯ŒvP cÖwZ‡ivax
  `xN©¯’vqx  AwZ †e¸bx ev Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥ cÖwZ‡ivax  we`y¨r cwievnx
 cvwb cÖwZ‡ivax  Gw›UdM
 ˆ`Z¨vKvi AYy t SiO2, SiC, nxiK, DNA

 Kve©‡bi b¨v‡bvKYv t i. dzjvwib| †hgb : C32, C50, C60, C70

ii. MÖvwdb
iii. Kve©b b¨v‡bvwUDeÑKve©‡bi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© b¨v‡bv cvwU©‡Kj|
 we‡k¦i me‡P‡q †QvU †U÷wUDe n‡”Q Kve©b b¨v‡bv wUDe|
 me‡P‡q `xN© Kve©b b¨v‡bv wUD‡ei ˆ`N©¨ 18.5 cm|

 Kve©b b¨v‡bv wUDe (CNT)

MVb Gi e¨vm 2nm-300nm Ges ˆ`N©¨ K‡qK b¨v‡bv wgUvi nq|
we‡k¦i me‡P‡q †QvU †U÷wUDe n‡jv Kve©b b¨v‡bv wUDe| G wUD‡ei AvqZb 1  1024 dm3
me‡P‡q `xN© Kve©b b¨v‡bv wUD‡ei ˆ`N©¨ 18.5 cm|
AvKvi
 Kve©b b¨v‡bvwUDe Kcvi avZzi †P‡q 1000 ¸Y †ekx we`y¨r cwievnx| GwU GKwU mycviKÛv±i|
 evqyk~b¨ Ae¯’vq Kve©b b¨v‡bv wUDe 2800C ZvcgvÎvq Avi evqy‡Z 750C ZvcgvÎvq myw¯’Z|
 GwU D”P NvZmn
 Gi bgbxqZv LyeB †ewk
ˆewkó¨  LyeB kw³kvjx I `„p e¯‘
 B¯úv‡Zi †P‡q cÖvq 100 ¸Y †ewk kw³kvjx
 Gi cxob Pvc (TS) = 53 GPa, wKš‘ B¯úv‡Zi †ÿ‡Î G gvb = 0.381.55 GPa
 e¨vUvwi: †mvjvi †Kv‡l, j¨vcU,Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨vUvwi wn‡m‡e
 K¨vbmvi wbivgq
e¨envi
 †U·UvBj wk‡í: K‡¤úvwRU ˆZwi‡Z, Kvc‡o †KvwUs w`‡Z
 Av‡jvK kw³ wW‡U±i: 97.5% Ae‡jvwnZ Av‡jvK †kvwlZ nq|

 b¨v‡bv cvwU©‡K‡ji e¨envi

 b¨v‡bv cÖfveK : cÖfve‡Ki `ÿZv e„wׇZ|
 cvwb we‡kva‡b :
i. Kve©b †UUªv‡K¬vivBW (CCl4) Øviv `~wlZ cvwb we‡kva‡b Avqib b¨v‡bv KYv e¨eüZ nq|
ii. Av‡m©wbK `~i Ki‡Z Avqib A·vBW b¨v‡bv KYv e¨eüZ nq|
 e¨vK‡Uwiqv cÖwZ‡iv‡a : b¨v‡bv wmjfvi e¨envi Kiv nq|
 D”P UvIqvi ˆZwi‡Z
wkí‡ÿ‡Î
 wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î : K¨vÝvi wPwKrmvq †K‡gv‡_ivwc‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
 †gvUi Bwćbi `ÿZv e„wׇZ : wRi‡Kvwbqvg A·vBW (ZrO2), A¨vjywgbv (Al2O3), wb‡KjvBU (NiAs),
wb‡Kj-‡µvwgqvg (NiCr)|
 `~lY cÖwZ‡iv‡a : MnO2 I avZe wmwj‡K‡Ui b¨v‡bvKYv
 Lv`¨ wbivcËvq
 d‡Uv wk‡í
 Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U ˆZwi‡Z
ˆe`y¨wZK wk‡í
 †mwgKÛv±i ˆZwi‡Z
  †g‡gvwi msiÿK ˆZwi‡Z
 d‡Uv‡m‡ji `ÿZv e„wׇZ
 MRI Contrast agent †hgb c¨vivg¨vM‡bwUK M¨v‡Wvwjwbqvg Avqb, Gd3+ G †Kvqv›Uvg WU KYv hy³
AcwUK¨vj †ÿ‡Î
K‡i DbœZ MRI B‡gR cvIqv hvq|
 Km‡gwU‡K TiO2 b¨v‡bv KYv e¨envi Kiv nq| G‡Z Z¡‡Ki K¨vbmvi cÖwZ‡iva nq|
Km‡gwUK wk‡í
 ZnO, TiO2 b¨v‡bv KYv Ae¯’vq mvbw¯Œwbs †jvk‡b e¨eüZ nq|

†R‡b ivL :
 H -Gi cvigvYweK e¨vmva© 37 pm |
 Kve©‡bi 40 wUi †ekx eûiƒc i‡q‡Q|
 MÖvdvBU, dzjvwib I Kve©‡bi b¨v‡bv cvwU©‡Kj we`y¨r mycwievnx nq|
 b¨v‡bv Ae¯’vq c`v‡_©i AcwU‡Kj, Pz¤^Kxq ev ˆe`y¨wZK a‡g© cwieZ©b NUvi cÖavb KviY KYvZ‡ji †ÿÎd‡ji cwieZ©b|
 2D b¨v‡bv cvwU©‡Kj e¨envi K‡i b¨v‡bvwdëvi ˆZwi Kiv nq|
 ‡Kvqv›Uvg WUm& n‡jv 1 nm – 10 nm e¨v‡mi †mwgKÛv±i hv GKwU b¨v‡bv cvwU©‡Kj|
 b¨v‡bv wgUv‡ii aviYv n‡Z, 4 wU H -cigvbyi cvkvcvwk ivL‡j 1 nm nq|
 GKwU mvaviY e¨v‡±wiqvi ˆ`N¨© cÖvq 1000 nm |
 gvby‡li GKwU Pz‡ji e¨vm cÖvq 50,000 nm |
[nvRvix I Kexi m¨vi]

 c„w_exi f‚Z¡‡K me‡P‡q †ekx cwigv‡Y we`¨gvb avZzwU nj - (†g.f.c. 20-21)

A. Al B. Fe C. Na D. Cu Ans : A
 kZfvM wimvB‡Kj Kiv hvq wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (†g.f.c. 18-19)
A. Zvgv B. ‡jvnv C. wRsK D. mxmv Ans : A
 wb‡Pi ‡KvbwU b¨v‡bv †Mvì cvwU©‡K‡ji Rb¨ mwVK? (†g.f.c. 16-17)
A. Gi is Kgjv B. Gi Zwor cwievnxZv †ekx
C. Gi Mjbv¼ mvaviY †Mv‡ìi Zzjbvq A‡bK †ekx D. GwU Pz¤^K ag© cÖ`k©b K‡i Ans : B
 evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb ai‡bi wkí KviLvbv ¯’vc‡bi Av‡M ETP emv‡bv Riæix? (†g.f.c. 16-17)
A. K…wl cÖwµqvRvZ KiY wkí B. U¨vbvix wkí C. †iwW‡gU Mv‡g©›Um wkí D. cï Lvgvi wkí Ans : B
 ETP Kx? (†W.f.c. 16-17)
A. evqy `~lY AcmviY B. cvwb `~lY cÖwµqv C. wk‡íi Zij eR©¨ `~lYgy³ Kiv D. cwi‡ek `~lYgy³ Kiv Ans : C
 b¨‡bv KYvi ˆ`N©¨ KZ? (†g.f.c. 14-15)
A. 1-50 m B. 1-100 cm C. 1-100 nm D. 1-1000 nm Ans : C
 wb‡Pi †Kvb c`wU b¨v‡bv KYv mswkøó bq? (†g.f.c. 14-15)
A. MÖvwdb B. †mwgKÛv±i C. †Kvqv›Uvg WU D. dzjvwib Ans : Blank

 ‡`L‡Zv cvi wK bv?

 ETP (BwUwc)-Gi c~Y© iƒc †KvbwU?
A. Effective Treatment Plant B. Effective Tree Plantation
C. Effluent Treatment Plant D. Effluent Treatment Programme Ans : C
 1nm mgvb KZ?
A. 10-9 m B. 10-7 mm C. 10-9 cm D. 10-5 cm Ans : A
 wb‡Pi †KvbwU ¯’~j e¯‘ I b¨v‡bv KYv e¯‘i Df‡qi R‡b¨ GKB?
A. e¯‘i fi B. ‡Kvqv›Uvg WU C. dzjvwibm& D. MÖvwdb Ans : A
 mvbw¯Œb ‡jvkb ˆZwi‡Z †Kvb b¨v‡bv-cvwU©‡Kj e¨eüZ nq?
A. Na2O B. ZnO C. Al2O3 D. CuO Ans : B
 U¨vbvwi wk‡íi e‡R©¨ _vKv ÿwZKi Dcv`vb †KvbwU?
A. As B. Pb C. Ni D. Cr Ans : D

 cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi g~j Dcv`vb n‡jv wg‡_b (93.68 – 98)% ev (9599)%|

 GK NbdzU cÖvK…wZK M¨vm `n‡b 1.028 BTU A_©vr 1.085 KJ Zvc cvIqv hvq|
 me‡P‡q †QvU I nvjKv nvB‡WªvKve©b CH4|
 cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi K¨vjwi gvb 55000 kJ/kg|
 Kqjvq 70% GiI †ewk A½vigq c`v_© _v‡K|
 wjMbvBU‡K ÔAcwiYZÕ Kqjv wn‡m‡e aviYv Kiv nq|
 ‡Kv‡bv †`‡ki DbœwZi Ab¨Zg †mvcvb nj R¡vjvwb|
 1 BTU = 252 cal.
 Kqjvi mvjdv‡ii cwigvY hZ Kg n‡e Kqjv ZZ fv‡jv|
 DbœZgv‡bi Kqjv  A¨vb_ªvmvBU I weUzwgbvm Kqjv
 wb¤œgv‡bi Kqjv  wcU Kqjv
 (wmwjKv evwj + FeO) = meyR KvP|
 (wmwjKv evwj + Fe2O3) = njy`vf KvP|
 mvaviY KvP ˆZwi‡Z SiO2 (70 – 75)% e¨eüZ nq|
 KvP Drcv`‡b ÷vwejvBRvi = Al2O3.CaO.MgO
 Soft glass ev †mvWv Møvm = †mvwWqvg K¨vjwmqvg wmwj‡KU|
 KvMR wimvBwK¬s G NaOH Ges Na2CO3 e¨eüZ nq|
 e·vBU  Al2O3.2H2O
 Cu cvBivBUm  Cu2S.Fe2S3
 we‡k¦i cÖavbZg wimvB‡Kj c×wZ = B¯úvZ I Avqib wimvBwK¬s|
 _v‡g©v‡mwUs cøvw÷K = †gjvgvBb Ges e¨v‡KjvBU|
 b¨v‡bv KYvi AvKvi mvaviYZ (1 – 100) nm|
 ¯^Y© A`ªeYxq wKš‘ b¨v‡bv ¯^Y© `ªeYxq|
 b¨v‡bv ¯^Y© AbyNUK wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|
 weÁvbx d¨viv‡W b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³i cÖeZ©K|
 b¨v‡bv cvwU©K¨vj > AYy > cigvYy
 mvaviY ¯^Y© njy` nq wKš‘ b¨v‡bv ¯^Y© jvj nq|
 mvaviY Ae¯’vq b¨v‡bv cvwU©Kj cvIqv hvq bv|
 ZnO/TiO2 b¨v‡bv KYv Ae¯’vq mvbw¯Œb †jvk‡b (Sun-screen lotion) e¨eüZ nq|
 wmjfvi b¨v‡bv cvwU©Kj = Kvc‡o I dzW c¨v‡KwRs‡q Gw›UgvB‡µvweqvj wi‡q‡R›U wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq|
 IqvUvi cÖæd Kvco ˆZwi‡Z  TiO2 I ZnO b¨v‡bv cvwU©‡Kj e¨eüZ nq|
 b¨v‡bvKYv avZz, AavZz, ˆRe ev A‰Re Dcv`vb †_‡K ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i|
 b¨v‡bv KYvi Db¥y³ c„ôZj †ewk|
 wRcmvg  CaSO4,2H2O
 A¨vjywgbvi kZKiv cwigvY †ewk n‡j wm‡g›U Lye ZvovZvwo RgvU euv‡a|
 evZv‡mi MwZ‡eM 2.0 ms 1 n‡jB we`y¨r Drcv`b m¤¢e|
 wg‡_b M¨vmB m‡ev©rK…ó R¡vjvwb|
 GKwU fvj Kqjvi bgybvq 5% QvB _vKv fvj|
 QvB Gi mshyw³ wb¤œiƒc t SiO2  40%, A2O3  2035%, Fe2O3  525%, CaO  11.5%, MgO  0.54%|
 BDwiqv n‡jv N-mg„× mvi (46%N)|
 eZ©gv‡b KvuPv Pvgovi 75% I‡qU eøyPvgovq cwiewZ©Z Kiv nq| G I‡qU eøy-Pvgov †_‡K ÒwdwbkW †j`viÓ Drcbœ Kiv nq|
 R¡vjvwb †Z‡ji g‡a¨ Pb(C2H5)4 Gi e¨envi m¤ú~Y© fv‡e wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q|

01. N‡i ivbœvi M¨v‡m _v‡K- A. wewUs B. widvBwbs

A. Zij weD‡Ub I AvB‡mv AK‡Ub C. KvMR kxU D. µvdU
B. GwmwUwjb I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb 07. gÛ‡K KvM‡R cwiYZ Kivi Rb¨ KZwU avc AbymiY Kiv nq?
C. Bw_wjb I A¨v‡gvwbqv A. GKwU B. `yBwU C. wZbwU D. cuvPwU
D. wg‡_b 08. wmivwg‡Ki KuvPvgvj †KvbwU?
02. wd·W Kve©‡bi cwigvY (%) †ewk wb‡Pi †Kvb Kqjv‡ÿ‡Î? A. Pvqbv †K¬, wmwjKv I cUvk †dj¯úvi
A. eo cyKzwiqv Kqjv‡ÿ‡Î B. RvgvjMÄ Kqjv‡ÿ‡Î B. e·vBU, wmwiKv I wRcmvg
C. `xwNcvov Kqjv‡ÿ‡Î D. Lvjvmcxi Kqjv‡ÿ‡Î C. W‡jvgvBU, wRemvBU I µv‡qvjvBU
03. evsjv‡`‡k †Kvb Kqjv Lwbi Kqjvi gvb me‡P‡q fv‡jv? D. †Kvevovg, ¯úvB‡Rj I wRcmvg
A. eo cyKzwiqv B. dzjevwo 09. Kv‡Pi cÖavb Dcv`vb †KvbwU?
C. `xwNcvov D. Lvwjmcyi A. Si B. SiO2 C. CaO D. Na2CO3
04. Kuv‡Pi ms‡KZ †KvbwU? 10. Kv‡Pi gyL¨ Dcv`vb msL¨v KqwU?
A. SiO2 B. Na2CO3 A. 2wU B. 3wU C. 4wU D. 5wU
C. NaSiO3 D. †KvbwUB bq 11. Kuv‡Pi njy`vf e‡Y©i Rb¨ `vqx †KvbwU?
05. iwOb KuvP ˆZwi‡Z wb‡Pi †KvbwU e¨eüZ nq bv? A. Fe B. FeO
A. Cu2O B. FeO C. Cr2O3 D. Fe2O3
C. NiO D. MnO2 12. mvaviYZ wmivwgK †MøwRs Gi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq-
06. cví †_‡K †ccvi ˆZwii avc bq †KvbwU? A. Lvevi jeY B. †mvWv A¨vm
 C. g¨vM‡bmvBU D. †ngvUvBU
13. cví KZ cÖKvi? 27. iwOb KuvP ˆZwi‡Z wb‡Pi †KvbwU e¨eüZ nq bv?
A. 2 cÖKvi B. 3 cÖKvi A. Cu2O B. FeO
C. 4 cÖKvi D. 5 cÖKvi C. NiO D. MnO2
28. wdjvi wn‡m‡e †KvbwU e¨eüZ nq?
A. ‡K¬ B. CaCO3
14. mvj‡dU cv‡í e¨eüZ KzwKs wjKv‡ii g~j Dcv`vb? C. U¨vé D. me¸‡jv
A. NaOH B. Na2S 29. Pvgov‡Z †Kvb `~lK c`v_© we`¨gvb?
C. Na2CO3 D. Mg(HSO3)2 A. A¨vjeywgb B. NaCl
15. eø¨vK wjKv‡ii eY© †KvbwU? C. CaCO3 D. me¸‡jv
A. ev`vwg B. Kv‡jv C. jvj D. meyR 30. wg‡_b †_‡K BDwiqv Drcv`‡b av‡ci msL¨v KqwU?
16. wm‡g‡›Ui cÖavb Dcv`vb †KvbwU? A. 3wU B. 4wU
A. wmwjKv B. Pzb C. 5wU D. 6wU
C. A¨vjywgbv D. g¨vM‡bwmqv 31. Kuv`vgvwUi g~j Dcv`vb wK?
17. †cvU©j¨vÛ wm‡g‡›Ui mshyw³‡Z A¨vjywgbvi (Al2O3) cwigvY KZ? A. cUvwmqvg A¨vjywgwbqvg wmwj‡KU
A. 60 – 70% B. 20 – 24% B. g¨vM‡bwmqvg A¨vjywgwbqvg wmwj‡KU
C. 1 – 4% D. 3 – 8% C. ‡mvwWqvg A¨vjywgwbqvg wmwj‡KU
18. †cvU©j¨vÛ wm‡g‡›Ui cÖavbZg g~j Dcv`vb †KvbwU? D. nvB‡Wª‡UW A¨vjywgwbqvg wmwj‡KU
A. UªvBK¨vjwmqvg wmwj‡KU 32. †gKvwbK¨vj cv‡í KuvPvgvjiƒ‡c e¨envi Kiv nq †KvbwU?
B. WvBK¨vjwmqvg wmwj‡KU A. euvk B. KvV
C. UªvBK¨vjwmqvg A¨vjywg‡bU C. Av‡Li †Qveov D. cvU
D. †UUªv K¨vjwmqvg A¨vjywg‡bv †divBU 33. KvM‡R is Kiv nq †Kvb av‡c?
19. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU b¨v‡bv cvwU©‡K‡ji ˆewkó¨? A. KzwKs B. wewUs
A. wØgvwÎK B. AvqZvKvi C. widvBwbs D. mvBwRs
C. ùwUKvKvi D. evé Dcv`vb RvZxq 34. GbRvBg †hv‡M Pvgov bigKiY‡K wK e‡j?
20. wm‡g›U KviLvbvq m„ó me‡P‡q eo `~lK †KvbwU? A. Pzb AcmviY B. wcKwjs
A. NOX B. SOX C. ‡ewUs D. Pzb ms‡hvMKiY
C. CO D. Wv÷ cvwU©‡Kj 35. BDwiqv mvi KviLvbv †_‡K wbM©Z M¨vm‡K NH3 gy³ Kivi
21. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU 100% wimvB‡Kj‡hvM¨ avZz? Rb¨ wK e¨eüZ nq?
A. Kcvi B. Avqib A. CaO B. MgO
C. A¨vjywgwbqvg D. me¸‡jv C. Na2O D. H2SO4
22. †jvnv wimvB‡Kwjs G e¨eüZ R¡vjvwb †KvbwU? 36. KZ NbgvÎvi H2S welwµqv m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i?
A. cÖvK…wZK M¨vm B. Kqjv A. 20 ppm B. 20 mg/m3
C. dv‡b©m A‡qj D. †Kvj M¨vm C. 10 ppm D. 10 mg/m3
23. b¨v‡bv cvwU©K¨v‡ji AvKvi- 37. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU Øviv Iqvk‡KvU ˆZwi nq?
A. 1 – 100m B. 1 – 100 Å A. Al2O3 B. TiO2
C. 1 – 100pm D. 1 100 nm C. SiO2 D. me¸‡jv
24. wmivwg‡Ki ivmvqwbK mshyw³‡Z wb‡Pi †KvbwU _v‡K bv? 38. iwOb KvP ˆZwi‡Z wb‡Pi †KvbwU e¨eüZ nq bv?
A. Al2O3 B. SiO2 A. Cu2O B. FeO
C. K2O D. Al4C3 C. MnO2 D. NiO
25. ‡cvU©j¨vÛ wm‡g‡›U CaO Gi kZKiv cwigvY n‡jv- 39. ETP ej‡Z wK †evSvq?
A. 17 – 25 B. 1 – 3 A. Effective Teaching Plan
C. 2 – 6 D. 60 – 66 B. Effluent Teaching Programme
26. †cvU©j¨vÛ wm‡g‡›Ui RgvU evav gš’i Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq †KvbwU? C. Effluent Teaching Plant
A. 3CaO.SiO2 B. CaSO4.2H2O D. Effluent Treatment Plant
C. MgO D. 3CaO.Al2O3 40. Rxe cÖhyw³‡Z cÖvß cvwb‡K weøP Ki‡Z e¨envi nq †KvbwU?
 A. Avqib B. Aw·‡Rb
C. e¨vK‡Uwiqv D. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb

Answer :
1 D 11 D 21 A 31 D
2 C 12 A 22 A 32 B
3 C 13 A 23 D 33 B
4 D 14 A 24 D 34 C
5 D 15 A 25 D 35 D
6 D 16 B 26 B 36 A
7 C 17 D 27 D 37 D
8 A 18 A 28 D 38 C
9 B 19 D 29 D 39 D
10 B 20 D 30 A 40 B
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