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Mastery Questions - Particles PDF

Hadrons can be subdivided into baryons and mesons. Hadrons are separated from other particles by their strong interactions. Baryons include protons, neutrons, while mesons include positively and negatively charged pions. The strong nuclear force is the strongest fundamental force and is responsible for binding quarks together in hadrons and nuclei. The strong force is also responsible for kaon creation and decay, as well as protons attracting electrons. Charge is conserved in electromagnetic and strong interactions, while baryon number is conserved in strong and quark number in weak interactions.

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42 views5 pages

Mastery Questions - Particles PDF

Hadrons can be subdivided into baryons and mesons. Hadrons are separated from other particles by their strong interactions. Baryons include protons, neutrons, while mesons include positively and negatively charged pions. The strong nuclear force is the strongest fundamental force and is responsible for binding quarks together in hadrons and nuclei. The strong force is also responsible for kaon creation and decay, as well as protons attracting electrons. Charge is conserved in electromagnetic and strong interactions, while baryon number is conserved in strong and quark number in weak interactions.

Uploaded by

Alfred Jijo (TepidPigeon2272)
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mastery Questions – Particles

State the 2 groups that hadrons can be subdivided into.

State what separates hadrons from other sub-atomic particles.

State the quark structure of mesons and baryons.

State the quarks combinations for: 𝑝, 𝑝̅ , 𝑛, 𝑛̅, 𝐾 + , 𝐾 − , 𝐾 0 , ̅̅̅̅


𝐾0, 𝜋+, 𝜋−, 𝜋0

Classify the following particles into baryons, mesons, leptons and bosons: proton, neutron, positive
pion, anti-neutral kaon, electron, muon, positron, electron neutrino

What fundamental force is responsible for

• creating kaons
• kaon decaying
• protons attracting electrons

What is conserved in the following interactions

• strong
• weak
• electromagnetic

State the fundamental forces in order of strength, starting with the strongest.

Describe the strong nuclear force

For each interaction give the baryon equation, the quark equation, the baryon Feynman diagram,
the quark Feynman diagram

• beta minus decay


• beta plus decay
• electron capture
• proton electron collision

Describe where the proton and electron come from in electron capture.

State an equation for muon decay.

Determine whether the following interactions are possible or not

• 𝑝 + 𝑝̅ → 𝜇− + ̅̅̅
𝜈𝜇 + 𝜋 +
• 𝑝 → 𝜇+ + 𝑛 + ̅̅̅
𝜈𝜇
• + −
𝜋 + 𝜋 → 𝑛 + 𝜈𝑒
State the only stable baryon.

Explain how two electrons repel each other by referring to gauge bosons.

Describe the process of pair production.

Calculate the kinetic energy of an electron produced by pair production from a photon of frequency
3.50 × 1020 Hz.

Describe the process of annihilation.


Calculate the frequency of the photons produced when an electron with 0.25 keV of kinetic energy
annihilates with a position at rest.

Explain why scientists perform experiments.

Explain why progress in particle physics experiments requires international co-operation and teams
from different disciplines.

Calculate the specific charge of a 42He nucleus.

Calculate the specific charge of a 56 +


26Fe ion, which has been formed by the removal of 1 electron
from an iron atom.

A nickel-59 nucleus has specific charge 4.55 × 107 C kg −1. State the name and number of each type
of particle in its nucleus.

Calculate the speed of an electron with 1.0 eV of energy.

Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of an electron with 1.0 eV of energy.

State what is meant by the duality of electrons.

State the evidence that light and electrons have particle and wave behaviour.

When monochromatic light is incident on a metal plate, electrons are emitted only when the
frequency of the light exceeds a certain threshold frequency. Explain, in terms of energy, why this
threshold frequency exists.

Explain why the electrons emitted when a metal is illuminated by monochromatic light have a range
of kinetic energies up to a maximum value.

A sodium metal surface is illuminated with incident light of frequency 9.70 × 1014 Hz. The maximum
kinetic energy of an emitted electron is 2.49 × 10–19 J. Calculate

• the wavelength of the incident light,


• the energy, in J, of each incident photon,
• the work function, in J, of sodium,
• the threshold frequency of sodium.

Sketch a graph of the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons against frequency of incident
light. State the 𝑦 intercept, 𝑥 intercept and gradient of the graph.
The figure below shows a metal surface in a vacuum photocell illuminated by light of a certain
frequency. Electrons emitted from the metal surface are collected by terminal T in the photocell. The
potential of the metal surface may be changed by adjusting the potential divider.

• Explain why the microammeter reading decreases when the metal surface is made more
positive relative to T.
• Draw a graph on the axes below to show how the stopping potential Vs varies with the
frequency f of the incident light.
• Use the photoelectric equation hf = ɸ + Ek to explain your graph.
• Using the circuit in the diagram above, the stopping potential was 1.92 V for light of
wavelength 418 nm. Calculate the work function of the metal surface.

Define the electron volt.


The diagram shows some energy levels, in eV, of an atom.
energy/eV level

–0.1 n=4

–3.1 n=3

–12.4 n=2

–18.6 n = 1 (ground state)

Photons of specific wavelengths are emitted from these atoms when they are excited by collisions
with electrons.

Explain

• what is meant by the process of excitation,


• why the emitted photons have specific wavelengths.

One of the emitted photons has an energy of 9.92 × 10–19 J.

• Calculate the wavelength of this photon.


• Determine which transition is responsible for this emitted photon.
• Draw an arrow on the energy level diagram above to show the transition responsible for the
emission of a photon with the shortest wavelength.

Explain what happens to electrons in hydrogen atoms when a spectrum, such as that represented
below, is produced.

intensity of
electromagnetic
radiation

wavelength
A fluorescent tube is normally coated on the inside with a powder. The tube is then filled with
mercury vapour at low pressure. When the tube is switched on, the mercury vapour emits ultraviolet
electromagnetic radiation.

• Explain why the mercury vapour emits ultraviolet radiation.


• Explain how this ultraviolet radiation causes the powder to emit electromagnetic radiation
as well.
• State the difference between the radiations emitted by the mercury vapour and the powder.

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