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Reading & Writing Skills
Quarter 2 – Module 5:
Purposeful Writing in the Discipline

(SUPPORT MATERIAL FOR INDEPENDENT LEARNING ENGAGEMENT)

A Joint Project of the

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF DIPOLOG CITY
and
DIPOLOG CITY GOVERNMENT
Reading & Writing Skills– Grade 11/12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 5A
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in
any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things,
impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand

names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective
copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to
use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and
authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Remryan R. Rebutazo

Editor: Elma S. Quimpo, Josephine M. Cuenca, Evangeline Z. Año
Reviewers: Evangeline Z. Año, Josephine M. Cuenca, Elma Quimpo
Illustrator: Remryan R. Rebutazo
Management Team:
Virgilio P. Batan, Jr., CESO VI – Schools Division Superintendent
Lourma I. Poculan – Asst. Schools Division Superintendent
Amelinda D. Montero – Chief Education Supervisor, CID
Nur N. Hussien – Chief Education Supervisor, SGOD
Ronillo S. Yarag – Education Program Supervisor, LRMS
Leo Martinno O. Alejo – Project Development Officer II, LRMS

Printed in the Philippines by

Department of Education – Region IX – Dipolog City Schools Division

Office Address: Purok Farmers, Olingan, Dipolog City
Zamboanga del Norte, 7100
Telefax: (065)212-6986 and (065) 212-5818
E-mail Address: dipolog.city@deped.gov.ph
 What I Need to Know

This module is designed to help you master

CONTENT STANDARD PERFORMANCE STANDARD

comprehend the requirements of create each type of academic writing
composing academic writing and and professional correspondence
professional correspondence. following the properties of well-written
texts and process approach to writing.

The learning module on Purposeful Writing in the Disciple is divided into four
lessons:
Lesson 1 – Writing Book Review or Article Critique
Lesson 2 – Literature Review
Lesson 3 – Project Proposal
Lesson 4 – Position Paper

At the end of the module discussion, the learners will be able to:

1. Identity the unique features of and requirements in composing texts that

are useful across disciplines (1. Book Review or Article Critique; 2.
Literature Review; 3. Project Proposal; and 4. Position Paper.)
EN11/12RWS-IVdg-12;
2. Answer the activities and tasks enlisted in the lessons; and
3. Produce academic writing following the properties of well-written texts
and process approach to writing.

What I Know

Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answers each item.

1. A book review is a specialized form of professional writing in which a reviewer

evaluates the contribution of knowledge of scholarly work such as academic
books and journal articles.
A. True C. Maybe
B. False D Not sure
2. A book review is a simple summary. It is merely a shallow assessment,
evaluation, or analysis of work.
A. True C. Maybe
B. False D Not sure
3. Academic book review or article critique is written for a general audience and
primarily aims to offer a persuasive opinion.
A. True C. Maybe
B. False D Not sure
4. Which of the following is NOT part of the structure of Book Review or Article
Critique?

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 A. Introduction C. Summary
B. Salutation D Conclusion

5. The following are guidelines in writing book reviews, except:

A. Examine the connection C. Discuss how the same topic is
between ideas explained from other perspective
B. Read it once to get its full D Suggest some alternative
meaning methods that would result in a
conclusive interpretation
6. A Literature Review summarizes the reference and explains how important they
are in addressing the research questions.
A. True C. Maybe
B. False D Not sure

7. The following are functions of Literature Review except:

A. Shows reviewer’s familiarity C. Doubts conflict among
and mastery of the topic contradictory studies
B. Establishes a niche of the D Justifies the methods and
study framework
8. In writing a Research Report one must consider the following, except:
A. Social Relationship C. Time
B. Money D Expertise

9. The following are advantages of proposal writing, except:

A. It is an essential marketing document C. Proposals means financial aid
that helps cultivate strong for an organization to grow
professional relationship between an
organization and donor
B. It facilitates words for the D Due to tight deadlines,
conception of ideas proposals might be rejected
10. A Position Paper is an Essay.
A. True C. Maybe
B. False D Not sure

Lesson Writing a Book Review or

1 Article Critique

This lesson allows learners to understand the connection between reading and
writing and help them compose a Book Review or an Article Critique. As one
accomplishes this lesson, he will have a clearer grasp of the dynamics of writing a
review or a critique. He will then use the skill in his future assignments as he enjoys
learning his lessons.

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 What’s In

What is a Book Review or Article Critique?

A book report or article review is a specialized form
of academic writing in which a reviewer evaluates the
contribution to knowledge of scholarly works such as
academic books and journal article. A book review or article
critique, which is usually ranges from 250 to 750 words, is
not simply a summary. It is a critical evaluation, analysis, or
evaluation of a work. But, take care not to equate the word
“critique” to cynicism and pessimism. As an modern form of
writing, it involves your skills in critical thinking and
https://www.google.com/search?q=high recognizing arguments. A book review or article critique is
+school+writing+animated&tbm=isch&v
ed=2ahUKEwj7kZHQ8t7tAhU5JaYKHR different in movie review that you see in a newspaper.
WwAtgQ2- Although movie review involves the analysis of one’s work, it
is written for a general audience and primarily aims to offer a persuasive opinion. An academic
book review or article critique, on the other hand, addresses a more specific audience and
usually offers a critical response to a published scholarly work. Moreover, book review must
not be mistaken for book reports. Book reports focus on describing the plot, characters, or idea
of a certain work.

Book and article reviewers do not just share mere opinion; rather, they use both proofs
and logical reasoning to substantiate their opinions. They process concepts and theories,
revisit and extend ideas in a specific field of study, and present analytical responses.

Structure of Book Review/ Description

Article Critique
1. Preface (around 5% of the  Title of the book/article
paper)  Writer’s name
 Writer’s thesis statement
2. Summary (around 10% of  Writer’s objective or purpose
the paper)  Methods used (if applicable)
 Major findings or claims
Review/ Critique (in no particular  Appropriateness of methodology to
order) (around 75% of the p support the argument
3. aper)  Theoretical soundness
 Clarity of explanation in relation to
other available information and
experts
 Sufficiency of explanation
 Other views in explaining the
concepts and ideas
 Coherence of ideas
4. Conclusion (around 10% of  Overall impression of the work
the paper)  Scholarly value of the reviewed

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 article/book
 Benefits to the intended
audience
 Suggestion for future directions

Here are the questions to ask when writing a Book Review or Article Critique:

 What is topic of the book or the  What considerations and

article? concers are discussed in the
 What is its purpose? book or article?
 Who are its intended readers?  What kind of information (e.g.,
 Does the author clearly state observation, survey, statistics,
his/her thesis statement? and historical accounts) are
 What theoretical premise (i.e., a presented in the book or article?
scientific/logical explanation How they are used to support
without evidence) are mentioned the arguments or thesis?
in the book or article? Are they  Are there other means to back
explicitly discuss? up the arguments or thesis
 What are the offerings of the aside from the information used
book or article to the field (e.g., in the book or article? Is the
language, psychology) it is writer inarticulate about these
situated in? alternative ways of explanation?
 What is your total response to
the work?

Standard in Writing a Book Review or Article Critique

1. Read the composition or book to be reviewed carefully to get its main concept.
2. Read again to get the arguments being presented.
3. Show the content of the article or book to what you already know about the
topic. This will make you more tied up with the article or book.
4. Focus on discussing how the book treats the topic and not a topic itself. Begin
your sentences with phrases such as “this book presents…’ and “The author
argues…”
5. Situate your review. This means that your perception should be anchored on
the theories presented by the book or article writer.
6. Evaluate whether the findings are adequately supported or not.
7. Analyzed the type of analysis the writer use (e.g., quantitative, qualitative, case
study) and how it supports the arguments and claims.
8. Recommend some ways on how the writer can improve his/her reasoning or
explanation.
9. Discuss how the same topic is explained from other perspective. Describe the
writer’s explanation of the topic to another expert from the same field of study.
10. Point out other conclusion or interpretations that the writer missed out. Present
other ideas that need to be examined.

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 11. Analyze the connections between ideas and how they affect the conclusions and
findings.
12. Show your reactions to the writer’s idea and present an explanation. You can
either refute or side with the ideas, as long as you can sufficiently support your
stand.
13. Offer some alternative methods and processes of reasoning that would result in
a more conclusive interpretation.

Finalize a book review or article critique means that you can pinpoint the
strengths and weaknesses of an article or book and that you can identify different
perspectives. This task also equips you with more skills to engage in discussions
with an expert and makes you a part of a community of scholars.

What’s New

The article below is a contest piece of a Punta NHS student submitted during a
National Essay Writing Contest facilitated by DENR in Makati City in 2018. I need you
to get one or two sentences from the article that would answer the following questions.

Organic Agriculture is the NEW SEXY.

I was on my elementary years when I used to accompany my mother in going to the

market. I was not just a mere companion then. I helped her in selecting the best vegetables that
she would add in my favourite Pinakbet. Choosing the best buy was so easy then, you just have to
look for the shiniest eggplant, the more freshly looking ampalaya, the less dark spotted lady’s finger
(okra) and most of all was to look for the glossiest and perfectly shaped squash. The feeling of
excitement was unexplainable when I saw my mother cooking those handpicked ingredients-
FRESH from the market.

However, the contentment while selecting the best vegetable for our table was changed to a
frustrated feeling when I reached high school. I enrolled in Agri-crop Production for my Technology
and Livelihood Education (TLE) Class, a year ago. One instance during a class discussion, my
teacher asked the group, how can you recognize an UNHEALTHY vegetable in the market? Do you
want to know the answer? Yes. Everything that I have elaborately described above is the exact
description of an UNHEALTHY food. The enticing look of the vegetable was caused by the synthetic
fertilizer, genetically modified seeds, conventional pesticides and weedicides that most famers used.
Behind that tempting look is a hazardous food serving on each of our tables. This would remind me
of the fairy tale I was once hooked on, an old lady gave a shining red apple to Snow White caused
her to a lifetime sleep. This is what the Conventional Farming System is serving us. The more we
intake food produced by conventional farming, the more we poison our body. Max Roser, in his
article entitled Life Expectancy, revealed that the average life expectancy of human has decreased
to 70 years since 1900. Although it was not mentioned that food intake caused the rapid decrease,
but the bulk number of patients admitted in the hospitals due to food related diseases can justify
it.

You might ask me, if not Conventional Farming System, then what? How are we going to
produce enough agri-crops for the increasing population? Is the alternative farming system sellable
in the market? The answer to these basic questions lies in the introduction of the Organic
Agriculture. The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movement (IFOAM) give meaning
to organic agriculture as a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and
people. It depends on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions,
rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects.

In layman’s term, this new system in farming does not use synthetic fertilizers and
genetically modified seeds for food production and livestock feeding in purposes of a more yield.
Imagine, instead of pouring tons and tons of chemical fertilizer to a particular farmland that may
later result to a disturbance in the natural habitat in the area, soil erosion, poison on the harvests

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and worse expensive inputs to the farmer; one would only use animal manure, dried leaves and
other related organic materials to create vermicast soil in helping to better the formation of the
land. The absence of chemicals may invite a healthier ecosystem that would be beneficial both to
the plants and to the community, as well, since ‘GREEN FOODS’ are produced by Organic
Farming- meaning healthier food.

In the Philippines, the National Organic Agriculture Board (NOAB) of the Department of
Agriculture (DA), with the assistance of other relevant government agencies, spearheaded a
program known as the National Organic Agricultural Program (NOAP). It was strengthened through
Republic Act 10068 also known as the Organic Agriculture Act of 2010 which aims to guide the
agriculture department in the implementation of various organic farming activities in the country
along with the evaluation and monitoring of said implementation, including the six (6) years roll out
program. Although only five percent (5%) of the agricultural land in the country patronized organic
farming, several consumers have proven their loyalty to the product both in the local and
international market. NOAP assures: 1. better farm income and sustainable livelihood; 2. Improved
health for farmers and consumers; 3. Environmental Protection; 4. Disaster Risk Reduction and
Resilience to Climate change; and lastly Social justice- for improving the standard of living.

In as short as one-year experience in my agri-crop class, we were given the chance to

produced vermicast soil that was used as primary natural soil enhancer. In just a few months of
planting and watering, we were able to sell it to our teachers. At first, I thought teachers will not
buy them considering of the difference in size and appearance of the vegetables compared in the
market, but I was shocked when they all queued to buy more of our healthy products. We even
brought some for our family’s consumption. How much more if people in the community would
notice the positive output of organic farming? As observed in our locality, a number of the small
vegetable stores are selling their own harvest coming from organic farming system. Aside from its
health benefits, it was their advantage because seeds and seedlings are provided by the barangay
and local agriculture’s office.

If I am given the chance to help advocate the promising output of Organic Farming, allow
me to lay down a few of my thoughts: First, start from the very basic, strengthen the Gulayan sa
Paaralan in all schools in the country. Provide orientation to the school coordinators and
principals. Provide more seeds and seedlings to the partnered schools – since seeds are not part of
the school priority projects. Provide assistance in the construction of simply but efficient gardens.
Area for planting is never an issue in farming. Hanging garden or pots, using empty plastic bottles,
can be very effective if closely supervised. The yield can be sold to local market sellers in a just
price. This can help the accessibility and marketability of the goods. The extra harvest can be used
in the feeding program in the elementary; Second, utilized the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino
Program beneficiaries and include in the conditionality of each of the family-beneficiary the
presence of organic backyard gardening. Nobody will DIE hungry if families have established even
little gardens at home. Their extra harvest can be sold even in front of their homes. This may be
one of the solutions to battle today’s increasing inflation rate; and finally, draft a certain law that
would discourage farmers to use the conventional farming and that ONLY Organic Products will be
sold in the market. Well, the change should not be abrupt, but at least, when farmers are well
informed through an orientation and lectures, it will make a difference!

Remember, WE ARE WHAT WE EAT! If the local markets sell products from an organic
farming system and people consume them on a daily basis, we could create a community free from
the adverse effects of chemicals from fertilizers and livestock modification. We would see a healthier
mankind. There is still much time to prepare and we do not have a deadline.

The President Rodrigo Roa Duterte said, “It is my moral obligation to provide available and
affordable food for my people”. Organic Farming will make it happen.

Let us try!
Note: You may answer directly on the space provided.
Questions Sentences taken from the article
1. What is the topic of the article?

2. Who are the intended readers?

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 3. What problems/ issues discussed?

4. What kind of information are

presented in the article?

5. Do you have suggestion on how to

solve the issue (this is not coming
from the article)

What’s More

Using a Graphic Organizers

A. Make an outline following the order of ideas presented in the article you
have read above (Organic Agriculture is the new Sexy)
You may use either of the following outline format:
I. . A. .
a. . a. .
b. . b. .
II. . B. .
a. . a. .
i. i.
B. Make a cluster map using the article you have read above, fill in a cluster
map with the benefits of organic agriculture to the human lives.

Benefits of
Organic
Farming

What I Can Do

Write an article critique by following the writing process outlined below. Make use of the
article presented (another Punta NHS essay submitted during a National Children’s Month
Celebration)

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 The Youth Have Been Compromised

Child Exploitation. Child Labor. Juvenile Delinquency. Deprivation of Child’s Rights, even
Human Trafficking. These are just few of the issues concerning us, CHILDREN and
YOUTH that need immediate attention.

The United Nation’s Convention on the Rights of a Child in its full capacity mandated all
Countries under it to provide the 4 major rights a child must enjoy, Right to LIVE, Right
to DEFENDED, Right to JOIN and Right to IMPROVEMENT. Every month of November all
Local Councils in the Country observe Children’s Month, yet the archaic and rotten
issues 50 long years that made every child and youth vulnerable are still imminent
TODAY. What do you think is the problem?

Let me talk of the Juvenile Justice System, before, teenagers aging 17 and below are not
punishable to any crime. This is why we see children roaming around on city streets,
risking their lives, begging alms and coin to people. This suicidal act is not ONLY for
themselves but for the people exploiting their young minds. Do you think amending the
latter law, now 15 years old and above, will help decrease child and youth related crimes?
I don’t think so.

Even in the Cyber world children are being SOLD. Worse, their parents are the ones
selling them online. Showing on camera their private parts or doing sex with elders. Child
pornography sucks! Pedophiles should be put to bars. Poor children, to whom would
they ask help? When even low earning parents are also the ones pushing the kids to do
hard work so they could help in their daily needs. HOW I WISH PEOPLE WOULD KNOW
THAT HUMANS ARE NOT FOR SALE. We are not commodities. And we are not subject to
human consumption. Are we?

Would you believe if I say that Children and Youth are the poorest and most defenseless
sectors in our community? If you say YES, then you would also agree that the idea of our
elders, our congressmen, and our senators to abolish the Sangguniang Kabataan is
STUPIDITY. The SK is the only government organization with clear implementing plan
and budget for the youth and children. Taking out our chance to be empowered, to speak
and be involved in the Local Council is like saying we mean nothing to you. Soon, Dr.
Rizal’s famous line, ‘the youth is the hope of the fatherland’ will never be materialized.
The Sangguniang Kabataan is our only avenue to be trained in the dynamics of the
Philippine Politics. What will happen to us now? You talk of corruption as if you are
clean!

Give me power to lay my plans.

Ironically, the adults plan for us. They draft plans for children and implement programs
and projects for the youth. FUNNY. Do you know why? Why do these elders plan for us
when they do not know us better? You people usually say Youth today are different from
before. YES, you admitted the fact that we are different from you before then why are you
planning things for us. You are trying to cure my eye problem when you are just a
DENTIST. Make sense?

I will bring you to the educational system; long time ago our ancestors used horses and
carriages for transportation. But as people grasped a wide understanding of engines and
machines, cars and other motorized vehicles were made. We no longer ride carriages that
change to a pumpkin at 12 o’clock in the evening. That is evolution. But try to check all
classrooms in our country. The traditional blackboards, chalks and chairs and the
teacher-dominant classroom discussion used hundreds of years ago are still found today.
I hope you don’t forget that we‘re the 21st century learners. We have cellphones, tablets,
and internet, why do teachers failed to use these things in the class. You wanted us to
live a life like you used to but this is not your world. You are immigrants here. You are
asking a fish to ascend a tree. We cannot do that. Have you heard of individual

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differences? Change your pedagogy not us.

DO NOT TALK ABOUT US WITHOUT US.

I am sure you are familiar of the BCPC or the Barangay Council for the Protection of
Children. Allow us to be part of it. Give us voice in that Council. Remember that the
Barangay is the smallest unit in the society next to family. I always believe that big things
start from small things. We will start in the Barangay, the grassroots. Allow us to plan for
ourselves since we know ourselves better than you do. Allow me to cure the right wound.
Your job here is to assist. The planning should be children and youth centered and not
adult-driven.

You just have to trust us now.

A. Read the article to be reviewed. Complete the following details.

Article/ Book Title: ___________________________________________________________________
Article/Book Author: ___________________________________________________________________
Topic: ___________________________________________________________________

B. Complete the given information to come up with a writing situation for your
article critique.

General purpose: ___________________________________________________________________

Specific Purpose: ___________________________________________________________________
Target Output: _____________________________________________________________________
Audience: __________________________________________________________________________
Writer’s Persona: ___________________________________________________________________
Tone/Formality: ____________________________________________________________________
C. Compose a short article critique (in narrative form) using the data you gathered in
items A and B. Use the rubric as guide in writing.

Introduction (around 5% of Summary Review/ Critique Conclusion

the paper) (around 10% of (around 75% of (around 10% of
the paper) the paper) the paper)

Rubric 1 (Poor) 2 (Fair) 3 (Good)

Content Writing is limited in Writes related, Writing is confident
communicating qualities paragraph and clearly focused.
knowledge, no central with little or no details
theme
Voice Writer’s point of view Writes with the Writes with distinct,
does not show sense to understanding of unique point of view.
the audience specific audience
Grammar Frequent run-ons or Uses simply, Consistent variety of
fragments. With no compound and structure all
variety of sentence complex sentences throughout.
structure

What I Have Learned

In writing a review/critique you must:
1. Give a summary of the contents of the piece of writing under review;

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 2. Create a general evaluation of the text;
3. Elaborate each point you want to make about the text; and
4. Sum up by telling the readers if the text is worth reading or not. Then, you
must polish your writing by considering the properties of a well written text.

Lesson
Writing a Literature Review
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In this lesson, learners will be able to scan survey resources from one’s
scholarly work. He then transfers his understanding of the text into a written output
that will help him and other readers comprehend the nature of the text reviewed. If
one gets the full extent of this lesson, he will not be having a hard time completing his
research narratives.

What’s New

What is Literature Review?

A scholarly article is a type of academic writing
that provides an overview of a specific topic. It
examines academic work such as academic books (but not
textbooks), computerize databases, conference
proceedings, dissertation’s/theses, empirical studies https://www.pinclipart.com/pindetail/iR
Rbmii_editing-and-improvement-wise-
government reports, historical records, journal article, owl-research-cartoon-clipart/

monographs, and statistical handbooks.

As an advance form of academic writing, a literature review critically analyzes
the relationship among the scholarly works and the current work. It can be scribbled
as a stand-alone paper or as part of a research paper explaining a theoretical
framework and related studies. Unlike an annotated bibliography which presents a
summary and synthesis (i.e., linking different sources).
Below are the differences among the sources.

Annotated Bibliography Book Review Literature Review

Summarizes the Evaluates a book Review Reviews a significant
references and explain number of scholarly works
how important they are to be identify what is
in addressing the known and not known
research questions about a topic

Making a scholarly review will test your ability to seek literature efficiently and
identify useful scholarly work. It will also examine your ability to evaluate studies for
their validity and reliability. Hence, doing a literature review involves research, critical

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appraisal, and writing. All are included, a student may take 40 hours to finish a well-
written literature review.

Steps in Writing Literature Review

STEP 1 In the introduction, you should:
o The subject matter, issue, or area of concern, thus
Writing the Introduction providing an appropriate context for reviewing the
literature.
o Determine overall style in what has been published
about the topic; or conflicts in theory,
methodology, evidence, and conclusions; or gaps in
research and scholarship; or a single problem or
new perspective of immediate interest.
o The authors idea for reviewing the literature;
explain the criteria to be used in analyzing and
comparing literature and the organization of the
review (sequence); and, if ever needed, identify why
certain literature is or is not included (scope).
STEP 2 In the body, you should:
o A group investigation studies and other types of
Writing the Body literature (reviews, theoretical articles, case
studies, etc.) according to common denominators
such as qualitative versus quantitative approaches,
conclusions of authors, specific purpose or
objective, chronology, etc.
o Sum up each studies with as much or as little
detail as each merits according to its comparative
importance in the literature, remembering that
space (length) denotes significance.
STEP 3 In the conclusion, you should:
o To infer main contributions of important studies
Writing the Conclusion and articles to the body of knowledge under review,
maintaining the focus established in the
introduction.
o Test the new "state of the art" for the body of
knowledge reviewed, pointing out major
methodological flaws or gaps in research,
inconsistencies in theory and findings, and areas
or issues pertinent to future study.

The literature review should:

o differentiate authors' views on an issue

o group authors who draw similar conclusions
o criticize aspects of methodology
o identify areas in which authors are in disagreement
o present how your study relates to previous studies

The purposes of the review are:

o to distinguish and restrain the problem you are working on

o to put your study in an historical perspective
o to avoid unnecessary duplication

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 o to evaluate promising research methods
o to correlate your findings to previous knowledge and suggest further research

What’s More

Digging deeper. Analyze the sample literature review the try to identify its
important parts using the table.

Prevalence of Cyberbullying

Cyberbullying has become a new social problem in today’s society. It is often

times make students unable to escape their bullies and leave them feeling alone and
helpless. In 1925, a study across four Canadian universities, lead by Faucher, Jackson,
and Cassidy (2014) among students found 24.1 percent of them had been the victims of
cyberbullying over the last twelve months. These alarming incidents show that nearly one
in every four people have been the victims of this phenomenon. This record is interesting
but because when compared to studies that were done amongst younger age students
you see that the numbers are drastically different. There were discoveries made by
Wegge, Vandebosch, and Eggermont(2014) that among 1,458 13-14 year old students
that considerably less students reported being cyberbullied. There were 2052 students
ranges 12-18, found in the study by Vanderbosch and Van Cleemput (2009) which
concluded that 11.1 percent of students had been victims of cyberbullying. This scholarly
works conclude that cyberbullying shows to be more existing in students as they get
older. Wegge et al. (2014) also recorded that 30.8 percent had been victims of traditional
bullying.
There was question as to why it seems to be less prevalent among younger
students. It was probable that they simply don’t have as much access to the tools of
Cyberbullying 5 cyberbullying that students at the university level have, or they possibly
aren’t as technologically advances as their older peers? The questions about
cyberbullying raise the issue as what to classify the perpetrators as well as what are their
reasons for hurting others.
The types of people who bully. An important reason when analyzing cyberbullying
is trying to comprehend the types of people who are the aggressors. Another thing to be
discussed when analyzing this is the simple matter of gender when it comes to who is
generally the aggressor. It was found out by Slonje and Smith (2008) that when it comes
to cyberbullying, boys are more often than not the aggressors with males being reported
as the cyberbully far more often than girls. It was found out by Slonje et al (2008) that
36.2 percent of students were unaware of the gender of their aggressors. This is
interesting because for one its is the same percentage as the number of males who
bullied, but most importantly because it shows that over 1 in 3 students have not really
known who is bullying them, which adds to the fear and stigma that is related to
cyberbullying and not being able to evade the perpetrators.
The types of people who are victims. Investigators have also made different
researches on the kinds of people who are cyberbullied, or what is often referred to as
“cybervictomology”. A research performed by Abeele and Cock (2013), found that the
gender of victims varied greatly depending on the form of cyberbullying. Abeele et al.
(2013) discovered that boys are more likely to be on the receiving end of direct
cyberbullying while girls are more likely to be the victims of indirect cyberbullying such
as online gossip among peers. The findings seem to remain true to social social norms
where males are viewed as more confrontational and females are often stereotyped as
gossipers.

Source: https://libguides.uwf.edu/ld.php?content_id=42292575

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List down five (5) authors cited in the above Literature Review and write down the
ideas presented of each author/s.

Author/s (include date Ideas Presented

of publication)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

What I Can Do
Write a Literature Review on any topic that best interests you. It can be an issue, event,
people’s accomplishments or about the pandemic. Make use of the rubric in writing your 500-
word Literature Review.

Rubric 1 (Poor) 2 (Fair) 3 (Good)

Content Discourse is limited in Writes related, Writing is confident
communicating qualities paragraph and clearly focused.
knowledge, no central with little or no details
theme
Voice Writer’s point of view Writes with the Writes with distinct,
does not show sense to understanding of unique point of view.
the audience specific audience
Grammar Frequent run-ons or Uses simply, Consistent variety of
fragments. With no compound and structure all
variety of sentence complex sentences throughout.
structure
Organization Writing is disorganized Uses correct writing Writing a strong
and under developed format. Incorporates a beginning, middle and
with no closure coherent closure. end with clear
transition and closure.

What I Have Learned

A literature review is a synthesis of whatever professionals or researchers in
the field are saying about a particular topic in the area. It can be written separately

13
from a research paper. It must be updated, and it must supply new interpretations of
the issue or subject matter based on the information presented.

Lesson
Writing a Project Proposal
3
This lesson focuses on the dynamics of drafting project proposals. For those
who have gone leadership trainings, proposals are introduced to provide opportunities
to the organization or group to mobilize resources. If one fully understands this lesson,
he will be of the advantage in convincing any agency on selling the proposal’s long-
term goals.

What’s New
What is a Project Proposal?

A project proposal is a type of an academic text that is

written for problem solving, service provision, event planning,
or equipment selling. Proposals are submitted to persuade the
donors to do what the proposal suggests, such as buying
commodities or services, fund for a project, or implement a
desired program.

Project Proposals in the professional world are used for

within an organization and from one organization to another
https://www.insidehighere purpose. This is a primary means of generating income for
d.com/advice/2017/08/07
/advice-how-write-grant- agencies or seeking funding for projects.
proposals-essay
Normally, when a funding agency sends Request for Proposal (RFP),
organizations forward their plans through a project proposal following the
requirements attached. The funding agency then evaluates the submitted papers to
approve the plans that can maximize the amount. The proposal usually addresses the
issues of the organization. A well-presented proposal is always in the advantage.

In selecting the best proposal, an agency will consider how the plan is carried
out, what the process of the implementation is and how the grant will be spent. In
short, the simpler the elaboration of the implementation versus the amount donated is
an edge.

Even as students, you have been familiarized with writing proposals – maybe
without even knowing it. During your class presentation when you ask approval for
your assignments or sending an excuse letter to your teacher with a valid reason of
why you must leave the school. That is a prerequisite task in writing a project
proposal.

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PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT PROPOSAL

As stipulated above, in crafting a project proposal, one can gain money for a
project. It is also a sign of showing how serious the organization in attaining the goals
of the stakeholders.
Proposals are prepared to apply for an outside organization funds for the
implementation of a project. Grant applications have no fixed format. It is depending
of the agency’s preference; may it be in narrative form or in table form.

ADVANTAGES

 A proposal is an important marketing text that helps cultivate a potential

professional relationship between an organization and a stakeholder over a project
to be implemented
 It facilitates appropriate terms for the conception of an idea
 It has a framework that creates ideas professionally for a clear understanding of
the project for the donor
 Successful proposal may mean financial aid for the organization to grow for the
replication of project

DISADVANTAGES

 Planning a problem: Although a better idea exists, yet when we try to plan it out
broadly, we face many challenges.
 There are often deadlines, and that the proposals may be rejected

Proposals are categorized according to their length. Informal proposal is about 2-4
pages long while a formal proposal has five or more pages. Below are the standard
parts such as the following:

1. Introduction
This part shows the background necessary for understanding the project, which is
done by discussing the following:
a. Rationale – Identifies the problem to be addressed and show the need to solve
it.
b. Objectives - These should reveal what the project intends to achieve in terms of
results. It gives the reader an idea of an intended solution. Good objectives are
SMART (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Results-oriented, and bound within a
realistic Time frame).
c. Benefits – These will show what the reader or the target audience can gain
from the proposal, which may be improvements in processes or systems, an
increase in revenue, or changes in behavior of the beneficiaries of the proposal.

2. Project Description
This section provides the specific information about the project itself. It indicates
how the project will address the identified problem or issue through the following
parts:

a. Methodology – It details the different activities the project will take on,
including the labor cost and resources to be utilized, and the expected outputs.
b. Schedule – This discusses the duration of task and expected beginning and end
days of each activity in the project.
c. Budget – This presents an analysis of all the costs anticipated in the project,
which can be itemized as a whole, depending on the needs of the project/s.

15
TIPS TO WRITE A SUCCESSFUL PROPOSAL

1. Plan ahead. Allows plenty of time for those involved to meet, discuss, and review
progress in the grant writing process. Also, allows enough time to get the required
signatures and to get the proposal to the funder.

2. Make a team effort. Assigns specific roles and responsibilities to people in terms
of developing the proposal.

3. Be realistic in what you are proposing. What can reasonably be accomplished in

the scope, time and resources of the grant?

4. Be factual and specific. Do not talk in emotional terms. Be sure to substantiate

the statements in your proposal, otherwise do not make them.

5. Consider collaborating with other organizations. At a minimum, find out what

other proposals are being submitted to the same stakeholder (donor) at the same
time.

6. Choose a format that is clear and easy to read. Readers are overloaded with
proposals and appreciate legible, attractive and detailed proposals. Make sure that
tables are legible and easy to figure out.

7. Be aware of donor priorities. Carefully match your project with an appropriate

funding agency. The primary difference between successful grant writing and
inefficient proposal submission is that the amount of time invested in the strategic
identification of appropriate funders.

What’s More

Below is a sample Project Proposal for your reference:

NAME OF THE PROJECT BSP Office

Punta National High
SCHOOL
School
PROPOSED IMPLEMENTING
General Parents-
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
Teachers Association
AGENCY
 To provide official
office of the scouts
and scouters of
OBJECTIVES Punta NHS where
they can hold
meetings and store
camping equipment
Office/ classroom convert
TARGET PHYSICAL OUTPUTS
to office

LOCATION OF PROJECTS Punta NHS campus

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  300 registered
TARGET BENEFICIARIES scouts
 4 Adult Leaders
BUDGET
Sand and Gravel 5,000
Cement 2,500
Metals 5,000
Wood 3,000
Ceramic tiles 1,500
Labor 8,000
TOTAL Php25,000

Reminder:
The template of a project proposal may vary depending on the donor’s
preference.

What I Can Do

Getting Approved. Imagine the school where you are currently enrolled, can you
think of any project that is needed to be installed in your school? ML Companies will
give 1Million pesos to any school who can submit their best project proposal. Impress
the company now.

You may follow the same format shown above.

Make use of the rubric while preparing your project proposal.

Rubric 1 (Poor) 2 (Fair) 3 (Good)

Subject Matter Shows very little Shows understanding Shows a deep
understanding of the of the subject matter understanding of the
subject matter subject matter and its
greater implication
Creativity Has low potential for The project is rooted in Shows originality. The
success and is not the motivation of the project has a high
ambitious student. Shows chance of success
creativity.
Source: https://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?code=YX62W64&sp=yes&

What I Have Learned

A project proposal is basically a problem-solution text that aims to persuade
its reader to grant funding on the project or the accomplishment of the solution to the
problem.

17
Lesson
Writing a Position Paper
4
This lesson will discuss the basics in writing a position paper. Position paper is
normally a requirement in the tertiary education and now in Senior High School
Program.

What’s New

What is a Position Paper?

A position paper is a type of an academic writing that presents one’s stand or
viewpoint on a particular issue. The primary objective of writing a position paper is to
take part in a larger debate by stating your arguments and proposed course of action.

Parts of a Position Paper

1. Introduction
 Write a specific issue, together with its importance and effect/s to the society.
 Use a lead that grabs the attention of readers.
 Define the issue and provide a thorough background.
 Provide a general statement of your position through a thesis statement.
 End your introductory paragraph with a position statement or a stand on the
issue. Keep in mind that one could take only one side of the argument.

2. Body
 This part may have several paragraphs. It may begin with a short background
information or a discussion of arguments on both sides of the issue. In each
paragraph, an explanation or an observation to clarify the portion of the
position statement must be written and then followed by the supporting
evidence.
 State your main arguments and then provide sufficient evidence.
 The evidences that can be used are the primary source quotations, an interview
with field experts, recommendation/s from scholarly articles and position
papers, historical dates or events, and even statistical data.
 Provide your counterarguments against possible weaknesses of your argument.

3. Conclusion
 On the last part of writing the paper, summarize and reinforce the concepts and
facts that are presented without repeating the introduction and its content. It is
optional to include the procedure used to deal with the issue and your
suggested possible solution or recommendation.

18
  Explain why your position is better than any other person’s position.
 End with a powerful closing statement (e.g., a quotation, a challenge, or a
question).

Choosing an Issue
1. An issue should be debatable. You cannot take any position if the topic is not
debatable.
2. An issue should be current and relevant.
3. An issue should be written in a question form and answerable by yes or no.
4. An issue should be specific and manageable.

Guidelines in Writing a Position Paper

1. Begin your writing process with an in-depth research about the issue at hand.
2. Be aware of the various positions about the issue/s and explain and analyze
them objectively.
3. Reflect on your position and identify its known weaknesses.
4. Establish your credibility by citing a reliable source or sources.
5. Present a couple of unique ways of approaching the issue.
6. Limit your position paper to at least two pages.
7. Analyze your target audience and align your arguments to their beliefs, needs,
interest, and motivations.
8. Summarize the other side’s counterarguments and refute them with your
evidence.
9. Define the unfamiliar terms at first mention.
10. Always use an active voice as much as possible. This will make your tone
dynamic and firm rather monotonous.
11. Arrange your evidence logically using an inductive or deductive approach in
writing.
12. Check your paper for fallacies and revise them accordingly.
13. Use ethical, logical, and emotional appeals. Ethical appeal means to relate to
your credibility and competence as writer, logical appeal, on the other hand,
refers to the rational approach in developing and argument; while, emotional
appeal pertains to feelings evoked during arguments. Make sure to check your
appeals to ensure that they are factual.

What’s More

Below is a sample Position Paper. Read and understand the sample then answer the
question on the table.

United Nations Security Council

Country: United Kingdom
Delegate: Mark Kim
Topic A: The Resurgence of Colonization

The recent resurgence of colonization has become a threat to world peace. European countries

19
have begun to infringe the national sovereignty of other countries through military occupation.
The world is at risk of plunging back to the primitive 18th century. Specifically, the United
Kingdom is concerned with the possible revolts that can occur through colonization.

Past acts of colonization have led to molestation and anarchy. The United Kingdom, for
example, has felt the detriments of colonization. English colonizers were often unable to uphold
the value of human rights. As a result, individuals who lived in colonies were abused and
treated without dignity. The continuous abuse often led to violent revolts, which have caused
enormous damage to both the rioters and colonizers. The United Kingdom believes that
colonization will lead to the violation human rights, which cannot be tolerated.

Currently, the United Kingdom has publicly condemned colonizing nations. In a speech to the
General Assembly, the UK denounced the actions of colonizers and advocated the UK’s support
for victimized nations. Care packages have been sent to colonized nations in order to support
the civilians. The UK has also taken direct actions against colonizers by ending official ties with
them. Moreover, the UK has threatened the colonizers with the possibility of sanctions. The
UK’s actions have sent clear messages that the nation will not tolerate colonizers.

The United Kingdom proposes two possible solutions that the UNSC can execute. The first
possible solution is to send peacekeepers to colonized nations. Peacekeepers will ensure that
no human rights are violated by the colonizers. Furthermore, the peacekeepers will be able to
engage in combat with colonizers if the colonizers conduct military attacks. The second
possible solution is to recommend the expulsion of colonizing nations. There are legitimate
reasons that can substantiate the recommendation. The UNSC can recognize the violation of
national sovereignty and the infringement of human rights. The UK believes that these two
possible solutions can hinder the progress of colonizers.

In conclusion, the United Kingdom has a firm stance against the prospect of colonization. The
UK has openly condemned colonizers and has also taken direct action against them. The UK is
convinced that sending peacekeepers and expelling colonizing nations will benefit the global
community.

Source:
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/57b632432994cab0b44562ae/t/5bc52cbf085229ad53b25f69/1
539648707278/CAHSMUN+2019+Position+Paper+Guide.pdf

Reading Comprehension
1. What is the issue taken up in the position paper?

2. Do you agree with the assertions made in the article? Explain

3. Does the writer make a strong stand about the issue presented? How did
he/she convince the reader to believe in his/her claim?

What I Can Do

Write a position paper with research evidence to support your claim on the issue
provided below. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.

Should DepEd allow Face to Face Classes even without the Virus Vaccine

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 What I Have Learned

In writing a position paper, you should

1. describe the issue and your position;
2. present both sides of the issue;
3. refute counterclaims; and
4. use some figurative language and analogies to explain a point. You should keep
in mind the properties of a well-written text to make your writing easy to read.

Assessment

1. It is a specialized form of academic writing in which the reviewer evaluates

academic books and journal articles
A. Project Proposal C. Book Review/ Article Critique
B. Literature Review D Position Paper
2. What type of academic writing provides overview of a specific topic and analyzes
the relationship among scholarly work and the current work.
A. Project Proposal C. Book Review/ Article Critique
B. Literature Review D Position Paper
3. In writing the introduction of one’s project proposal, what part reveals what the
project intends to achieve in terms of results?
A. Rationale C. Objective
B. Benefits D Budget
4. Listed below are TRUE to Literature Review, except:
A. Compare and Contrast ideas C. Group authors with similar
ideas
B. Notes areas in which the D Criticize aspects of methodology
authors are in disagreement
5. In writing a book review or article critique, which part/structure in your paper
takes a bigger portion?
A. Introduction C. Summary
B. Review/Critique D Conclusion
6. Which of the following academic writing presents one’s stand or viewpoint on a
particular issue?
A. Project Proposal C. Book Review/ Article Critique
B. Literature Review D Position Paper
7. What type academic writing gains money for projects.
A. Project Proposal C. Book Review/ Article Critique
B. Literature Review D Position Paper
8. When one writes a position paper, which of the following is TRUE in choosing
an issue to write?
A. An issue should be debatable. C. An issue must not be
answerable by yes or no.
B. An issue should be outdated. D An issue should be broad and
difficult to discuss.

21
9. Which academic writing is part of a Research Paper?
A. Project Proposal C. Book Review/ Article Critique
B. Literature Review D Position Paper
10. The document submitted by an organization to a Non-government Organization
(NGO) for purposes of a possible funding is an example of what academic
writing?
A. Project Proposal C. Book Review/ Article Critique
B. Literature Review D Position Paper

22
 23
Lesson 4 What I Know
What’s more 1. B
(answers may vary) 2. B
3. B
4. B
What I can do 5. B
(answers may vary) 6. B
7. C
8. A
9. D
Assessment 10. A
1. C
2. B Lesson 1
3. C What’s New
4. A 1. Organic
5. B Farming
6. D 2. Farmers, Local
7. A and National
8. A Officials, NGOs
9. B 3. Used of
10. A hazardous
fertilizers
4. Instruction – It
guides the
readers
5. Answers may
vary
What I can do
(answers may vary)
Lesson 2
What’s more
(answers may vary)
What I can do
(answers may vary)
Lesson 3
What’s more
(answers may vary)
Answer Key
References:
https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/SHS-Core_Reading-and-
Writing-CG.pdf

https://static1.squarespace.com/static/57b632432994cab0b44562ae/t/5bc52cbf0852
29ad53b25f69/1539648707278/CAHSMUN+2019+Position+Paper+Guide.pdf

https://www.ramapo.edu/fa/files/2013/04/Writing-Rubric-3.pdf

https://www.coursehero.com/file/32642101/book-review-intro-1231874479630652-2-
1ppt/

https://app.grammarly.com/ddocs/378735938

https://www.scribd.com/document/408650094/Reading-and-Writing-Skills-Module-
docx?fbclid=IwAR2mIFPAFsGJkGzBlrPUzE_cAtIsvOAKd459u5l5t8CyRkGwHh96qtv3XV
4

(All websites were accessed on December 26 and 27, 2020)

DISCLAIMER

The Support Material for Independent Learning Engagement (SMILE) is a joint

project of the DepEd Schools Division of Dipolog City and of the Dipolog City
Government which mainly aims to prepare for and address the new normal.
Contents of this module were grounded on DepEd’s Most Essential Learning
Competencies (MELC). This supplementary material is to be used by all learners
of Schools Division of Dipolog City in all public schools beginning SY 2020-2021.
As this is the first module version, your feedback, comments, and
recommendations are highly encouraged and appreciated. Let’s work together!
Sulong Edukalikad!

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